Pharmaceutical removal by the activated carbon process

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Piel ◽  
S. Blondeau ◽  
J. Pérot ◽  
E. Baurès ◽  
O. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Pharmaceutical Removal ◽  
Target Molecules ◽  
Maximum Removal

The adsorption of some major pharmaceutical products (sulfamethoxazole, caffeine, iopromide and carbamazepine) in water was evaluated using four types of activated carbon, three powdered activated carbon (PAC) and one fluidized, coagulated and flocculated activated carbon (FAC) extracted from a Carboplus®P pilot. These substances were the most frequently quantified (in 50% of samples at least) in surface waters of the Vilaine's basin (Brittany, France) during three sampling campaigns. Jar test experiments were carried out in order to assess the removal efficiency of the four activated carbons. Carbamazepine and caffeine were well removed with PAC with a maximum removal rate of 80% whereas it was more difficult for sulfamethoxazole and iopromide with a maximum of 39%. For each molecule, removal rates are clearly dependent on PAC nature. The overall results with FAC are clearly distinguishable from PAC tests with gains of performance on all target molecules (from 80 to >95%).

Kinetics and equilibrium adsorption study of p-nitrophenol onto activated carbon derived from walnut peel

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 2229-2235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohong Liu ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
Song Bai
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
First Order ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Pseudo First Order ◽  
Maximum Removal

An original activated carbon prepared from walnut peel, which was activated by zinc chloride, was modified with ammonium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in order to contrast the adsorption property of the three different activated carbons. The experiment used a static adsorption test for p-nitrophenol. The effects of parameters such as initial concentration, contact time and pH value on amount adsorbed and removal are discussed in depth. The thermodynamic data of adsorption were analyzed by Freundlich and Langmuir models. The kinetic data of adsorption were measured by the pseudo-first-order kinetics and the pseudo-second-order kinetics models. The results indicated that the alkalized carbon samples derived from walnut peel had a better performance than the original activated carbon treated with zinc chloride. It was found that adsorption equilibrium time was 6 h. The maximum removal rate of activated carbon treated with zinc chloride for p-nitrophenol was 87.3% at pH 3,whereas the maximum removal rate of the two modified activated carbon materials was found to be 90.8% (alkalized with ammonium hydroxide) and 92.0% (alkalized with sodium hydroxide) at the same pH. The adsorption data of the zinc chloride activated carbon were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model. The two alkalized activated carbon samples were fitted well to the Freundlich model. The pseudo-second-order dynamics equation provided better explanation of the adsorption dynamics data of the three activated carbons than the pseudo-first-order dynamics equation.

Removal of Hg (II) Ions from Industrial Wastewaters Using Aluminum Sulfate

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 200-211
Author(s):  
Masmoudi Toufik
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Aluminum Sulfate ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Industrial Wastewaters ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Wastewater Samples

The main purpose of this study was first to investigate the removal of Hg(II) ions from industrial wastewaters by coagulation-flocculation with aluminum sulfate, secondly to understand the contribution of some parameters including the coagulant dose, pH, and the addition of adjuvant (activated carbons and lime). Jar-test experiments were carried out on wastewater samples containing mercury from the industrial area of Biskra (BIWW: Biskra industrial wastewater, C0= 1.01 mg/L) and Tizi Ouzou (TOIWW: Tizi Ouzou industrial wastewater, C0= 1.81 mg/L).The maximum elimination of mercury at ambient temperature was 49% and 58% that were obtained with concentrations of 180 mg/L and 200 mg/L of aluminum sulfate at a pH close to 7 for both Tizi Ouzou and Biskra samples, respectively. The obtained results showed that the removal efficiency of mercury ions is improved by the addition of adjuvant (activated carbon and lime). The removal efficiency of Hg (II) ions increased with increasing lime and activated carbon masses, experiments results indicated that the yield increased with the increase in the dose of the adjuvant to reach a maximum of 82.89% (TOIWW) and 83.38% (BIWW).The experiments were conducted to test the ability of coupling coagulation-flocculation to adsorption. It was verified that coupling was more efficient in the removal of Hg(II) ions from industrial wastewater than coagulation-flocculation alone. Almost complete removal (99.42) of Hg was obtained by coupling coagulation-flocculation and adsorption on powdered activated carbon.Accordingly, it is believed that coupling coagulation-flocculation and adsorption are practical for utilization in industrial wastewater treatment for mercury removal.

