scholarly journals History of the Bukhara branch of the Azov-Don commercial bank

2018 ◽  
pp. 199-207
Author(s):  
B. A. Alimdjanov
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
East Region ◽  
Cause Of Failure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Export Crops

The article investigates foundations of work and functions of the Bukhara branch of the Azov-Don commercial bank. In soviet historiography banks were considered as colonialism tools (both Western and Russian). On the basis of archive data the author proves that finance institutions of the Russian Empire took into account the local specificity and stimulated production of export-oriented goods. The author uses inter-bank correspondence, annual reports of the branch director and materials of the Bukhara branch audit. For the first time active and passive bank transactions were researched, expenses and incomes of the bank were analyzed and personnel of the bank was studied. The author, in contrast to soviet and post-soviet researchers thinks that banks were not monopolists in economy of the Middle East. The Azov-Don bank had got a broad network of branches (4 branches) in the Middle East region. It tried to take in hand the export of cotton and fruit but could not become a monopolist in economic life of Turkestan. The principle cause of ‘failure’ according to the author was the adjustment of the bank to real economic relations in the Turkestan Governorship-General and khanates. Modernization of Central Asia economy, according to banks implied financing of export crops and intermediary between the metropolitan country and periphery. ‘Colonial’ periphery seemed to be an appealing field for investment and super-profit, but speculative nature of Turkestan economy stopped banks’ development. As a result economic modernization of the Middle East slowed down and opened the way to the soviet experiment.

scholarly journals History of Namangan Agency of Volga-Kama Commercial Bank

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-405
Author(s):  
Bakhtier Alimdzhanov
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Asian Economy ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
And Function ◽  
Export Crops ◽  
Economic Modernization ◽  
Soviet Historiography

The article considers the activity and function of the Namangan branch of the Volga-Kama commercial Bank. In Soviet historiography, banks were understood as an instrument of colonialism both Western and Russian. On the basis of archival data the author proves that the financial institutions of the Russian Empire took into account local specifics and encouraged the production of export-oriented products. The author actively uses interbank correspondence, annual reports of the director, as well as audit materials of the Namangan subsidiary. The active and passive operations of the Bank were investigated, the Banks expenses and profits were analyzed, and the staff of the bank was studied. The modernization of the Central Asian economy in financial sphere involved the financing of export crops and mediation between the metropolis and the periphery. Colonial periphery at first glance seemed to be an attractive area for investment and obtaining super profits, but the speculative nature of the Turkestan economy prevented the normal development of banks. As a result, the economic modernization of Central Asia slowed down and opened the way for the Soviet experiment.

TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF ISRAEL IN THE MIDDLE EAST

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Evgenii V. Palamarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Major Trading Partner ◽  
Economic Interaction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
Israeli Economy

The lack of Russian-language research on the features of the economic development of Israel as an OECD member state underlines the urgent need to identify new trends in the Israeli economy. Not taking into account the existing variety of humanitarian studies, and especially the concentration of studies on the political history of Israel and its modern component, we can recognize a clear lack of work that would cover Israeli economy. Current trends in Israeli trade relations, which have begun to make the mselves clear, require both consideration of effective trade and economic interaction between Israel and Palestine, and identification of the peculiarities of hidden regional trade and economic ties. Israel and Palestine are in close cooperation on the exchange of labor and goods, despite the lack of a political settlement. For Palestine, Israel is a major trading partner, and Palestine plays a key security role for Israel. The second important aspect in covering new trends in the Israeli economy may be the need to study the nascent format of cooperation between Israel and the Middle East. The article explores the specifics of economic relations between Israel and the countries of the Middle East, reveals the growing role of economic relations between Israel and the countries of the region.

Turkey’s foreign policy priorities in the Middle East and Afghanistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-3) ◽  
pp. 228-237
Author(s):  
Marina Shpakovskaya ◽  
Oleg Barnashov ◽  
Arian Mohammad Hassan Shershah ◽  
Asadullah Noori ◽  
Mosa Ziauddin Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
The United States ◽  
Turkish Foreign Policy ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
East Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
Middle East Region

The article discusses the features and main approaches of Turkish foreign policy in the Middle East. Particular attention is paid to the history of the development of Turkish-American relations. The causes of the contradictions between Turkey and the United States on the security issues of the Middle East region are analyzed. At the same time, the commonality of the approaches of both countries in countering radical terrorism in the territories adjacent to Turkey is noted. The article also discusses the priority areas of Turkish foreign policy, new approaches and technologies in the first decade of the XXI century.

Битвазапрошлое:храмсвятогоГеоргия вИзраавэпицентре церковно-политическойборьбыконцаXIXв.

