CO2 Capture by Alkaline Carbonation as an Alternative to a Circular Economy

In order to combat global warming and climate change in a sustainable way, it is necessary to capture the anthropogenic CO2 emitted by different industrial sources and use it as a raw material to obtain a matrix of products for industrial use, such as metal carbonates. Therefore, this work presents the results of CO2 capture and conversion into carbonates using Sr and Ba alkaline solutions in a semi-continuous batch reactor. The results indicate that the effects of morphological characterization, purity of solids, and reaction time at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions is an inexpensive alternative process that is easily implemented in small industrial enterprises. The results yielded a 40% conversion of CO2 at the best reaction conditions with an aqueous solution of Sr(OH)2.

Download Full-text

Bio-aviation fuel via catalytic hydrocracking of waste cooking oils

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-020-00425-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

Author(s):

R. El-Araby ◽

E. Abdelkader ◽

G. El Diwani ◽

S. I. Hawash

Keyword(s):

Catalytic Cracking ◽

Freezing Point ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Jet Fuel ◽

Raw Material ◽

Aviation Fuel ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Oil Companies ◽

Cooking Oil

Abstract Background Biomass fuels (bio-jet fuel) have recently attracted considerable attention as alternatives to conventional jet fuel. They have become the focus of aircraft manufacturers, engines, oil companies, governments and researchers alike. This study is concerned with the production of biojet fuel using waste cooking oil (WCO). Batch reactor is used for running the experimental study. The catalytic cracking products are investigated by GC mass spectra. Final products from different reaction conditions are subjected to fractional distillation. The (Bio kerosene) fraction was compared with the conventional jet A-1 and showed that it met the basic jet fuel specifications. Optimum reaction conditions are obtained at (450 °C), pressure of (120 bars), catalyst dose (2.5% w/v), reaction time (60 min) and hydrogen pressure 4 atmosphere. The aim of this study is to produce bio aviation fuel according to specifications and with a low freezing point from waste cooking oil in one step using a laboratory prepared catalyst and with a low percentage of hydrogen to complete the process of cracking and deoxygenation in one reactor, which is naturally reflected positively on the price of the final product of bio aviation fuel. Results The results indicated that the product obtained from WCO shows promising potential bio aviation fuels, having a low freezing point (− 55 °C) and that all bio kerosene’s specifications obtained at these conditions follow the international standard specifications of aviation turbine fuel. Conclusion Biojet fuel obtained from WCO has fairly acceptable physico-chemical properties compared to those of petroleum-based fuel. Adjustment of the hydro catalytic cracking reaction conditions was used to control quantities and characteristics of produced bio aviation fuel. Taking into consideration the economic evaluation WCO is preferable as raw material for bio aviation fuel production due to its low cost and its contribution in environmental pollution abatement. Blend of 5% bio aviation with jet A-1 (by volume) can be used in the engine without any modifications and a successful test of blended aviation fuel with 10% bio aviation has been achieved on Jet-Cat 80/120 engine.

Download Full-text

Pyrolysis oil production from polypropylene plastic waste using molybdenum modified alumina-silica catalysts

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201912201005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 122 ◽

pp. 01005

Author(s):

Sasiradee Jantasee ◽

Natacha Phetyim ◽

Komm Petchinthorn ◽

Tunyahpat Thanupongmanee ◽

Nuntiporn Sripirom

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Pressure ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Product Yield ◽

Plastic Waste ◽

Department Of Energy ◽

Raw Material ◽

Pyrolysis Oil ◽

Pyrolysis Process ◽

Modified Alumina ◽

Lower Temperature

The production of pyrolysis oil from polypropylene plastic waste was examined over molybdenum modified alumina-silica catalysts (Mo/Al-Si). The reactions were carried out with 1 L of batch reactor under atmospheric pressure at 430 °C. The pyrolysis oil yield was in the order, 10% Mo/Al-Si > 5% Mo/Al-Si > the absence of catalyst. The 10% Mo/Al-Si was highest activity due to the stronger acidity facilitating the pyrolysis reaction. It accelerated the reaction to produce the pyrolysis oil at lower temperature. Comparison of the pyrolysis oil properties to the standards of the diesel fuel from Thai Department of Energy Business shows that the color and the distillation were within standards. Moreover, the results reveal that the kind of raw material affected the product yield of pyrolysis process.

