scholarly journals EVALUATING THE ECOTOXICITY OF DIFFERENT PHARMACEUTICALS USING ALIIVIBRIO FISCHERI BIOASSAYS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Lucian Ionescu ◽  
Stefania Gheorghe ◽  
Daniel Mitru ◽  
Catalina Stoica ◽  
Alina Roxana Banciu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Bacterial Bioluminescence ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Excessive Consumption ◽  
Aliivibrio Fischeri ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Induced Changes

An endless list of companies has produced a large amount of pharmaceutical compounds in a year-on-year growth trend. Due to the excessive consumption of these substances and the inappropriate disposal, the environment was contaminated, especially aquatic ecosystems, with quantities of pharmaceuticals (PHACs) so that they have affected the living organisms, leading to decreased biodiversity and ecological degradation. Many studies on PHACs environmental presence and toxic effects were performed, but unfortunately, no limit was establishing for discharging into the environment, especially into the aquatic systems. The aim of this study was to use the bioluminescence of Aliivibrio fischeri bacteria as an indicator of toxical effect of different PHACs in simulated marine mediums. The Microtox® bioassay is based on the PHACs inhibitory effect on the metabolism of bacteria which induced changes in their bacterial bioluminescence. The test organisms were exposed to analgesics and anti-inflammatories such as Diclofenac, Ketoprofen, Naproxen and Ibuprofen. The results showed that based on EC50 values, Naproxen had a very low toxicity but Diclofenac, Ketoprofen and Ibuprofen had a harmful effect on the aquatic organisms.

scholarly journals Ecotoxicological assessment of drill cuttings of oil deposits by biotesting methods

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila P. Kapelkina ◽  
Marina V. Chugunova ◽  
Tamara V. Bardina
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
Drill Cuttings ◽  
Ecotoxicological Assessment ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Biological Methods

Complex multi-component wastes include sewage sludges of treatment plants, industrial and domestic wastes, as well as drill cuttings. In the oil-producing regions, they are the main large-capacity waste. Chemical composition of drill cuttings is conditioned by mineralogical composition of drilled solids and properties of chemicals used in drilling. Since the composition of the latter is not always known (in some cases it can be protected by patent), it is almost impossible to establish the danger or safety of drill cuttings to the environment, based only on the use of chemical analysis methods. Therefore, the only way allowing to assess the cumulative toxicity of drilling waste is biotesting which is based on the determination of reaction of the living organisms to content of the pollutant in the tested sample. While assessing the toxicity of drill cuttings by biological methods, scientists often test the aqueous extract to which the soluble forms of pollutants tend to migrate (eluate biotesting method), and various hydrobionts are used as the tested organisms. However, for adequate assessment of multicomponent solid mediums apart from the eluate methods, it is necessary to use substrate biotesting that provides direct contact of test organism with the tested sample, and thus allows to establish the level of cumulative impact rendered by the contaminants present in the solid substrates, on the living organisms. Therefore we, especially for the purpose of drill cuttings evaluation, have developed substrate methods in which higher plants and natural complex of microorganisms contained in the sludge itself are used as the tested organisms. The goal of our researches was ecotoxicological assessment of drill cuttings in the oil fields of the Western Siberia, applying methods of substrate and eluate biotesting. For this purpose, test organisms at various levels of organization were used: microorganisms, aquatic organisms, higher plants, and mammals. It has been established that the studied drill cuttings are hypotoxic or practically nontoxic. According to current statutory regulations of the Russian Federation, they can be classified within IV and V hazard classes. The results of the conducted researches indicate the advisability of applying, for the purpose of environmental assessment of drill cuttings, of both eluate and substrate biotesting methods.

scholarly journals Disinfection by-Products and Ecotoxic Risk Associated with Hypochlorite Treatment of Tramadol

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Romanucci ◽  
Antonietta Siciliano ◽  
Emilia Galdiero ◽  
Marco Guida ◽  
Giovanni Luongo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Consistent Finding ◽  
Raphidocelis Subcapitata ◽  
Product Mixture ◽  
Rivers And Lakes ◽  
Aliivibrio Fischeri ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
By Products

In recent years, many studies have highlighted the consistent finding of tramadol (TRA) in the effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) and also in some rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America, suggesting that TRA is removed by no more than 36% by specific disinfection treatments. The extensive use of this drug has led to environmental pollution of both water and soil, up to its detection in growing plants. In order to expand the knowledge about TRA toxicity as well as the nature of its disinfection by-products (DBPs), a simulation of the waste treatment chlorination step has been reported herein. In particular, we found seven new by-products, that together with TRA, have been assayed on different living organisms (Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata and Daphnia magna), to test their acute and chronic toxicity. The results reported that TRA may be classified as a harmful compound to some aquatic organisms whereas its chlorinated product mixture showed no effects on any of the organisms tested. All data suggest however that TRA chlorination treatment produces a variety of DBPs which can be more harmful than TRA and a risk for the aquatic environment and human health.