2019 ◽  
pp. 256-281
Author(s):  
E.M. Kopot`
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church

The article brings up an obscure episode in the rivalry of the Orthodox and Melkite communities in Syria in the late 19th century. In order to strengthen their superiority over the Orthodox, the Uniates attempted to seize the church of St. George in Izraa, one of the oldest Christian temples in the region. To the Orthodox community it presented a threat coming from a wealthier enemy backed up by the See of Rome and the French embassy. The only ally the Antioch Patriarchate could lean on for support in the fight for its identity was the Russian Empire, a traditional protector of the Orthodox Arabs in the Middle East. The documents from the Foreign Affairs Archive of the Russian Empire, introduced to the scientific usage for the first time, present a unique opportunity to delve into the history of this conflict involving the higher officials of the Ottoman Empire as well as the Russian embassy in ConstantinopleВ статье рассматривается малоизвестный эпизод соперничества православной и Мелкитской общин в Сирии в конце XIX века. Чтобы укрепить свое превосходство над православными, униаты предприняли попытку захватить церковь Святого Георгия в Израа, один из старейших христианских храмов в регионе. Для православной общины он представлял угрозу, исходящую от более богатого врага, поддерживаемого Римским престолом и французским посольством. Единственным союзником, на которого Антиохийский патриархат мог опереться в борьбе за свою идентичность, была Российская Империя, традиционный защитник православных арабов на Ближнем Востоке. Документы из архива иностранных дел Российской Империи, введены в научный оборот впервые, уникальная возможность углубиться в историю этого конфликта с участием высших должностных лиц в Османской империи, а также российского посольства в Константинополе.

HISTORICAL STAGES OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL CONTROL

2021 ◽  
Vol 296 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
AnnА KOZACHENKO ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Formation ◽  
Means Of Production

The article highlights the views of scientists on the allocation of periods (stages) in the history of internal control, which differ in the following features: the emergence and development of socio – economic relations that existed at different times; diversification of objects and subjects of control; complicating the tasks of control over the different levels of development of productive forces and equipment of each society; specific methodological techniques. Thus, the first manifestations of control are observed during the period of primitive communal system. The period of slavery is considered the stage of the emergence of internal control. Characteristic of this period was physical coercion to work. In the period of the feudal system, the peculiarities of the development of socio-economic formation of European states are the distinction between external and internal audit, and accounting registers to reflect the facts of economic life, which served for entries in the accounts of the General Ledger. In addition, control activities were manifested in the movement of credit and settlement transactions between buyers, in settlements between buyers and banks, in production processes and private ownership of the means of production. The capitalist system of production did not require many special control bodies, and its functions were carried out directly by the owners of the means of production. The basis of capitalism was the private property of the bourgeoisie on the means of production, but not on the worker, who at that time received more freedom. It was during the communist formation that thorough work was carried out on the methodological support of internal economic control, but its active development began after the declaration of independence of Ukraine, by borrowing the foundations in foreign countries. Thus, the periodization presented in the article helps to trace the historical aspect of the development and formation of internal control as a control system as a whole, in a certain period of time in which.

scholarly journals The Siberian Polonia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century in the Polish historiography

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Vladimir Shaidurov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The period between the 19th – early 20th century witnessed waves of actively forming Polish communities in Russia’s rural areas. A major factor that contributed to the process was the repressive policy by the Russian Empire towards those involved in the Polish national liberation and revolutionary movement. Large communities were founded in Siberia, the Volga region, Caucasus, and European North of Russia (Arkhangelsk). One of the largest communities emerged in Siberia. By the early 20th century, the Polonia in the region consisted of tens of thousands of people. The Polish population was engaged in Siberia’s economic life and was an important stakeholder in business. Among the most well-known Polish-Siberian entrepreneurs was Alfons Poklewski-Koziell who was called the “Vodka King of Siberia” by his contemporaries. Poles, who returned from Siberian exile and penal labor, left recollections of their staying in Siberia or notes on the region starting already from the middle of the 19th century. It was this literature that was the main source of information about the life of the Siberian full for a long time. Exile undoubtedly became a significant factor that was responsible for Russia’s negative image in the historical memory of Poles. This was reflected in publications based on the martyrological approach in the Polish historiography. Glorification of the struggle of Poles to restore their statehood was a central standpoint adopted not only in memoirs, but also in scientific studies that appeared the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The martyrological approach dominated the Polish historiography until 1970s. It was not until the late 20th century that serious scientific research started utilizing the civilizational approach, which broke the mold of the Polish historical science. This is currently a leading approach. This enables us to objectively reconstruct the history of the Siberian Polonia in the imperial period of the Russian history. The article is intended to analyze publications by Polish authors on the history of the Polish community in Siberia the 19th – early 20th century. It focuses on memoirs and research works, which had an impact on the reconstruction of the Siberian Polonia’s history. The paper is written using the retrospective, genetic, and comparative methods.re.

