Characterization of residual sand removed from the grit chambers of a wastewater treatment plant and its use as fine aggregate in the preparation of non-structural concrete

This article demonstrates the potential use of residual sand removed from grit chambers, which are used in the primary treatment of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs), as an alternative material to commercial sand in the production of non-structural concrete in civil construction. The results indicated that the residual sand has a high percentage of total fixed solids (96.9%), high moisture content (14.8%) and significant total coliform [average of 3.84 × 107(100 mL)−1] and fecal coliform densities [average of 5.22 × 105 (100 mL)−1]. The sand cleaning and drying procedure used in the research was effective, since it achieved the following removal efficiencies: about 98.8% of moisture, 67.1% of total volatile solids and 4-log E. coli. After cleaning and drying the residual sand, different amounts of this material were used to prepare the test specimens, which underwent tensile tests. The results of this study confirmed the viable use of residual sand as fine aggregate in concrete for non-structural purposes, and the best performances were verified in tensile and compressive tests (fck) and tensile strength tests (fctk) using 30% (in mass) of the residual sand as fine aggregate (values of 16.6 and 1.60 MPa, respectively).

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Life Cycle Assessment of Upgrading Primary Wastewater Treatment Plants to Secondary Treatment Including a Circular Economy Approach

Air Soil and Water Research ◽

10.1177/1178622120935857 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 117862212093585 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Karim M Morsy ◽

Mohamed K Mostafa ◽

Khaled Z Abdalla ◽

Mona M Galal

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Scientific Progress ◽

Primary Treatment ◽

Secondary Treatment ◽

Cumulative Impact ◽

Process Energy ◽

The Impact

Although significant progress has been achieved in the field of environmental impact assessment in many engineering disciplines, the impact of wastewater treatment plants has not yet been well integrated. In light of this remarkable scientific progress, the outputs of the plants as treated water and clean sludge have become potential sources of irrigation and energy, not a waste. The aim of this study is to assess the environmental impacts of upgrading the wastewater treatment plants from primary to secondary treatment. The Lifecycle Assessment Framework (ISO 14040 and 14044) was applied using GaBi Software. Abu Rawash wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has been taken as a case study. Two scenarios were studied, Scenario 1 is the current situation of the WWTP using the primary treatment units and Scenario 2 is upgrading the WWTP by adding secondary treatment units. The study highlighted the influence and cumulative impact of upgrading all the primary WWTPs in Egypt to secondary treatment. With the high amount of energy consumed in the aeration process, energy recovery methods were proposed to boost the circular economy concept in Abu Rawash WWTP in order to achieve optimal results from environmental and economic perspectives.

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Upgrading of a wastewater treatment plant utilizing existing trickling filters and a new filter stage

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1994.0582 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (12) ◽

pp. 59-67

Author(s):

M. Fruhen ◽

W. Kühn ◽

M. Dohmann

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Primary Treatment ◽

Basic Function ◽

Main Stream ◽

Process Technology ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Trickling Filters ◽

Filtration Stage

The upgrading of wastewater treatment plants with the objective of enhancing the elimination of nitrogen and phosphorus is a demanding undertaking as regards the choice of process technology, especially if the basic function of existing treatment systems is to be retained. With reference to an existing two-stage biological sewage plant with trickling filters in the second stage, the present paper illustrates how the volume of the activated sludge stage that is being enlarged can be minimized by exploiting the benefits of a primary treatment stage with high BOD5 elimination and by integrating the trickling filters in the main stream of the treatment chain. This requires that the extremely costly filtration stage that is essential for eliminating the phosphorus also fulfils other tasks, in this case residual denitrification.

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Opportunistic Strategy for Maintenance Interventions Planning: A Case Study in a Wastewater Treatment Plant

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app112210853 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (22) ◽

pp. 10853

Author(s):

Pablo Viveros ◽

Leonardo Miqueles ◽

Rodrigo Mena ◽

Fredy Kristjanpoller

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽

Preventive Maintenance ◽

Time Window ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Primary Treatment ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Environmental Care

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) face two fundamental challenges: on the one hand, they must ensure an efficient application of preventive maintenance plans for their survival under competitive environments; and on the other hand, they must simultaneously comply with the requirements of reliability, maintainability, and safety of their operations, ensuring environmental care and the quality of their effluents for human consumption. In this sense, this article seeks to propose a cost-efficient alternative for the execution of preventive maintenance (PM) plans through the formulation and optimization of the opportunistic grouping strategy with time-window tolerances and non-negligible execution times. The proposed framework is applied to a PM plan for critical high-risk activities, addressing primary treatment and anaerobic sludge treatment process in a wastewater treatment plant. Results show a 26% system inefficiency reduction versus the initial maintenance plan, demonstrating the capacity of the framework to increase the availability of the assets and reduce maintenance interruptions of the WWTP under analysis.