scholarly journals Histomorphological effect of ascorbic acid on mercury chloride-induced changes on the cerebellum of adult wistar rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (04) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ibegbu ◽  
A. Animoku Abdulrazaq ◽  
Ayuba Micheal ◽  
Brosu Daniel ◽  
A. Adamu Sadeeq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Mercury Chloride ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Acid Administration

Abstract Introduction. Mercury is one of the most hazardous environmental contaminants to living organisms and the central nervous system has been shown to be the main target. Objective. The present work was aimed at evaluating the effect of ascorbic acid on mercury chloride-induced changes on the cerebellar cortex of adult Wistar rats. Material and method. Thirty Wistar rats of average weight of 200g and were randomly divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each. The animals in Group 1 (control) were administered with distilled water, Groups 2 and 3 were administered with 52mg/kg and 26.25mg/kg body weight of HgCl respectively while Groups 4 and 5 were administered with 52mg/kg of HgCl and 5mg/kg of ascorbic acid and 26.25gm/kg of HgCl and 5mg/kg of ascorbic acid respectively, while Group 6 was administered with 5mg/kg of ascorbic acid. The administration was through oral route, daily for 3 weeks. Results. The result of the biochemical parameters showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) on the mean SOD and LPO values after the administration of mercury chloride and Ascorbic acid. Histological observation of the cerebellar cortex, showed normal histo-morphology in Groups 1 and 6 while, the cerebellum in Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 showed some degenerative, necrotic and cellular changes. Conclusion. However, ascorbic acid administration has shown to ameliorate the induced degenerative changes in the cerebellum caused by mercury chloride toxicity in Wistar rats.

scholarly journals COMPLEX ASSESSMENT OF BIOSOLID FOR AGRICULTURE USING LIVING ORGANISMS UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

AGROFOR ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ksenia PONOGAYBO ◽  
Liudmila VORONINA
Keyword(s):  
Tetrahymena Pyriformis ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Soil Extraction ◽  
Luminescent Bacteria ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Living Organisms

The use of biosolids (treated municipal sewage sludge) as a fertilizer is the best way of their disposal. However, not all of them are suitable for use as a fertilizer. Biosolids should be subject to mandatory laboratory control to confirm their safety. Two directions of research on biosolids are being improved: chemical and biological. Chemical analysis methods allow us to determine the qualitative composition of complex waste. The biological approach (use of living organisms) allows us to estimate the total toxicity of all the components. Accordingly, a distinctive characteristic of biological methods is the integrated approach. We examined biosolid extract using a wide range of bioassay methods. As test organisms, we took Daphnia magna Straus, Paramecium caudatum Ehrenberg, Tetrahymena pyriformis, luminescent bacteria Escherichia coli. In addition, a phytotest was carried out on the culture of Avena sativa L. and Raphanus sativus L. None of the tests revealed a high toxicity of biosolid. Biosolid safety was confirmed by a low content of potentially toxic water-soluble elements – (μg /l): Al3+ – 980; Ba2+ – 19; B – 140; Mn – 360; Cu – 61; As – 57; Ni – 200; Pb – 1,4; Sr2+ – 302; Cr – 18; Zn2+ – 310; Co – 30; Mo – 56; (mg/l): Na+ – 16,8; Fe – 1,0. The bioassay methods make it possible to give an indicative safety assessment of this type of object by the effect of readily soluble (readily available) components from this object on living organisms and plants. The use of bioassay methods using soil extraction as a control tool allows to take into account the combined effect of the presence in the extraction of not only toxic elements that suppress the vital activity of organisms, but also of elements that attract and stimulate the activity of test-organisms.

Effect of Water Uptake by Poultry Tissues on Contamination by Bacteria During Immersion in Bacterial Suspensions

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 398-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. THOMAS ◽  
T. A. McMEEKIN
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Tissue Sample ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Muscle Fascia ◽  
Poultry Tissues ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Scanning Electron

Effects of water-induced changes in poultry tissue microtopography on numbers of bacteria retained by pieces of tissue immersed in saline suspensions of test organisms were examined. Skin and muscle fascia, not previously exposed to water, retained more bacteria following extended dips in these suspensions compared to a control 15-s dip. Nonmotile bacteria were retained equally as well as motile test strains. Scanning electron microscopy revealed significant changes in tissue microtopography occurred during the course of the immersion experiments. Also shown by this technique was bacteria neither attached nor accumulated at any specific site on the surface of the tissue sample examined under the experimental conditions used. These results suggested contamination of poultry tissues by bacteria during immersion in aqueous fluids, was related to changes in tissue microtopography.