Biological treatment characteristics of benzene and toluene in a biofilter packed with cylindrical activated carbon

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.-W. Li ◽  
H.-Y. Hu ◽  
J.-M. Hao ◽  
H.-Q. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Filler Materials ◽  
Removal Capacity ◽  
Bacillus Spore ◽  
Maximum Removal

The biodegradation of toluene and benzene in a biofilter using cylindrical activated carbon as the filler materials was studied. Three gas flow rates, i.e. 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 m3/h, corresponding to empty bed gas residence of 75, 37.5 and 25 s, respectively, and total organic load lower than 400 g/m3.h were tested. The biofilter proved to be highly efficient in biodegradation of toluene and benzene, and toluene was more easily degraded than benzene. When each inlet load was lower than 150 g/m3.h, removal rate increased with inlet load and reached a maximum, which was 150 and 120 g/m−3.h for toluene and benzene, respectively. For inlet load higher than the maximum removal capacity conditions, the removal rate decreased with inlet load. Carbon dioxide concentration profile through the biofilter revealed that the mass ratios of carbon dioxide produced to the toluene and benzene removed were 2.15 g(CO2)/g(toluene) and 1.67 g(CO2)/g(benzene), which furthermore, confirmed the biodegradation performance in biofilter. The observation of biotic community demonstrated that the microbes consisted of bacillus, spore bacillus and fungi, of which the spore bacillus was dominant.

Study on the Alage Removal by Microwave Irradiation

2010 ◽  
Vol 113-116 ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
Qing Jie Xie
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Dynamic Reaction ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
First Order ◽  
Pollutants Removal

The microwave irradiation (MI) was found that it had significantly treatment efficiency for pollutants removal. It was developed to treat the alage in this paper. The granular activated carbon (GAC) was used as catalyst. The effect of the acting time, MI power, GAC amount and the initial concentration on alage removal were studied. The results showed: with the increasing of the acting time, MI power, GAC amount the alage removal rate were increased, but the effect of the initial concentration to alage removal was opposite; the optimum value of acting time, MI power and GAC amount were 5min, 450W and 3g respectively with the alage removal efficiency reached up to 100%. It also showed that with the alage removed under the MI the COD, SS were removed too. It was discovered that the oxidation process was basically in conformity with the first-order dynamic reaction(ln(C/C0)＝-0.9371t+0.6744（R2=0.9472）).

scholarly journals Adsorption of Paracetamol in Hospital Wastewater Through Activated Carbon Filters

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Macías-García ◽  
Justo García-Sanz-Calcedo ◽  
Juan Pablo Carrasco-Amador ◽  
Raúl Segura-Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Adsorption Mechanism ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Hospital Wastewater ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Oxygen Groups ◽  
Two Stages

In recent years, pharmaceutical products have been causing a serious environmental problem in hospital wastewater and water purification plants. The elimination of these pollutants is difficult due to their resistance to biological degradation. Paracetamol has been detected in higher concentrations in hospital wastewater than in other buildings. Activated carbons are a good material for removing paracetamol from hospital wastewater. One of the starting materials to obtain activated carbons is kenaf, which is an easy plant to cultivate. To study the elimination of paracetamol from hospital wastewater by activated carbon, the textural and chemical characterization of activated carbon, as well as the kinetic study and the analysis of the paracetamol adsorption mechanism by the adsorbent, have been carried out. The activated carbon samples studied are micro-mesoporous, with high specific surface values. The chemical composition with presence of oxygen groups favours the adsorption process. The adsorption kinetics were adjusted to a pseudo-second order model. The adsorption mechanism followed the intraparticular diffusion model, carried out in two stages: a fast first stage on the surface of the adsorbent and a slow one inside the pore. Based on the kinetic study, the use of this type of carbon is a good application for the removal of paracetamol from hospital wastewater.

Incidence of the Presence of Lead on the Elimination of Humic Substances

2016 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 645-649
Author(s):  
Saâdia Guergazi ◽  
Mohamed Mahdi Missaoui
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Granular Activated Carbon ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Powder ◽  
Powder Activated Carbon ◽  
Agitation Time

The main objective of our work is to test the performance of powder activated carbon (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC) in the retention of humic substances in the presence of lead. The adsorption tests conducted in synthetic solutions of distilled water. The results showed that, the removal efficiency of humic substances varies with the agitation time was obtained maximum efficiency after 180 minutes for PAC and 300 for the GAC. However, on granular activated carbon (GAC) recorded an improvement in the removal of humic substances in the order of 1.60%. The reaction rate is the same for the activated carbon powder (PAC). By against, for the GAC the removal rate of humic substances in the presence of lead is slower. A comparison between our results with the absorption of humic substances without the presence of lead showed that the elimination of humic substances (10 mg/l) in the presence of lead (5mg/l) on powder activated carbon (1 g/L) is disturbed. The removal efficiencies decrease with the increase on the pH of medium in an interval ranging from 2 to 12.The variation of the mass of lead has recorded an inhibiting role in the adsorption of humic substances for both activated carbons.

scholarly journals Removal of Zinc by Bitter Orange Peels Activated Carbon and Commercially Activated Carbon, a Comparison Study.