Download Full-text

Teknologi Esktrasi dan Cara Pemisahannya untuk Mendapatkan Kembali Karotenoid dari Minyak Sawit : Suatu Tinjauan

Jurnal Riset Teknologi Industri ◽

10.26578/jrti.v9i1.1707 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 80-95

Author(s):

Agus Sudibyo ◽

Sardjono Sardjono

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Beta Carotene ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Raw Material ◽

Extraction And Separation ◽

Molecular Product ◽

Industrial Use ◽

Palm Oil Mill ◽

Selection Of

Crude palm oil (CPO)is the richest natural plant source of carotenoids in terms of retinol (pro-vitamin A) equivalent, whereas palm oil mill effluent (POME) is generated from palm oil industry that contains oil and carotenes that used to be treated before discharge. Carotenoids are importance in animals and humans for the purpose of the enhancement of immune response, conversion of vitamin A and scavenging of oxygen radicals. This component has different nutritional functions and benefits to humaan health. The growing interest in the other natural sources of beta-carotene and growing awareness to prevent pollution has stimulated the industrial use of CPO and POME as a raw material for carotenoids extraction. Various technologies of extraction and separation have been developed in order to recover of carotenoids.This article reports on various technologies that have been developed in order to recover of carotenoids from being destroyed in commercial refining of palm oil and effects of some various treatments on the extraction end separation for carotenoid from palm oil and carotenoids concentration. Principally, there are different technologies, and there is one some future which is the use of solvent. Solvent plays important role in the most technologiest, however the problem of solvents which are used is that they posses potentiaal fire health and environmental hazards. Hence selection of the most safe, environmentally friendly and cost effective solvent is important to design of alternative extraction methods.Chemical molecular product design is one of the methods that are becoming more popular nowadays for finding solvent with the desired properties prior to experimental testing.ABSTRAKMinyak sawit kasar merupakan sumber karotenoid terkaya yang berasal dari tanaman sawit sebagai senyawa yang sama dengan retinol atau pro-vitamin A; sedangkan limbah pengolahan minyak sawit dihasilkan dari industri pengolahan minyak sawit yang berisi minyak dan karotene yang perlu diberi perlakuan terlebih dahulu sebelum dibuang. Karotenoid merupakan bahan penting yang diperlukan pada hewan dan manusia guna memperkuat tanggapan terhadap kekebalan, konversi ke vitamin A dan penangkapan gugus oksigen radikal. Dengan berkembangnya ketertarikan dalam mencari beta-karotene yang bersumber dari alam lain dan meningkatnya kesadaran untuk mencegah adanya pencemaran lingkungan, maka mendorong suatu industri untuk menggunakan CPO dan POME sebagai bahan baku untuk diekstrak karotenoidnya. Berbagai macam teknologi guna mengekstrak dan memisahkan karotenoid telah dikembangkan untuk mendapatkan kembali karotenoidnya. Makalah ini melaporkan dan membahas berbagai jenis teknologi yang telah dikembangkan guna mendapatkan kembali senyawa karotenoid dari kerusakan di dalam proses pemurnian minyak sawit secara komersial dan pengaruh beberapa perlakuan terhadap ekstrasi dan pemisahan karotenoid dari minyak sawit dan konsentrasi karotenoidnya. Pada prinsipnya, berbagai teknologi yang digunakan untuk mengekstrak dan memisahkan karotenoid terdapat perbedaan, dan terdapat salah satu teknologi yang digunakan untuk esktrasi dan pemisahan karotenoid adalah menggunakan bahan pelarut. Pelarut yang digunakan mempunyai peranan yang penting dalam teknologi ekstrasi; namun pelarut yang digunakan untuk mengekstrak tersebut mempunyai persoalan karena berpotensi mengganggu kesehatan dan membahayakan cemaran lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, pemilihan jenis teknologi yang aman, ramah terhadap lingkungan dan biaya yang efektif untuk penggunaan pelarut merupakan hal penting sebelum dilakukan desain metode/teknologi alternatif untuk esktrasi karotenoid. Pola produk molekuler kimia merupakan salah satu metode yang saat ini menjadi lebih populer untuk mencari pelarut dengan sifat-sifat yang dikehendaki sebelum diujicobakan. Kata kunci : karotenoid, ekstrasi, pemisahan, teknologi, minyak sawit kasar, limbah industri pengolahan sawit.