Role of endothelial cells in regulating hemoglobin-induced changes in lymphatic pumping

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (6) ◽  
pp. H1880-H1887 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Elias ◽  
J. Eisenhoffer ◽  
M. G. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Direct Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Lymphatic Pumping ◽  
Pumping Activity

Studies with a sheep isolated duct preparation in vivo demonstrated that the route of administration of hemoglobin was important in demonstrating its inhibitory effect on lymphatic pumping. With autologous oxyhemoglobin administered intravenously (final plasma concentration 5 x 10(-5) M), pumping was not inhibited. However, the addition of oxyhemoglobin (5 x 10(-5) M) into the reservoir (lumen of the duct) resulted in > 95% inhibition of pumping. The extraluminal administration of oxyhemoglobin (10(-5) M) to bovine mesenteric lymphatics in vitro resulted in a 40% inhibition of pumping, whereas the introduction of oxyhemoglobin (10(-5) M) into the lumen of the vessels suppressed pumping 95%. In vessels mechanically denuded of endothelium, intraluminal oxyhemoglobin inhibited pumping 50%. These results suggested that oxyhemoglobin depressed pumping through an effect on both smooth muscle and endothelium. Once pumping was inhibited with oxyhemoglobin administration, stimulation of the duct with elevations in transmural pressure restored pumping activity when endothelial cells were present. However, in the absence of endothelium, pumping decreased with increases in distending pressures. We conclude that oxyhemoglobin has a direct inhibitory effect on lymphatic smooth muscle. The ability of oxyhemoglobin to alter the pressure range over which the lymph pump operates appears to be dependent on an intact endothelium.

scholarly journals Toxicity Studies on Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Aquatic Organisms: Current Understanding

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (16) ◽  
pp. 3618
Author(s):  
Nemi Malhotra ◽  
Oliver B. Villaflores ◽  
Gilbert Audira ◽  
Petrus Siregar ◽  
Jiann-Shing Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Fish Cell ◽  
Conductivity Electron ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Aquatic Food ◽  
Living Organisms

Graphene and its oxide are nanomaterials considered currently to be very promising because of their great potential applications in various industries. The exceptional physiochemical properties of graphene, particularly thermal conductivity, electron mobility, high surface area, and mechanical strength, promise development of novel or enhanced technologies in industries. The diverse applications of graphene and graphene oxide (GO) include energy storage, sensors, generators, light processing, electronics, and targeted drug delivery. However, the extensive use and exposure to graphene and GO might pose a great threat to living organisms and ultimately to human health. The toxicity data of graphene and GO is still insufficient to point out its side effects to different living organisms. Their accumulation in the aquatic environment might create complex problems in aquatic food chains and aquatic habitats leading to debilitating health effects in humans. The potential toxic effects of graphene and GO are not fully understood. However, they have been reported to cause agglomeration, long-term persistence, and toxic effects penetrating cell membrane and interacting with cellular components. In this review paper, we have primarily focused on the toxic effects of graphene and GO caused on aquatic invertebrates and fish (cell line and organisms). Here, we aim to point out the current understanding and knowledge gaps of graphene and GO toxicity.

scholarly journals Flavanol monomer-induced changes to the human faecal microflora

2007 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 782-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xenofon Tzounis ◽  
Jelena Vulevic ◽  
Gunter G. C. Kuhnle ◽  
Trevor George ◽  
Jadwiga Leonczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Distal Region ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Significant Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Human Large Intestine ◽  
Faecal Bacteria ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Initial Conversion ◽  
Faecal Microflora