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-131
Author(s):  
Laith Hamdan Hawal
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Bitter Orange ◽  
Orange Peels ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Adsorbent Materials

 In this study, a comparison between using activated carbon prepared from bitter orange peels (BOAC) and a common commercially activated carbon (CAC), which is brought from the market, as adsorbent materials. This study was designed to find out which of these two activated carbons is more effective in the removal of zinc from waste water. This work examines the use of bitter orange peels, which are available as waste in local markets and in household garbage as an alternative presage to prepare an activated carbon by using (H2SO4) as activating reagent. The effects of pH, initial zinc concentrations, treatment time, adsorbent media bed height and the flow rate of simulated synthetic aqueous solution (SSAS) on the removal efficiency of zinc were all studied under 24oC The results indicated that the removal efficiency of zinc increases with decreasing in pH of SSAS. When the initial concentration of zinc increases in SSAS, the removal efficiency of zinc was decreased. The study proved that the increasing of contact time leads to greater removal efficiency. When the height of adsorbent media in fixed column increases, the removal efficiency was increased. The experiments also showed that the removal efficiency of zinc from the SSAS increased, when the flow rate decreased. It could be concluded from this work that (BOAC) is better than (CAC) as an adsorbent materials in the removal of zinc; with a removal efficiency of (90%, 86%), respectively

scholarly journals Biocarbon Derived from Opuntia ficus indica for p-Nitrophenol Retention

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1242
Author(s):  
Hanedi Elhleli ◽  
Faten Mannai ◽  
Mongi ben Mosbah ◽  
Ramzi Khiari ◽  
Younes Moussaoui
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Fourier Transforms ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Opuntia Ficus Indica ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

Activated carbon obtained from Opuntia ficus indica by sodium hydroxide activation was employed for the adsorption of p-nitrophenol from water. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, sorption of nitrogen, scanning electron microscopy, and Boehm titration. Effects of pH, contact time, amount of adsorbent, and temperature on the adsorption of p-nitrophenol were studied. Adsorption isotherms were analyzed using Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models, and the thermodynamic parameters have been determined. The adsorption of p-nitrophenol was spontaneous, exothermic, and propitious at 15 °C and adopted the pseudo-second order model, and the most credible isotherm was Langmuir’s one. The activated carbon used in this work has good p-nitrophenol adsorption characteristics, and the study of the desorption and reuse of this carbon shows that it retains a removal rate greater than 94% after five cycles of adsorption-desorption.

Study on Influence Factors in Flocculation Conditions of Bioflocculant

2012 ◽  
Vol 581-582 ◽  
pp. 242-245
Author(s):  
Li Xin Li ◽  
Yan Jun Liu ◽  
Gang Ren ◽  
Zhi Wei Song ◽  
Xiu Min Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Effective Performance ◽  
Flocculation Effect

0.5g/L of kaolin suspension was took as the sample for coagulation. The jar test was adopted to examine the effects of the Compound Bioflocculant (CBF) dosage, hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and the CaCl2 dosage as coagulation aid on the removal efficiency of turbidity. The experimental results showed that CBF had an effective performance with dosage of 4-5mg/L in the alkalescence environment. The optimal conditions for the removal efficiency of turbidity by CBF were the dosage of 4ml/L and pH of 7.5. CBF added coagulation aid(CaCl2) could play effect of flocculation. Adding 1.0ml / L of 10% concentration solution of CaCl2 could achieve the best flocculation effect. Temperature had minimal impact on the removal efficiency of turbidity , it indicated that the removal rate of turbidity at low temperatures was not obviously influenced.

scholarly journals Micro-Bubble Flotation for Removing Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solution: Artificial Neural Network Modeling and Kinetic of Flotation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Abeer I. Alwared ◽  
Nada Abdulrazzaq ◽  
Baseem Al-Sabbagh
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Neural Network Modeling ◽  
Flotation Process ◽  
Cadmium Ions ◽  
Micro Bubble ◽  
Flotation Technique ◽  
Hidden Layer ◽  
Maximum Removal

In this work, microbubble dispersed air flotation technique was applied for cadmium ions removal from wastewater aqueous solution. Experiments parameters such as pH (3, 4, 5, and 6), initial Cd(II) ions concentration (40, 80, and 120 mg/l)  contact time( 2, 5, 10 , 15, and 20min), and surfactant (10, 20and 40mg/l) were studied in order to optimize the best conditions .The experimental results indicate that microbubbles were quite effective in removing cadmium ions and the anionic surfactant SDS was found to be more efficient than cationic CTAB in flotation process. 92.3% maximum removal efficiency achieved through 15min at pH 5, SDS surfactant concentration 20mg/l, flow rate250 cm3/min and at 40mg/l Cd(II) ions initial concentration. The removal efficiency of cadmium ion was predicted through 11 neurons hidden layer, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997 between ANN outputs and the experimental data and through sensitivity analysis, pH was found to be most significant parameter (25.13 %).The kinetic flotation order for cadmium ions almost first order and the removal rate constant (k) increases with decreasing the initial metal concentration.

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