Download Full-text

The COOL-Process—A Selective Approach for Recycling Lithium Batteries

Metals ◽

10.3390/met11020259 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 259

Author(s):

Sandra Pavón ◽

Doreen Kaiser ◽

Robert Mende ◽

Martin Bertau

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion ◽

Global Market ◽

Raw Material ◽

Mass Ratio ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Cool Process ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

Selective Approach ◽

Valuable Metals ◽

Housing Materials

The global market of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) has been growing in recent years, mainly owed to electromobility. The global LIB market is forecasted to amount to $129.3 billion in 2027. Considering the global reserves needed to produce these batteries and their limited lifetime, efficient recycling processes for secondary sources are mandatory. A selective process for Li recycling from LIB black mass is described. Depending on the process parameters Li was recovered almost quantitatively by the COOL-Process making use of the selective leaching properties of supercritical CO2/water. Optimization of this direct carbonization process was carried out by a design of experiments (DOE) using a 33 Box-Behnken design. Optimal reaction conditions were 230 °C, 4 h, and a water:black mass ratio of 90 mL/g, yielding 98.6 ± 0.19 wt.% Li. Almost quantitative yield (99.05 ± 0.64 wt.%), yet at the expense of higher energy consumption, was obtained with 230 °C, 4 h, and a water:black mass ratio of 120 mL/g. Mainly Li and Al were mobilized, which allows for selectively precipitating Li2CO3 in battery grade-quality (>99.8 wt.%) without the need for further refining. Valuable metals, such as Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Mn, remained in the solid residue (97.7 wt.%), from where they are recovered by established processes. Housing materials were separated mechanically, thus recycling LIB without residues. This holistic zero waste-approach allows for recovering the critical raw material Li from both primary and secondary sources.

Download Full-text

Feasibility of cereal straw for industrial utilization in Minnesota

American Journal of Alternative Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0889189300008407 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 2-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N.C. Wagner ◽

S. Ramaswamy ◽

U. Tschirner

Keyword(s):

Animal Feed ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Low Cost ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cereal Straw ◽

Industrial Utilization ◽

Industrial Use ◽

On Farm ◽

And Storage

AbstractA pre-economic feasibility study was undertaken to determine the potential of cereal straw for industrial utilization in Minnesota. Specifically, utilizing straw for pulp and paper manufacture was of interest. The availability of cereal straw fiber supplies at various locations across the state of Minnesota, along with pre-processing issues such as transportation, harvesting, handling, and storage, are discussed and priced. The greatest economic advantage of straw for industrial use appears to be the low cost of the raw material compared to traditional raw materials. This also provides an excellent opportunity for additional income for farmers. The methodology and information provided here should be helpful in evaluating the feasibility of utilizing straw for other industrial purposes in other parts of the world. However, in some Third World countries, long-standing on-farm, traditional uses of cereal straws for fuel, fiber, and animal feed may limit their availability for industrial utilization.

