scholarly journals Modelling of E. coli distribution in coastal areas subjected to combined sewer overflows

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1123-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro De Marchis ◽  
Gabriele Freni ◽  
Enrico Napoli
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Integrated Modelling ◽  
Combined Sewer Overflows ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Impact

Rivers, lakes and the sea were the natural receivers of raw urban waste and storm waters for a long time but the low sustainability of such practice, the increase of population and a renewed environmental sensibility increased researcher interest in the analysis and mitigation of the impact of urban waters on receiving water bodies (RWB). In Europe, the integrated modelling of drainage systems and RWB has been promoted as a promising approach for implementing the Water Framework Directive. A particular interest is given to the fate of pathogens and especially of Escherichia coli, in all the cases in which an interaction between population and the RWB is foreseen. The present paper aims to propose an integrated water quality model involving the analysis of several sewer systems (SS) discharging their polluting overflows on the coast in a sensitive marine environment. From a modelling point of view, the proposed application integrated one-dimensional drainage system models with a complex three-dimensional model analysing the propagation in space and time of E. coli in the coastal marine area. The integrated approach was tested in a real case study (the Acicastello bay in Italy) where data were available both for SS model and for RWB propagation model calibration. The analysis shows a good agreement between the model and monitored data. The integrated model was demonstrated to be a valuable tool for investigating the pollutant propagation and to highlight the most impacted areas.

Stress-strain curve of paper revisited

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 318-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Borodulina ◽  
Artem Kulachenko ◽  
Mikael Nygårds ◽  
Sylvain Galland
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Failure Behavior ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Stress Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Fiber Network ◽  
Bonding Parameters ◽  
Particle Level ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We have investigated a relation between micromechanical processes and the stress-strain curve of a dry fiber network during tensile loading. By using a detailed particle-level simulation tool we investigate, among other things, the impact of “non-traditional” bonding parameters, such as compliance of bonding regions, work of separation and the actual number of effective bonds. This is probably the first three-dimensional model which is capable of simulating the fracture process of paper accounting for nonlinearities at the fiber level and bond failures. The failure behavior of the network considered in the study could be changed significantly by relatively small changes in bond strength, as compared to the scatter in bonding data found in the literature. We have identified that compliance of the bonding regions has a significant impact on network strength. By comparing networks with weak and strong bonds, we concluded that large local strains are the precursors of bond failures and not the other way around.

scholarly journals Architecture Studio Learning: Strategy to Achieve Architects Competence

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 04004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Saifudin Mutaqi
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Education Standards ◽  
Research Technology ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
The Impact

In most Schools of Architecture, Architecture Studio is at the core of the architectural learning process. In the process, students are trained to have the skills of architectonic spaces design based on the study of the site, its function, and its aesthetics. Students are also trained to have awareness and understanding about the impact of their design on the surrounding environment, both physically and socially. Also, students are trained to present their designs in various forms such as visual graphics, verbal narratives, and three dimensional model animations. Indonesian Association of School of Architecture (APTARI Asosiasi Perguruan Tinggi Arsitektur Indonesia) and Indonesian Institute of Architects (IAI - Ikatan Arsitek Indonesia) has formulated an education Standards, Curriculum, and Achievements of Architect Professional Program to be referred by Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education (KEMENRISTEKDIKTI – Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, danPerguruanTinggi) as the guidance for the implementation of Architect Professional Program (PPA - Pendidikan Profesi Arsitek) in Indonesia. One of the eight recommendations is the PPA Content Standard which contains the learning for the achievement of IAI Architect Competencies through the recommended study materials. However, the recommended study materials did not indicate the activity of the Architecture Studio learning model (Final Report of APTARI Part II and IAI). Will architect’s competence be achieved if the learning process withoutarchitectural studio learning model? The formulation of the curriculum that is developed independently by the IAI recommends the learning of Architectural Studio as Professional Studio. The size of the SKS is large enough to enable someone who follows the lesson to intensively gain experience in designing the building as a real architectural work. This Architecture Studio learning model is interpreted by PPAr organizer universities with various forms, among others: (1) apprenticeship of architects; (2) supervised studios; And (3) project simulation studio. From various models of Architecture learning model mentioned above, all aim to achieve 13 Architect Competence as formulated by IAI. Which model is effective in learning the Architectural Studio mentioned above? This exploratory study would like to compare the three forms of Architecture Studio learning model to see how much the achievement of the targeted competencies by measuring the success of Competency Test activities still use the standards implemented by LPJK by involving assessors from IAI. The results of the comparison will show the compatibility of the implementation of the Architecture Studio learningmodel what is considered effective. These findings will certainly benefit the development of future PPAr implementation, especially if the Architecture Studio model can be commensurate with the studios developed by the School of Architecture in various countries, at least in the region of 21 member countries ARCASIA.