scholarly journals The Issue Of The Central Asian Northern Pilgrimage Route In The Russian-Bukhara Diplomatic Relations In The XVIII Century (On The Example Of The Activities Of Ambassador Ernazar Maqsud Oglu)

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (11) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Tanieva Guldona Mamanovna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Direction ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

In the Middle Ages, Central Asian pilgrims traveled to Mecca in three directions: the North direction ‒ through the Russian Empire, the central direction‒ through the territory of Persia, and the south direction ‒ along roads through India and the Arabian Sea. Therefore, the question of the directions of the Hajj was reflected in the diplomatic correspondence of the Central Asian khanates with Persia, India, the Russian and Ottoman empires тоо. Depending on the political, economic and ideological interests of these states, sometimes pilgrims were given permits to be sent to Mecca through their territories, and sometimes not. The degree of intensity of pilgrimage movements, in most cases, depended on the activities of interstate ambassadors. On the issue of eliminating various prohibitions and obstacles in the movements of pilgrimage roads, the Central Asian ambassadors were active and historical documents reveal these data to us. In this period the Central Asian ambassadors, who were sent to the reception of the governors those neighbor states on other issues, in most cases negotiated precisely on the direction of the Hajj of the Central Asian pilgrims also. One of such far-sighted ambassadors was a rich merchant from Bukhara, who lived in the XVIII c. Ernazar Maksud ogli officially sent several times by the Central Asian rulers to the Russian Empire. In this article analyzes the question of how the problems of the Hajj road were solved at the international diplomatic level by the example of the activities this ambassador. The history of negotiations between Ernazar and the Russian emperors on matters of the northern direction of the Hajj road and their results illuminated on base documents on this issue, which stored in the fund of the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AFPRE). The scientific conclusions of this article serve for an extensive study of the issues of diplomatic and economic relations between the Central Asian khanates and the Russian Empire in the XVIII century, revealing the history of the embassy relations of the khanates and the history of the pilgrimage of the Hajj of the Central Asian people and the features of the directions of roads from Central Asia to Mecca.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Analysis of the Economic Structure of the Vozdvizhensk Labor Community

2020 ◽  
pp. 178-199
Author(s):  
V.M. Avdasov
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Soviet Regime ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Production Economic ◽  
Organization Of Production

The article deals with the history of the creation, existence and liquidation of the Vozdvizhensk labour brotherhood. The history of land tenure, the functioning of enterprises, the organization of production, economic and technological achievements, activities in revolutionary times, and the fraternity's liquidation are analyzed. The conditions of life and management in the brotherhood are shown. The factors (economic, technical, technological, organizational, social) that could serve as sources of brotherhood's economic success are analyzed. Shown are the material assets (including breeding and seed funds, as well as tools), which formed the basis of the brotherhood's production factors. Special attention is paid to economic relations and organizational foundations in the brotherhood. The research subject is also the conditions of the brotherhood's management during the 1917 revolution and the civil war. The article examines the transformations that the brothers' social and economic life underwent in the 1920s, including the repressions they were subjected to by the Soviet regime.

scholarly journals Annual Reports of the Omsk and Orenburg Bishops to the Holy Synod as a Source of the History of Orthodoxy in the Steppe Territory of the Russian Empire (Second Half of the 19th — Early 20th Centuries)

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
Yu.A. Lysenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unique Source ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article analyzes the structure and information potential of the annual reports on the conditions of the Orenburg and Omsk dioceses to the Holy Synod, prepared science 1870 to 1917. It is emphasized that this set of paperwork is a unique source on the history of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Central Asian outskirts of the Russian Empire and reflects virtually all spheres of life and activities of the dioceses, their institutional and administrative-territorial development, processes of the deanery, church, parish, church and monastery construction. The information capabilities of the reports make it possible to reconstruct a whole range of social, economic, demographic, and migration processes that took place within the boundaries of a particular diocese. That is why the author assigns diocesan reports to the type of “mixed type” paperwork on the basis that they contain information of a normative, narrative and statistical nature. Analysis of reports on the state of the Orenburg and Omsk dioceses allow us to conclude that the 1880s the first decade of the 20th century began a period of active development in the Steppe Territory institutions, the administrative-territorial management system of the Russian Orthodox Church. This was largely due to a sharp increase in the number of Orthodox population in the region, mediated by mass peasant migration.

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