HISTORICAL STAGES OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL CONTROL

2021 ◽  
Vol 296 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
AnnА KOZACHENKO ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Formation ◽  
Means Of Production

The article highlights the views of scientists on the allocation of periods (stages) in the history of internal control, which differ in the following features: the emergence and development of socio – economic relations that existed at different times; diversification of objects and subjects of control; complicating the tasks of control over the different levels of development of productive forces and equipment of each society; specific methodological techniques. Thus, the first manifestations of control are observed during the period of primitive communal system. The period of slavery is considered the stage of the emergence of internal control. Characteristic of this period was physical coercion to work. In the period of the feudal system, the peculiarities of the development of socio-economic formation of European states are the distinction between external and internal audit, and accounting registers to reflect the facts of economic life, which served for entries in the accounts of the General Ledger. In addition, control activities were manifested in the movement of credit and settlement transactions between buyers, in settlements between buyers and banks, in production processes and private ownership of the means of production. The capitalist system of production did not require many special control bodies, and its functions were carried out directly by the owners of the means of production. The basis of capitalism was the private property of the bourgeoisie on the means of production, but not on the worker, who at that time received more freedom. It was during the communist formation that thorough work was carried out on the methodological support of internal economic control, but its active development began after the declaration of independence of Ukraine, by borrowing the foundations in foreign countries. Thus, the periodization presented in the article helps to trace the historical aspect of the development and formation of internal control as a control system as a whole, in a certain period of time in which.

The Bolsheviks and the Family

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Waters
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Family ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Masses

The Bolsheviks considered the family to be a minor matter. The ABC of Communism, a popular exposition of Bolshevik Marxism published shortly after the October Revolution, detailed the economic and political institutions of Soviet Russia with only a passing reference to the public services that would emancipate women in the future society.1 Its authors, Nikolai Bukharin and Evgenii Preobrazhenskii, understood the revolutionary process chiefly as the by-product of economic development and expected socialism to come through the manipulation of economic mechanisms by central government, and in this they echoed the views of their party. The Bolshevik scenario did not preclude the ‘participation of the masses’ to use the vocabulary of the times. Individuals, women as well as men, were to enjoy unprecedented access to the political process, and as masters of the nation's resources would decide matters of state, each acting as part of the whole, or more exactly as part of a number of collectivities, first and foremost as members of the proletariat, but also as members of other groups including nationality, youth and women. While families in the past had played a crucial role in the creation and transmission of private property, with the overthrow of the exploitative capitalist system they would cease to function as providers of economic and psychological welfare. Instead the individual's social place and action would be determined by class and, to a lesser extent, by ethnicity, age and gender. Families belonged to the superstructure and were symptom rather than cause; they adapted to the needs of society, changing in response to the transformation of economic relations. Families, in other words, could look after themselves, and appropriate forms of private life would evolve without much outside intervention.

scholarly journals LEGAL FORMS OF CONTROL AND SUPERVISION OF STORAGE AND OF EFFECTIVE USE OF STATE PROPERTY BY PARTICIPANTS OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
V.S. Shcherbyna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
The State ◽  
State Enterprise ◽  
Budget Process ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Legal Forms ◽  
Effective Use

The main legal forms of control and supervision over the preservation and effective use of state property by participants in economic relations, which are considered as one of the elements of the legal regime of state property, are studied. According to the results of the study, the following main legal forms of control and supervision over the preservation and effective use of state property by participants in economic relations are identified: a) control by authorized bodies over compliance with the contract concluded with the head of the state enterprise; head of the preservation and effective use of state property; b) control by the State Property Fund of Ukraine over the use of leased integral property complexes of state enterprises and leased state property; c) accounting and financial reporting of business entities, as well as control and supervision over their condition and reliability; d) audit of financial statements; e) state financial audit; f) internal control and internal audit in the budget process. It is noted that the current legislation does not make a clear distinction between the functions of control and supervision, especially in cases where it concerns the powers of authorized public authorities, which in accordance with Part 2 of Art. 19 of the Constitution of Ukraine are obliged to act only on the basis, within the powers and in the manner prescribed by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine.

scholarly journals INTERNAL AUDIT AS A MEANS OF COUNTERACTION FRAUD IN BANKS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alona Volkova ◽  
◽  
Natalia Danik ◽  
Alona Kolevatova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Financial Fraud ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Bank Employees ◽  
Banking Development