scholarly journals Impact of Urban Undersea Tunnel Longitudinal Slope on the Visual Characteristics of Drivers

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Shoushuo Wang ◽  
Zhigang Du ◽  
Fangtong Jiao ◽  
Libo Yang ◽  
Yudan Ni
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Longitudinal Slope ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Vehicle Test ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to investigate the impact of the urban undersea tunnel longitudinal slope on the visual characteristics of drivers. 20 drivers were enrolled to conduct the real vehicle test of the urban undersea tunnel. First, the data of average fixation time and visual lobe were collected by an eye tracker. The differential significance was tested using the one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Then, the difference between the up-and-down slope (direction) factor and the longitudinal slope (percent) factor on the two indexes were analyzed using the two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Second, by constructing a Lorentz model, the impact of the longitudinal slope on the average fixation time and the visual lobe were analyzed. Besides, a three-dimensional model of the longitudinal slope, average fixation time, and visual lobe was quantified. The results showed that the average fixation time and visual lobe under different longitudinal slopes markedly differed when driving on the uphill and downhill sections. The average fixation time and visual lobe under two factors were markedly different. Moreover, with an increase in the longitudinal slope, the average fixation time exhibited a trend of increasing first then decreasing; the visual lobe exhibited a trend of decreasing first and then increasing. The average fixation time reached the minimum and maximum value when the slope was 2.15% and 4.0%, whereas the visual lobe reached the maximum and minimum value when the slope was 2.88% and 4.0%. Overall, the longitudinal slope exerted a great impact on the visual load of the driver.

Wet weather water quality modelling of a Portuguese urban catchment: difficulties and benefits

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.M. David ◽  
R.S. Matos
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Integrated Modelling ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Deterministic Modelling ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

This paper discusses the use of water quality deterministic modelling together with an integrated approach to assess the impact of urban stormwater discharges into ephemeral watercourses, based on the study of a Portuguese catchment. The description of the main aspects, difficulties and benefits found during data collection and model calibration and verification is presented, and the associated uncertainties and errors discussed. Experimental results showed a strong short- and long-term impact of sewer discharges on rivers, and confirmed deposition, resuspension and transport of pollutants as important processes for the water quality. However, the resuspension of riverbed sediment pollutants during storms was probably more significant than the direct impact of the urban discharges. The HydroWorks™ model was used since it allows for the calculation of pollutant build-up on catchment surfaces and in gully pots, their wash-off, and the deposition and erosion of sediments in sewers. However, it uses several constants, which could not be independently calibrated, increasing the uncertainty already associated with the data. River flows have quite different magnitude from the sewer system overflows, which, together with the difficulties in evaluating river flow rates, makes the integrated modelling approach rather complex and costly.