Download Full-text

Synthesis of propylene carbonate from urea and 1,2-propylene glycol over metal carbonates

Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly ◽

10.2298/ciceq101123018z ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 323-331 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jiancheng Zhou ◽

Wu Dongfang ◽

Birong Zhang ◽

Yali Guo

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Propylene Glycol ◽

Propylene Carbonate ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Lead Carbonate ◽

Synthetic Process ◽

Metal Carbonates ◽

Optimal Reaction ◽

Mixed Carbonate

A series of single-metal carbonates and Pb-Zn mixed-metal carbonates were prepared as catalysts for alcoholysis of urea with 1,2-propylene glycol (PG) for the synthesis of propylene carbonate (PC). The mixed carbonates all show much better catalytic activities than the single carbonates, arising from a strong synergistic effect between the two crystalline phases, hydrozincite and lead carbonate. The mixed carbonate with Pb/Zn=1:2 gives the highest yield of PC, followed by the mixed carbonate with Pb/Zn=1:3. Furthermore, Taguchi method was used to optimize the synthetic process for improving the yield of PC. It is shown that the reaction temperature is the most significant factor affecting the yield of PC, followed by the reaction time, and that the optimal reaction conditions are the reaction time at 5 hours, the reaction temperature at 180 oC and the catalyst amount at 1.8 wt%, resulting in the highest PC yield of 96.3%.

Download Full-text

Transformation of 1-Butene over Synthetic Zeolites

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19920869 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 869-881 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Italo Ferino ◽

Roberto Monaci ◽

Vincenzo Solinas ◽

Lucio Forni ◽

Antonio Rivoldini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Pressure ◽

Continuous Flow ◽

Liquid Mixture ◽

Isomerization Reaction ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Title Reaction ◽

Y Zeolites ◽

Temperature Range ◽

Flow Microreactor ◽

Synthetic Zeolites

The behaviour of several zeolites as catalysts for the title reaction has been investigated by means of a continuous flow microreactor. Runs performed at atmospheric pressure indicated that at 423 K the completely protonic forms of the zeolites catalyze just the isomerization reaction. In the case of Y zeolites, oligomerization occurs only over the partially decationated samples, in the temperature range between 373 and 423 K and W/F between 0.2 and 22 gcath/g1-but, to an extent which depends on the reaction conditions. Most of the catalysts were tested also under pressure (4.05 MPa) at 423 K. The protonic forms of Y and ZSM-5 zeolites seem promising catalysts in terms of both conversion and selectivity to oligomers. The 1-olefins account for 30% of the entire olefinic mixture. The octenes, which account for 70% of the liquid mixture, are mostly formed of dimethylhexenes. Trimers are also formed during the reaction and, in the very particular case of H[B]ZSM-5, tetramers are produced.

Download Full-text

World corn market: analysis, trends and prospects of its deep processing

Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal ◽

10.51599/are.2020.06.03.06 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 96-111

Author(s):