The article provides a thorough analysis of theoretical and practical aspects of banking fraud. Banking is one of the important elements of the system of social and economic relations in the country. The study of the existing system of banking operations revealed opportunities for financial fraud and the lack of measures to prevent them. Since the main structural elements of the banking system are banks, it is necessary to be very meticulous about the efficiency of their activities and to exercise both external and internal control over the performance of their inherent functions. This category is manifested in banking supervision carried out by the regulator – the National Bank of Ukraine. But internal control over the illegal actions of bank employees and insiders is no less effective means of detecting violations and preventing internal bank risks. Such control can be carried out by means of internal audit of the bank’s activity, by means of special procedures and methods of detection of elements of financial fraud. Bank fraud is a topic that is often ignored and the perpetrators are not punished at all, and, of course, information about such cases is not made public, because in the first place - it will affect the reputation of the bank. The main attention is paid to the analysis of possible schemes of banking fraud and their impact on the activities of a commercial bank, the material well-being of customers and the national economy in general. The problems of concealing the facts of participation in the internal fraud of bank employees in order to prevent deterioration or damage to the reputation of such a structure are emphasized. It is proposed to involve internal audit mechanisms to detect and prevent such criminal acts, using the provided proposals. However, researchers and researchers are still trying to investigate banking fraud and the possibility of preventing it through internal audit. Thus, after studying the regulations, periodicals and scientific publications on this topic, we can say that internal audit in modern conditions of banking development is thus an effective means of combating banking fraud, as external audit cannot guarantee users of financial statements of the bank or clients of the reliability of the internal control system, which is manifested in the fact that only internal audit, so to speak, within the bank, can detect certain crimes.

scholarly journals The relations between Turkey and Mexico: a comparative analysis, history and modernity

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-107
Author(s):  
A. N. Piatakov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Latin American Studies ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Current State ◽  
Economic Weight ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
History Of

The author analyzes the history of formation and current state of Turkey-Mexico political and economic relations in the context of Ankara intercontinental relations with the Latin American region. Comparative analysis of the two powers in their geo-economic ‘weight’, international activity, and other aspects is carried out. Evaluation of historical aspect of bilateral relations is specially emphasized. For the first time in Russian Latin American studies the evolution of Turkey-Mexico diplomatic relations in the 20th century is studied in their phases, including political contacts dynamics at the turn of the 20th and 21st century. The author also analyzes current state of countries’ trade and economic relations, as well as their interaction at the international arena.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Analysis of the Economic Structure of the Vozdvizhensk Labor Community

2020 ◽  
pp. 178-199
Author(s):  
V.M. Avdasov
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Soviet Regime ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Production Economic ◽  
Organization Of Production

The article deals with the history of the creation, existence and liquidation of the Vozdvizhensk labour brotherhood. The history of land tenure, the functioning of enterprises, the organization of production, economic and technological achievements, activities in revolutionary times, and the fraternity's liquidation are analyzed. The conditions of life and management in the brotherhood are shown. The factors (economic, technical, technological, organizational, social) that could serve as sources of brotherhood's economic success are analyzed. Shown are the material assets (including breeding and seed funds, as well as tools), which formed the basis of the brotherhood's production factors. Special attention is paid to economic relations and organizational foundations in the brotherhood. The research subject is also the conditions of the brotherhood's management during the 1917 revolution and the civil war. The article examines the transformations that the brothers' social and economic life underwent in the 1920s, including the repressions they were subjected to by the Soviet regime.

scholarly journals Ewolucja audytu wewnętrznego na świecie

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 35-46
Author(s):  
Tomasz Dasek
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Environment Changes ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Risk Managment ◽  
International Audit

EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL AUDIT IN THE WORLDThe role of internal audit is to provide independent and objective assurance that anorganisation‘s risk managment, governance and internal control processes are operating effectively. The article presents the history of internal audit in the world, which due to environment changes as well as unfavourable occurrences taking place on the global market, play a remarkable role in banking systems.

Imperialism in the Marxian conception of globalisation

2019 ◽  
pp. 33-61
Author(s):  
Andrii Maliuk
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
World Market ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
Third Way ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
The One ◽  
Means Of Production