Finite-element analysis of multi-body contacts for pile driving using a hydraulic pile hammer

2011 ◽  
Vol 225 (5) ◽  
pp. 1153-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Guo ◽  
J P Hu ◽  
L Y Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Test Point ◽  
Pile Driving ◽  
Penalty Function Method ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Material Choice ◽  
Multi Body ◽  
The Impact

This article treats the pile driving as multi-body dynamic contacts. By using the penalty function method and three-dimensional model of finite-element method, the dynamic process of pile driving is acquired and a method for choosing the cushion material of the hydraulic pile hammer to improve driving efficiency is proposed. The process of pile driving in the real situation of an industrial experiment is simulated. The results of stress on test point are consistent with the test point. By analysing the stress distributed along the direction of pile radius and pile axis, the rule of the stress distribution on the pile is concluded. The rule for cushion material choice is obtained by comparing the influence for the impact stress with different elastic modulus ratio of the hammer cushion to the pile and the pile cushion to the pile.

scholarly journals Forecasting of Surface Currents via Correcting Wind Stress with Assimilation of High-Frequency Radar Data in a Three-Dimensional Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Ren ◽  
Stephen Nash ◽  
Michael Hartnett
Keyword(s):  
Data Assimilation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hf Radar ◽  
Surface Velocity ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
The Impact

This paper details work in assessing the capability of a hydrodynamic model to forecast surface currents and in applying data assimilation techniques to improve model forecasts. A three-dimensional model Environment Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) was forced with tidal boundary data and onshore wind data, and so forth. Surface current data from a high-frequency (HF) radar system in Galway Bay were used for model intercomparisons and as a source for data assimilation. The impact of bottom roughness was also investigated. Having developed a “good” water circulation model the authors sought to improve its forecasting ability through correcting wind shear stress boundary conditions. The differences in surface velocity components between HF radar measurements and model output were calculated and used to correct surface shear stresses. Moreover, data assimilation cycle lengths were examined to extend the improvements of surface current’s patterns during forecasting period, especially for north-south velocity component. The influence of data assimilation in model forecasting was assessed using a Data Assimilation Skill Score (DASS). Positive magnitude of DASS indicated that both velocity components were considerably improved during forecasting period. Additionally, the improvements of RMSE for vector direction over domain were significant compared with the “free run.”

scholarly journals Simulation Technique of Kinematic Processes in the Vehicle Steering Linkage

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.3) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergii Chernenko ◽  
Eduard Klimov ◽  
Andrii Chernish ◽  
Olexandr Pavlenko ◽  
Volodymyr Kukhar
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Simulation Technique ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Power Characteristics ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Turning Radius ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Mathematical Model

The results of the investigation of the turning kinematics of the steerable wheels of the KrAZ-7634NE off-road vehicle with a wheel formula 8x8 and two front steer axles are given. The theoretical relations between the steer angles of the steerable wheels on the basis of the scheme of double-axle steering turning of the vehicle are shown. The mathematical model of flat four-bar vehicle steering linkage is developed, it determines the relation between the steering linkage left and right steering arms turning angles at any turning radius of the vehicle. KrAZ-7634HE steering three-dimensional model was created and simulation technique of its work was carried out using Creo software. It has been shown that the flat steering linkage model provides sufficient accuracy of calculations in analysis of turning kinematics. The design data can be used for any vehicles that have a similar steering linkage, they allow to analyze the impact of the vehicle design parameters on the turning kinematics and optimize them. Further study of the impact of the kingpin inclinations on the steering linkage kinematic and power characteristics are required.  

scholarly journals A cross-validated three-dimensional model of an englacial and subglacial drainage system in a High-Arctic glacier

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (256) ◽  
pp. 278-290
Author(s):  
Lena U. Hansen ◽  
Jan A. Piotrowski ◽  
Douglas I. Benn ◽  
Heidi Sevestre
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Water Drainage ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Closure Mechanism ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Arctic Glacier ◽  
D Model ◽  
Englacial Drainage