We have investigated the bacterial-dependent metabolism of ( − )-epicatechin and (+)-catechin using a pH-controlled, stirred, batch-culture fermentation system reflective of the distal region of the human large intestine. Incubation of ( − )-epicatechin or (+)-catechin (150 mg/l or 1000 mg/l) with faecal bacteria, led to the generation of 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone, 5-phenyl-γ-valerolactone and phenylpropionic acid. However, the formation of these metabolites from (+)-catechin required its initial conversion to (+)-epicatechin. The metabolism of both flavanols occurred in the presence of favourable carbon sources, notably sucrose and the prebiotic fructo-oligosaccharides, indicating that bacterial utilisation of flavanols also occurs when preferential energy sources are available. (+)-Catechin incubation affected the growth of select microflora, resulting in a statistically significant increase in the growth of theClostridium coccoides–Eubacterium rectalegroup,Bifidobacteriumspp. andEscherichia coli, as well as a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of theC. histolyticumgroup. In contrast, the effect of ( − )-epicatechin was less profound, only significantly increasing the growth of theC. coccoides–Eubacterium rectalegroup. These potential prebiotic effects for both (+)-catechin and ( − )-epicatechin were most notable at the lower concentration of 150 mg/l. As both ( − )-epicatechin and (+)-catechin were converted to the same metabolites, the more dramatic change in the growth of distinct microfloral populations produced by (+)-catechin incubation may be linked to the bacterial conversion of (+)-catechin to (+)-epicatechin. Together these data suggest that the consumption of flavanol-rich foods may support gut health through their ability to exert prebiotic actions.

Functional origin of rate-induced changes in atrioventricular nodal conduction time of premature beats in the rabbit

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2329-2337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Billette ◽  
Marie St-Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Time ◽  
Rabbit Heart ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Conduction Time ◽  
Recovery Times ◽  
Atrioventricular Nodal Conduction ◽  
Premature Beats ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Nodal Properties

The characteristics and origin of the rate-induced changes in atrioventricular nodal conduction time of premature beats (A2H2 intervals) were studied in isolated rabbit heart preparations. Increasing the basic driving rate during a periodic premature stimulation prolonged (a net inhibitory effect) and shortened (a net facilitatory effect) significantly (p < 0.01, n = 17) the A2H2 intervals associated with long and short recovery times (H1A2 intervals), respectively. The origin of these responses was sought for by analyzing interactions between facilitation and fatigue. When the fatigue developed at a fast basic rate was estimated from changes in conduction time of basic beats and subtracted from the corresponding A2H2 intervals, the calculated A2H2 intervals showed enhanced facilitation but no fatigue. When independently obtained fatigue and facilitation effects were added to the control A2H2 intervals for corresponding H1A2 intervals, resulting A2H2 intervals correlated strongly with the ones observed at the equivalent fast basic rate (r = 0.99, p < 0.001). Moreover, changes in the A2H2 intervals of premature beats tested with constant coupling intervals during 5-min fast rates were biphasic, confirming the overlapping and competition between facilitation and fatigue effects. Hence, rate-induced deviations of premature nodal conduction time from that predicted by changes in recovery time are consistent and result from the interaction between the overlapping effects produced by two independent, antagonist, and dynamically distinct nodal properties (facilitation and fatigue).

scholarly journals A novel mechanism for the melatonin inhibition of testosterone secretion by rat Leydig cells: reduction of GnRH-induced increase in cytosolic Ca2+

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Valenti ◽  
S Thellung ◽  
T Florio ◽  
M Giusti ◽  
G Schettini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Testosterone Secretion ◽  
Gi Protein ◽  
Hydroxy Progesterone ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Cells Cultured

The site of inhibition, by melatonin, of GnRH-dependent testosterone secretion was investigated in adult rat Leydig cells cultured in vitro. The various effects downstream of the binding of GnRH to its own receptor were isolated and mimicked by specific drugs. Testosterone secretion was then evaluated after 3 h stimulation with GnRH, thapsigargin (1 microM), phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (100 nM), arachidonic acid (20 microM), and ionomycin (1 microM) in the presence or absence of melatonin (215 nM). The effect of melatonin on the GnRH-induced changes in cytoplasmic calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) was also studied, using Fura-2 as fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator. Melatonin attenuated the increase in [Ca(2+)](i) and inhibited the testosterone secretion induced by GnRH, but not that induced by ionomycin. Both ionomycin and thapsigargin potentiated GnRH-induced testosterone secretion; however, ionomycin, but not thapsigargin, partially prevented the inhibitory effect of melatonin on cells stimulated with GnRH. The effect of melatonin was probably dependent on the binding of melatonin to its Gi-protein-coupled receptor, as the inhibitory effect on GnRH-induced secretion was supressed in cells pretreated with pertussis toxin in a concentration of 180 ng/ml for 20 h. Assay of 17-hydroxy-progesterone showed that, irrespective of the treatment, cells cultured with melatonin secreted greater amounts than controls. We conclude that melatonin reduces GnRH-induced testosterone secretion by 1) decreasing [Ca(2+)](i), through impairment of the GnRH-dependent release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores and 2) blocking 17-20 desmolase enzymatic activity, an effect that occurs irrespective of changes in [Ca(2+)](i).

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