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Characterization and evaluation of treatability of wastewater generated in Khuzestan livestock slaughterhouses and assessing of their wastewater treatment systems

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.001716 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 108-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽

Biological Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Total Coliform ◽

Organic Content ◽

Temperature Conductivity ◽

Appropriate Treatment

<div> Slaughterhouse wastewaters are characterized by a high organic content, mainly composed of proteins and fats. Therefore, these wastewaters should be treated efficiently prior to discharge into receiving bodies to avoid severe environmental pollution. This work aimed to characterize slaughterhouse wastewater generated in one province of Iran (Khuzestan), evaluating various suitability of biological treatment, assessing wastewater treatment plants performance and feasibility of wastewater reuse. Composite samples were collected from input and output of wastewater treatment plant during 6 months (spring and summer) and were analyzed for TSS, turbidity, temperature, conductivity, pH, COD, BOD5, fat, total coliform and fecal coliform. Data analysis was done using Excel and SPSS software. The results showed that different quantities of wastewater were generated in any slaughterhouses of Ahvaz (120-600 l/d.sheep), Dezful (110-550 l/d.sheep), and Shushtar (139-694 l/d.sheep). Khuzestan slaughterhouses wastewater is classified by pollution severity as strong wastewater. The BOD5/COD ranges from 0.3 to 0.5, which indicates applicability of biological treatment. Wastewater treatment plant of Ahvaz with anaerobic stabilization ponds and extended aeration activated sludge process has the highest removal efficiencies of pollutants. The result also indicated reuse of slaughterhouses effluent was not acceptable due to not comply with the standards of Iran. Finally, if safe use or disposal of these effluents is desired, blood capture from raw wastewater for reducing the amounts of organic loading must be implemented. Also, use of an appropriate treatment plant is noted. </div>

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Primary treatment of the waste water treatment plant from the point of view of the current legislation

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201058020205 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 205-212

Author(s):

Monika Szostková ◽

Tomáš Vítěz

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Waste Water Treatment ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Water Treatment Plant ◽

Total Solid ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Primary Treatment ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Waste Water Treatment Plant

This contribution focuses on an analysis of sand from nine different wastewater treatment plants in South Moravian Region. We conducted an analysis and evaluation of microbial properties of sand in accordance to Act No. 185/2001 Coll. on waste as amended, resp. Decree No. 381/2001 Coll. Content of following parameters were monitored, thermotolerant coliform bacteria, coliform bacteria, enterococci, total solid, ash free dry mass. We encountered several interesting findings, which pertained mainly to the content of microorganisms in sand. Knowledge of microorganism content should show, how the primary treatment of the wastewater treatment plant works, and should be very interesting indicator.

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Microbial contamination of the sand from the wastewater treatment plants

Research in Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.17221/21/2009-rae ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 56 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 147-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Szostková ◽

T. Vítěz

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Organic Material ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Primary Treatment ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Treatment And Disposal ◽

Physical And Chemical

Primary treatment of domestic wastewater represents an extensive range of physical and chemical activities which directly or indirectly affect functionality of the treatment plant as a whole. The aforementioned effect might be rather significant in many respects. However, an incorrectly designed or operated primary treatment might result in an unnecessary increase of operating costs and, principally, a negative impact on the biological level or sludge treatment and disposal. The subject matter of this contribution comprises contemplations related to functionality of this level, both with respect to its relation to functionality of wastewater treatment plant and the matter of created waste in case of which disposal has become more and more expensive and complicated. The measurement results show that sewage sand from different wastewater treatment plants contains different amount of organic material 1.19–82%. The content of the organic material relates to the content of microorganisms which oscillated in a range of 1.53×104–7.34×106 CFU/g for coliform bacteria including Escherichia coli, 5.57×101–4.36×104 CFU/g for enterococci, and 3.13×102–2.19×105 CFU/g for faecal coliform bacteria.

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Analysis and balance of phosphorous removal from wastewater at urban wastewater treatment plant

Pollack Periodica ◽

10.1556/606.2020.15.2.13 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 142-151

Author(s):

Peter Lukac ◽

Lubos Jurik

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Sewage Treatment ◽

Sewage Treatment Plant ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Phosphorus Recovery ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Biological Phosphorus Removal ◽

The Mean

Abstract:Phosphorus is a major substance that is needed especially for agricultural production or for the industry. At the same time it is an important component of wastewater. At present, the waste management priority is recycling and this requirement is also transferred to wastewater treatment plants. Substances in wastewater can be recovered and utilized. In Europe (in Germany and Austria already legally binding), access to phosphorus-containing sewage treatment is changing. This paper dealt with the issue of phosphorus on the sewage treatment plant in Nitra. There are several industrial areas in Nitra where record major producers in phosphorus production in sewage. The new wastewater treatment plant is built as a mechanicalbiological wastewater treatment plant with simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, sludge regeneration, an anaerobic zone for biological phosphorus removal at the beginning of the process and chemical phosphorus precipitation. The sludge management is anaerobic sludge stabilization with heating and mechanical dewatering of stabilized sludge and gas management. The aim of the work was to document the phosphorus balance in all parts of the wastewater treatment plant - from the inflow of raw water to the outflow of purified water and the production of excess sludge. Balancing quantities in the wastewater treatment plant treatment processes provide information where efficient phosphorus recovery could be possible. The mean daily value of P tot is approximately 122.3 kg/day of these two sources. The mean daily value of P tot is approximately 122.3 kg/day of these two sources. There are also two outflows - drainage of cleaned water to the recipient - the river Nitra - 9.9 kg Ptot/day and Ptot content in sewage sludge - about 120.3 kg Ptot/day - total 130.2 kg Ptot/day.