AbstractRecent speleological surveys of meltwater drainage systems in cold and polythermal glaciers have documented dynamic englacial and in some cases subglacial conduits formed by the ‘cut-and-closure’ mechanism. Investigations of the spatial distribution of such conduits often require a combination of different methods. Here, we studied the englacial drainage system in the cold glacier Longyearbreen, Svalbard by combining speleological exploration of a 478 m long meltwater conduit with a high-resolution ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey with two different centre-frequencies (25 and 100 MHz). The results yielded a 3-D documentation of the present englacial drainage system. The study shows that the overall form of englacial conduits can be detected from velocity−depth converted GPR data, and that the 3-D model can facilitate a method to pinpoint the reflections in a radargram corresponding with the englacial drainage system, although fine detail cannot be resolved. Visible reflections approximately parallel to the mapped englacial water drainage system likely result from sediment incorporated in the ice or from abandoned parts of the englacial drainage system.

Simulating the Behaviour and Fate of an Oil Spill Using a Coupled Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 901-918
Author(s):  
James A. Stronach ◽  
Aurelien Hospital
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Hydrodynamic Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Local Network ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Water Properties ◽  
Response Planning ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Oil behavior and fate have been simulated extensively by several spill models. These simulations can be greatly enhanced by the use of a coupled three-dimensional model of currents and water properties to determine oil transport and weathering, both on the water surface and in the water column. Several physical and chemical processes such as vertical dispersion in response to wave action, resurfacing when waves die down, sinking through loss of volatiles and dissolution are essential in assessing the impact of an oil spill on the environment. Dissolution is especially important, considering the known toxicity of several of the constituents of liquid hydrocarbons. For this study, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of coastal British Columbia was coupled to an oil trajectory and weathering model in order to simulate the complete fate and behaviour of surface, shoreline-retained, dissolved, sunken and dispersed oil. Utilization of a three-dimensional model is the key to adequately modelling the transport of a spill in an estuarine region such as in the Strait of Georgia, B.C., where the distribution of currents and water properties is strongly affected by estuarine processes: the Fraser River enters at the surface and oceanic waters from the Pacific enter as a deep inflow. Three-dimensional currents and water properties were provided by the hydrodynamic model, H3D, a semi-implicit model using a staggered Arakawa grid and variable number of layers in the vertical direction to resolve near-surface processes. Waves were simulated using the wave model SWAN. Winds were obtained from the local network of coastal light stations and wind buoys. Stochastic modelling was conducted first, using only surface currents, to determine probabilistic maps of the oil trajectory on water and statistical results were extracted, such as the amount of shoreline oiled and the amount of oil evaporated, both for the ensemble of simulations constituting the stochastic simulation, as well as for any particular individual simulation. Deterministic scenarios were then selected and the fate of the oil, such as the dissolved and sunken fractions, was tracked over a 14 day period on the three-dimensional grid. This method has been used for environmental impact assessment and spill response planning.

HUMANOID ROBOT MOTION GENERATION SCHEME FOR TASKS UTILIZING IMPULSIVE FORCE

2012 ◽  
Vol 09 (02) ◽  
pp. 1250008 ◽  
Author(s):  
TEPPEI TSUJITA ◽  
ATSUSHI KONNO ◽  
SHUNSUKE KOMIZUNAI ◽  
YUKI NOMURA ◽  
TOMOYA MYOJIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Humanoid Robots ◽  
Impulsive Force ◽  
Motion Generation ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Large Force ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impact Motion

In order to exert a large force on an environment, it is effective to apply impulsive force. We describe the motions in which tasks are performed by applying impulsive force as "impact motions." This paper proposes a way to generate impact motions for humanoid robots to exert a large force and the feedback control method for driving a nail robustly. The impact motion is optimized based on a three dimensional model using sequential quadratic programming (SQP). In this research, a nailing task is taken as an example of impact motion. A dominant parameter for driving a nail strongly is revealed and motions which maximize the parameter are generated considering the robot's postural stability. In order to evaluate the proposed scheme, a life-sized humanoid robot drives nails into a plate made of chemical wood. The optimized motion is compared with a motion designed heuristically by a human. Average driving depth is clearly increased by the proposed method.

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