Molecular Link between Circadian Rhythmicity and Mood Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Faltraco ◽  
Denise Palm ◽  
Andrew Coogan ◽  
Frederick Simon ◽  
Oliver Tucha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Circadian Genes ◽  
Pubmed Database

Background: The internal clock is driven by circadian genes [e.g., Clock, Bmal1, Per1-3, Cry1-2], hormones [e.g., melatonin, cortisol], as well as zeitgeber [‘synchronisers’]. Chronic disturbances in the circadian rhythm in patients diagnosed with mood disorders have been recognised for more than 50 years. Objectives: The aim of this review is to summarise the current knowledge and literature regarding circadian rhythms in the context of mood disorders, focussing on the role of circadian genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Method: The review presents the current knowledge and literature regarding circadian rhythms in mood disorders using the Pubmed database. Articles with a focus on circadian rhythms and mood disorders [n=123], particularly from 1973 to 2020, were included. Results: The article suggests a molecular link between disruptions in the circadian rhythm and mood disorders. Circadian disturbances, caused by the dysregulation of circadian genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters, often result in a clinical picture resembling depression. Conclusion: Circadian rhythms are intrinsically linked to affective disorders, such as unipolar depression and bipolar disorder.

scholarly journals Circadian Rhythm Disturbances in Mood Disorders: Insights into the Role of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea A. Vadnie ◽  
Colleen A. McClung
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Environmental Perturbations

Circadian rhythm disturbances are a common symptom among individuals with mood disorders. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), in the ventral part of the anterior hypothalamus, orchestrates physiological and behavioral circadian rhythms. The SCN consists of self-sustaining oscillators and receives photic and nonphotic cues, which entrain the SCN to the external environment. In turn, through synaptic and hormonal mechanisms, the SCN can drive and synchronize circadian rhythms in extra-SCN brain regions and peripheral tissues. Thus, genetic or environmental perturbations of SCN rhythms could disrupt brain regions more closely related to mood regulation and cause mood disturbances. Here, we review clinical and preclinical studies that provide evidence both for and against a causal role for the SCN in mood disorders.

scholarly journals Circadian Rhythms, the Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Circuit, and Drug Addiction

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 194-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen A. McClung
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Circadian Genes ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission ◽  
Central Pacemaker

Drug addiction is a devastating disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Through better understanding of the genetic variations that create a vulnerability for addiction and the molecular mechanisms that underlie the progression of addiction, better treatment options can be created for those that suffer from this condition. Recent studies point to a link between abnormal or disrupted circadian rhythms and the development of addiction. In addition, studies suggest a role for specific genes that make up the molecular clock in the regulation of drug sensitivity, sensitization, and reward. The influence of circadian genes and rhythms on drug-induced behaviors may be mediated through the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. This system has long been implicated in the development of addiction, and recent evidence supports a regulatory role for the brain's central pacemaker and circadian gene expression in the regulation of dopaminergic transmission. This review highlights the association between circadian genes and drug addiction, and the possible role of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system in this association.

Mood Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan A Baloch ◽  
Jair C. Soares
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Bipolar Spectrum ◽  
Manic Symptoms ◽  
Lifetime History ◽  
History Of

Affective disorders are among the most common disorders in psychiatry. They are generally classified according to the persistence and extent of symptoms and by the polarity of these symptoms. The two poles of the affective spectrum are mania and depression. Bipolar disorder is characterized by the presence of the mania or hypomania and often depression. Unipolar depression is defined by depression in the absence of a lifetime history of mania or hypomania. These differences are not merely categorical but have important implications for the prognosis and treatment of these conditions. Bipolar disorder, for example, is better treated using mood-stabilizing medication, whereas unipolar depression responds optimally to antidepressant medications. In addition, prognostically, unipolar depression may sometimes be limited to one episode in a lifetime, whereas bipolar disorder is typically a lifelong condition. The course of both conditions, however, is often chronic, and frequently patients can present with unipolar depression only to later develop manic symptoms. A thorough understanding of both conditions is therefore required to treat patients presenting with affective symptomatology. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology and genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. Figures illustrate gray matter differences with lithium use and the bipolar spectrum. Tables list the pharmacokinetics of commonly used antidepressants and medications commonly used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. This review contains 2 figures, 2 tables, and 136 references.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Regulation of Circadian Rhythm and Its Possible Role in Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 3005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hudec ◽  
Pavlina Dankova ◽  
Roman Solc ◽  
Nardjas Bettazova ◽  
Marie Cerna
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Circadian Genes ◽  
The Relationship