The paper aims to reconstruct the Marxian vision of the place and role of capitalism in shaping worldwide, global relationships and interconnections, as well as in setting the historical limits of globality. It is shown that both globality as a product of capitalism itself and the worldwide expansion of capital are imperialist by nature. With regard to Marx’s viewpoint on how the law of value works on an international scale, non-equivalent exchange as a basis for imperialist domination can be attributed to the fact that the value created in peripheral countries of the global capitalist system is handed over to its industrially developed core — without receiving any value in return. This usually takes place in three ways. The first one involves direct exploitation of indigenous labour force by the capital of the core. The second one is related to the mechanism of the world market where backward countries sell the produced commodities at a price below their value to advanced countries which, in turn, sell their commodities at a price above their value (with respect to the average price for a particular commodity worldwide). The third way is a combination of both the above. Another aspect worth mentioning is that capitalism eliminates economic fragmentation of both the means of production and ownership, which prevailed at earlier stages of the evolution of private property. Furthermore, capitalism incorporates local, regional and national markets into a single global one, as well as concentrates productive forces of the entire humankind through global value chains and production networks. This entails socialisation of labour (which Marx referred to as ‘Vergesellschaftung der Arbeit’) on an unprecedented scale. This also enables the transition to social (in Marx’s terms, ‘gesellschaftliche’) production, which serves to overcome alienation and eradicate poverty. In Marx’s opinion, capitalism is historically justified because it creates the material basis for a new society. On the one hand, capitalism fosters new types of relations, which are global in character and based on interdependence among people; besides, it generates means for these relations. On the other hand, capitalism facilitates development of human productive forces and makes it possible, by means of science, to transform production of material goods into control of nature. Therefore, history turns into a truly global history, and this is a prerequisite for its transformation from prehistory into a real history. This process coincides with the transition to a communist economic system.

scholarly journals History of the Bukhara branch of the Azov-Don commercial bank

2018 ◽  
pp. 199-207
Author(s):  
B. A. Alimdjanov
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
East Region ◽  
Cause Of Failure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Export Crops

The article investigates foundations of work and functions of the Bukhara branch of the Azov-Don commercial bank. In soviet historiography banks were considered as colonialism tools (both Western and Russian). On the basis of archive data the author proves that finance institutions of the Russian Empire took into account the local specificity and stimulated production of export-oriented goods. The author uses inter-bank correspondence, annual reports of the branch director and materials of the Bukhara branch audit. For the first time active and passive bank transactions were researched, expenses and incomes of the bank were analyzed and personnel of the bank was studied. The author, in contrast to soviet and post-soviet researchers thinks that banks were not monopolists in economy of the Middle East. The Azov-Don bank had got a broad network of branches (4 branches) in the Middle East region. It tried to take in hand the export of cotton and fruit but could not become a monopolist in economic life of Turkestan. The principle cause of ‘failure’ according to the author was the adjustment of the bank to real economic relations in the Turkestan Governorship-General and khanates. Modernization of Central Asia economy, according to banks implied financing of export crops and intermediary between the metropolitan country and periphery. ‘Colonial’ periphery seemed to be an appealing field for investment and super-profit, but speculative nature of Turkestan economy stopped banks’ development. As a result economic modernization of the Middle East slowed down and opened the way to the soviet experiment.

After Adam

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kenneth Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Basic Industry ◽  
History Of ◽  
City States

This chapter discusses some economic questions during the time of the Greek city-states and the Athenian Empire and later in the age of Rome. The basic industry of both ancient Greece and Rome was agriculture, and the use or consumption of goods was infinitesimal for all but a small governing minority. Aside from the elementary character of economic life in this period, the most important reason that ethical questions were addressed to the exclusion of economic ones in the ancient world was the existence of slavery. The chapter considers the issue of capital, wages, and interest rates in the ancient world, taking into account the ideas of Aristotle on subjects such as money, coinage, and moneymaking, as well as Plato's inclination to communism. It also examines the contribution of the Romans to the history of economic ideas, especially Roman law and private property.

Three questions to political economy (An attempt of system introspection)

2018 ◽  
pp. 118-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Kleiner
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Linear Component ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
System Paradigm

The development of the system paradigm in economic science leads to the formulation of a number of important questions to the political economy as one of the basic directions of economic theory. In this article, on the basis of system introspection, three questions are considered. The first is the relevance of the class approach to the structuring of the socio-economic space; the second is the feasibility of revising the notion of property in the modern world; the third is the validity of the notion of changing formations as the sequence of “slave-owning system — feudal system — capitalist system”. It is shown that in modern society the system approach to the structuring of socio-economic space is more relevant than the class one. Today the classical notion of “property” does not reflect the diversity of production and economic relations in society and should be replaced by the notion of “system property”, which provides a significant expansion of the concepts of “subject of property” and “object of property”. The change of social formations along with the linear component has a more influential cyclic constituent and obeys the system-wide cyclic regularity that reflects the four-cycle sequence of the dominance of one of the subsystems of the macrosystem: project, object, environment and process.

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