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Sludge minimization by disintegration at different wastewater treatment plants

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2008.010 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Luchien Luning ◽

Paul Roeleveld ◽

Victor W.M. Claessen

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Anaerobic Digestion ◽

Sewage Sludge ◽

New Technologies ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Biological Degradation ◽

Ongoing Research ◽

Sludge Minimization

In recent years new technologies have been developed to improve the biological degradation of sewage sludge by anaerobic digestion. The paper describes the results of a demonstration of ultrasonic disintegration on the Dutch Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Land van Cuijk. The effect on the degradation of organic matter is presented, together with the effect on the dewatering characteristics. Recommendations are presented for establishing research conditions in which the effect of sludge disintegration can be determined in a more direct way that is less sensitive to changing conditions in the operation of the WWTP. These recommendations have been implemented in the ongoing research in the Netherlands supported by the National Institute for wastewater research (STOWA).

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Rehabilitation and Upgrading of the Beni Suef City Wastewater Treatment Plant

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1990.0238 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 22 (7-8) ◽

pp. 131-138

Author(s):

Ahmed Fadel

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Activated Sludge ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Primary Treatment ◽

High Rate ◽

Shock Load ◽

Economic Evaluations ◽

Activated Sludge Process ◽

Trickling Filter

Many of Egypt's cities have existing treatment plants under operation that have been constructed before 1970. Almost all of these treatment plants now need rehabilitation and upgrading to extend their services for a longer period. One of these plants is the Beni Suef City Wastewater Treatment Plant. The Beni Suef WWTP was constructed in 1956. It has primary treatment followed by secondary treatment employing intermediate rate trickling filters. The BOD, COD, and SS concentration levels are relatively high. They are approximately 800, 1100, and 600 mg/litre, respectively. The Beni Suef city required the determination of the level of work needed for the rehabilitation and upgrading of the existing 200 l/s plant and to extend its capacity to 440 l/s at year 2000 A description of the existing units, their deficiencies and operation problems, and the required rehabilitation are presented and discussed in this paper. Major problems facing the upgrading were the lack of space for expansion and the shortage of funds. It was, therefore, necessary to study several alternative solutions and methods of treatment. The choice of alternatives was from one of the following schemes: a) changing the filter medium, its mode of operation and increasing the number of units, b) changing the trickling filter to high rate and combining it with the activated sludge process, for operation by one of several possible combinations such as: trickling filter-solids contact, roughing filter-activated sludge, and trickling filter-activated sludge process, c) dividing the flow into two parts, the first part to be treated using the existing system and the second part to be treated by activated sludge process, and d) expanding the existing system by increasing the numbers of the different process units. The selection of the alternative was based on technical, operational and economic evaluations. The different alternatives were compared on the basis of system costs, shock load handling, treatment plant operation and predicted effluent quality. The flow schemes for the alternatives are presented. The methodology of selecting the best alternative is discussed. From the study it was concluded that the first alternative is the most reliable from the point of view of costs, handling shock load, and operation.

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Planning Replicable Small Flow Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Developing Nations

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1993.0196 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (10) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Gaber ◽

M. Antill ◽

W. Kimball ◽

R. Abdel Wahab

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Local Development ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Development Program ◽

The United States ◽

Appropriate Technology ◽

Funding Agency ◽

Small Scale ◽

Technology Choice

The implementation of urban village wastewater treatment plants in developing countries has historically been primarily a function of appropriate technology choice and deciding which of the many needy communities should receive the available funding and priority attention. Usually this process is driven by an outside funding agency who views the planning, design, and construction steps as relatively insignificant milestones in the overall effort required to quickly better a community's sanitary drainage problems. With the exception of very small scale type sanitation projects which have relatively simple replication steps, the development emphasis tends to be on the final treatment plant product with little or no attention specifically focused on community participation and institutionalizing national and local policies and procedures needed for future locally sponsored facilities replication. In contrast to this, the Government of Egypt (GOE) enacted a fresh approach through a Local Development Program with the United States AID program. An overview is presented of the guiding principals of the program which produced the first 24 working wastewater systems including gravity sewers, sewage pumping stations and wastewater treatment plants which were designed and constructed by local entities in Egypt. The wastewater projects cover five different treatment technologies implemented in both delta and desert regions.

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