This review aims to summarize the knowledge about the relationship between circadian rhythms and their influence on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome. Circadian rhythms are controlled by internal molecular feedback loops that synchronize the organism with the external environment. These loops are affected by genetic and epigenetic factors. Genetic factors include polymorphisms and mutations of circadian genes. The expression of circadian genes is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms that change from prenatal development to old age. Epigenetic modifications are influenced by the external environment. Most of these modifications are affected by our own life style. Irregular circadian rhythm and low quality of sleep have been shown to increase the risk of developing T2DM and other metabolic disorders. Here, we attempt to provide a wide description of mutual relationships between epigenetic regulation, circadian rhythm, aging process and highlight new evidences that show possible therapeutic advance in the field of chrono-medicine which will be more important in the upcoming years.

scholarly journals Role of active patient involvement in undergraduate medical education: a systematic review

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e037217
Author(s):  
Stijntje Willemijn Dijk ◽  
Edwin Johan Duijzer ◽  
Matthias Wienold
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Undergraduate Medical Education ◽  
Patient Involvement ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Active Patient

ObjectivesTo identify the scope of active patient involvement in medical education, addressing the current knowledge gaps relating to rationale and motivation for involvement, recruitment and preparation, roles, learning outcomes and key procedural contributors.MethodsThe authors performed a systematic search of the PubMed database of publications between 2003 and 2018. Original studies in which patients take on active roles in the development, delivery or evaluation of undergraduate medical education and written in English were eligible for inclusion. Included studies’ references were searched for additional articles. Quality of papers was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.Results49 articles were included in the review. Drivers for patient involvement included policy requirements and patients’ own motivations to contribute to society and learning. Patients were engaged in a variety of educational settings in and outside of the hospital. The vast majority of studies describe patients taking on the role of a patient teacher and formative assessor. More recent studies suggest that patients are increasingly involved in course and curriculum development, student selection and summative assessment. The new body of empirical evidence shows the wide range of learning objectives was pursued through patient participation, including competencies as professional, communicator, collaborator, leader and health advocate, but not scholar. Measures to support sustainable patient involvement included longitudinal institutional incorporation, patient recruitment and/or training, resource support and clear commitment by faculty. The importance and advantages of patient involvement were highlighted by students, faculty and patients themselves; however, organisations must continue to consider, monitor and take steps to mitigate any potential harms to patients and students.DiscussionThis systematic review provides new knowledge and practical insights to physicians and faculty on how to incorporate active patient involvement in their institutions and daily practice, and provides suggested action points to patient organisations wishing to engage in medical education.

The Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
The United States ◽  
Psychosocial Treatment ◽  
Premorbid Personality ◽  
Treatment Approaches

Mood disorders are a pressing societal problem, with depression alone now constituting a leading cause of disability in Western Europe and the United States. In the most comprehensive volume of its kind, the Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders provides detailed coverage of the characterization, understanding, and treatment of mood disorders. Chapters are written by the world’s leading experts in their respective areas. The Handbook provides coverage of unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, and variants of these disorders. Current approaches to classifying the mood disorders are reviewed, and contemporary controversies are placed in historical context. Chapter authors offer a variety of approaches to understanding the heterogeneity of the experiences of those who meet criteria for mood disorders, both within and across cultures. The role of genetic and environmental risk factors as well as premorbid personality and cognitive processes in the development of mood pathology are detailed. Interpersonal, neurobiological, and psychological factors also receive detailed consideration. The volume reviews mood disorders in special populations (e.g., postpartum and seasonal mood disorders) as well as common comorbidities (e.g., anxiety, substance use disorders). Somatic and psychosocial treatment approaches receive in-depth coverage with chapters that describe and review empirical evidence regarding each of the most influential treatment approaches. The depth and breadth offered by the Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders make it an invaluable resource for clinicians and researchers, as well as for scholars and students.