Natalia Tanklevska ◽

Viktoriia Petrenko ◽

Alla Karnaushenko ◽

Kateryna Melnykova

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Investment Project ◽

World Market ◽

Raw Material ◽

Deep Processing ◽

Industrial Enterprises ◽

Grain Processing ◽

The World ◽

The Usa ◽

Corn Processing

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to determine the prospects of deep processing of corn in Ukraine, taking into account the restraining factors of development, on the basis of the analysis of the state and tendencies of functioning of the world market of corn. Methodology / approach. During the research, general scientific and special research methods were used, in particular: analysis and synthesis, scientific abstraction – in determining the purpose and formulating conclusions; comparative, calculation, statistical and graphical ones – in the assessment, analysis, comparison and establishment of patterns of the current state and trends in the production of corn and its deep processing; program-target one – to substantiate the factors of intensification of deep processing of corn in Ukraine. Results. The analysis was carried out and tendencies of world corn production were determined. The shares of countries-producers and countries-consumers of corn were calculated; their dynamics of changes were analyzed. Analysis of the dynamics of prices for corn grain on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange indicates that the price of raw materials is gradually declining, so agricultural enterprises that sell corn as a raw material, lose income from its production. The structure of corn use in different directions in the world was analyzed, and the structure of its use in the USA was considered in more detail. Factors of activation of deep processing of corn were identified. In Ukraine, deep grain processing as an industry is just beginning to develop, so it is worth processing corn, based on the experience of leading countries, such as the USA and China. Estimated costs for the construction of a modern plant for deep processing of corn and income from the implementation of this investment project were calculated. Originality/scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the world corn market; economic substantiation of expediency of corn processing in Ukraine; improving the system of factors to intensify the development of deep processing of corn in Ukraine. Practical value / implications. The practical value of the results of the study is that they will contribute to the formation of the concept of intensifying the development of deep processing of corn in Ukraine. The main results can be used by agro-industrial enterprises during the development of deep corn processing projects.

Download Full-text

Sepiolite: A domestic mineral raw material for small and medium enterprises and environmental protection

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind0201030d ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 30-34

Author(s):

Miroslava Dojcinovic ◽

Dana Simic ◽

Miljenko Martic

Keyword(s):

Physical Chemistry ◽

Environmental Protection ◽

Small And Medium Enterprises ◽

Magnesium Silicate ◽

Raw Material ◽

Rubber Industry ◽

Active Filler ◽

Industrial Enterprises ◽

Transformer Oils ◽

Medium Enterprises

The paper presents the phases in the research of sepiolite - hydrated in fibrous magnesium silicate, and in the development of different products based on sepiolite, at the Institute of General and Physical Chemistry (IGPC). Also, a review on sepiolite world deposits, general properties and practical uses is given in the paper. An the IGPC sepiolite from the mine Golesh was investigated, concerning its uses in paints, as a pigment and rheological aditive; in the rubber industry, as an active filler; in sepiolite, papers, for purifying, waste gases in industry and homes and as a powder combined with sepiolite paper, to purify old transformer oils. It was concluded that a number of technologies based on sepiolite could be developed in small or medium industrial enterprises, which are of the strategic interest for Serbia, especially since domestic sepiolite deposites can be further developed and that some of these technologies are important in environment all protection.

Download Full-text

Stochastic modeling of microstructure of homopolymers and copolymers in batch reactor

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v9i2.1930 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. e04921930

Author(s):

Matheus Dias Carvalho ◽

Jorge David Alguiar Beliido ◽

Antonio Marcos de Oliveira Siqueira ◽

Júlio Cesar Costa Campos

Keyword(s):

Stochastic Modeling ◽

Chemical Reactions ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Polymer Chains ◽

Stochastic Methods ◽

Batch Reactors ◽

Straight Chain ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

C Language ◽

Methyl Styrene

Find the microstructure of the product generated in a reaction of polymerization is desirable from a material science standpoint, due to the association between the microstructure and the physical properties. For the science of this fact, this paper aims to use stochastic modeling to obtain the microstructure and key information from a set of polymer chains generated during a reaction. From this data, the present article contributes to the minimization of experimental expenses, besides the saving of time, since no experiments are necessary to discover the characteristics of the polymer obtained under certain reaction conditions. This information cannot be found by other usual methodologies for modeling chemical reactions, such as the deterministic form. Also, from a given desired structure, the initial concentration and temperature conditions for forming that product can be obtained. This study was conducted based on Monte Carlo stochastic methods, by which we seek to replicate the randomness present in chemical reactions. The algorithm created in C ++ language determines the variation of the number of molecules of each species with time, besides the chemical composition, the sequence of mere and size of the generated chains. This approach applies to straight-chain homopolymerizations and copolymerizations. In this paper, we studied the polymerization in styrene batch reactors to form polystyrene, in addition to the copolymerization of styrene with alpha-methyl styrene. These simulations were characterized by forming chains with small blocks of monomers.

Download Full-text