Mood Disorders

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan A Baloch ◽  
Jair C. Soares
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Bipolar Spectrum ◽  
Manic Symptoms ◽  
Lifetime History ◽  
History Of

Affective disorders are among the most common disorders in psychiatry. They are generally classified according to the persistence and extent of symptoms and by the polarity of these symptoms. The two poles of the affective spectrum are mania and depression. Bipolar disorder is characterized by the presence of the mania or hypomania and often depression. Unipolar depression is defined by depression in the absence of a lifetime history of mania or hypomania. These differences are not merely categorical but have important implications for the prognosis and treatment of these conditions. Bipolar disorder, for example, is better treated using mood-stabilizing medication, whereas unipolar depression responds optimally to antidepressant medications. In addition, prognostically, unipolar depression may sometimes be limited to one episode in a lifetime, whereas bipolar disorder is typically a lifelong condition. The course of both conditions, however, is often chronic, and frequently patients can present with unipolar depression only to later develop manic symptoms. A thorough understanding of both conditions is therefore required to treat patients presenting with affective symptomatology. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology and genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. Figures illustrate gray matter differences with lithium use and the bipolar spectrum. Tables list the pharmacokinetics of commonly used antidepressants and medications commonly used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. This review contains 2 figures, 2 tables, and 135 references.

scholarly journals Circadian Rhythms of the Hypothalamus: From Function to Physiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-226
Author(s):  
Rachel Van Drunen ◽  
Kristin Eckel-Mahan
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hypothalamic Nuclei ◽  
Increased Risk

The nearly ubiquitous expression of endogenous 24 h oscillations known as circadian rhythms regulate the timing of physiological functions in the body. These intrinsic rhythms are sensitive to external cues, known as zeitgebers, which entrain the internal biological processes to the daily environmental changes in light, temperature, and food availability. Light directly entrains the master clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which lies in the hypothalamus of the brain and is responsible for synchronizing internal rhythms. However, recent evidence underscores the importance of other hypothalamic nuclei in regulating several essential rhythmic biological functions. These extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei also express circadian rhythms, suggesting distinct regions that oscillate either semi-autonomously or independent of SCN innervation. Concurrently, the extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei are also sensitized to fluctuations in nutrient and hormonal signals. Thus, food intake acts as another powerful entrainer for the hypothalamic oscillators’ mediation of energy homeostasis. Ablation studies and genetic mouse models with perturbed extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei function reveal their critical downstream involvement in an array of functions including metabolism, thermogenesis, food consumption, thirst, mood and sleep. Large epidemiological studies of individuals whose internal circadian cycle is chronically disrupted reveal that disruption of our internal clock is associated with an increased risk of obesity and several neurological diseases and disorders. In this review, we discuss the profound role of the extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei in rhythmically regulating and coordinating body wide functions.

scholarly journals Magnetic fluctuations affect circadian patterns of locomotor activity in zebrafish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viacheslav V. Krylov ◽  
Evgeny I. Izvekov ◽  
Vera V. Pavlova ◽  
Natalia A. Pankova ◽  
Elena A. Osipova
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Magnetic Fluctuations ◽  
Constant Illumination ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Circadian Patterns

AbstractThe locomotor activity of zebrafish (Danio rerio) has a pronounced, well-studied circadian rhythm. Under constant illumination, the period of free-running locomotor activity in this species usually becomes less than 24 hours. To evaluate the entraining capabilities of slow magnetic variations, zebrafish locomotor activity was evaluated at constant illumination and fluctuating magnetic field with a period of 26.8 hours. Lomb-Scargle periodogram revealed significant free-running rhythms of locomotor activity and related behavioral endpoints with a period close to 27 hours. Obtained results reveal the potential of slow magnetic fluctuations for entrainment of the circadian rhythms in zebrafish. The putative mechanisms responsible for the entrainment are discussed, including the possible role of cryptochromes.

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