Proinflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Genes in Stroke Pathogenesis

The brain's response to ischemic injury is an acute and long-term inflammatory process. This process involves activation of resident cells (mainly microglia, hematogenous macrophages), production of proinflammatory mediators and infiltration of various proinflammatory cells (mainly neutrophils and lymphocytes). These cells play an essential role in ischemic brain tissue by releasing either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory mediators at different time points. However, the exact pathogenesis of proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory genes in this process has not yet been elucidated. This review aims to investigate the inflammatory process of stroke, especially the role of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes in the pathogenesis of stroke. We also summarize the current clinical trials of drugs that target the inflammatory mechanism for intervention.

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Mapping the collaterome for precision cerebrovascular health: Theranostics in the continuum of stroke and dementia

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism ◽

10.1177/0271678x17711625 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (9) ◽

pp. 1449-1460 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David S Liebeskind

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Clinical Implications ◽

Brain Health ◽

Ischemic Brain ◽

Arterial Inflow ◽

Cerebrovascular Health ◽

The Brain ◽

Long Term Preservation

Precision cerebrovascular health or individualized long-term preservation of the brain and associated blood vessels, is predicated on understanding, diagnosing, and tailoring therapies for people at risk of ischemic injury associated with stroke and vascular dementia. The associated imaging patterns are sculpted by the protective effect of the collaterome, the innate compensatory ability of the brain and vasculature to offset hypoperfusion when antegrade or normal arterial inflow pathways are compromised. Theranostics or rational and synchronous use of diagnostic studies in tandem with specific therapies to optimally guide patient outcomes in ischemic brain disorders may capitalize on the pivotal role of the collaterome. Understanding the functional impact of the collaterome across populations of individuals would advance translational science on the brain, while questions with immediate clinical implications may be prioritized. Big data and systematic analyses are necessary to develop normative standards, multimodal imaging atlases, and delineation of specific patterns to guide clinical management. Large-scale, systematic imaging analyses of the collaterome provide a platform for translational work on cerebral collateral circulation and hemodynamics and a theranostic framework with direct clinical implications. This article frames incipient research objectives to guide precision stroke medicine in coming years, building upon the collaterome concept in brain health.

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Long-term management of patients with multiple brain metastases after shaped beam radiosurgery

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.2004.101.supplement_3.0406 ◽

2004 ◽

pp. 406-412

Author(s):

Paul Okunieff ◽

Michael C. Schell ◽

Russell Ruo ◽

E. Ronald Hale ◽

Walter G. O'Dell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brain Metastases ◽

Tumor Control ◽

Content Type ◽

Negative Results ◽

Multiple Metastases ◽

Extracranial Disease ◽

Successful Control ◽

The Brain

✓ The role of radiosurgery in the treatment of patients with advanced-stage metastatic disease is currently under debate. Previous randomized studies have not consistently supported the use of radiosurgery to treat patients with numbers of brain metastases. In negative-results studies, however, intracranial tumor control was high but extracranial disease progressed; thus, patient survival was not greatly affected, although neurocognitive function was generally maintained until death. Because the future promises improved systemic (extracranial) therapy, the successful control of brain disease is that much more crucial. Thus, for selected patients with multiple metastases to the brain who remain in good neurological condition, aggressive lesion-targeting radiosurgery should be very useful. Although a major limitation to success of this therapy is the lack of control of extracranial disease in most patients, it is clear that well-designed, aggressive treatment substantially decreases the progression of brain metastases and also improves neurocognitive survival. The authors present the management and a methodology for rational treatment of a patient with breast cancer who has harbored 24 brain metastases during a 3-year period.

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Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Repairing the Neurovascular Unit after Ischemic Stroke

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10040767 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 767

Author(s):

Courtney Davis ◽

Sean I. Savitz ◽

Nikunj Satani

Keyword(s):

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Neurovascular Unit ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Stroke Treatment ◽

Inflammatory Molecules ◽

The Brain

Ischemic stroke is a debilitating disease and one of the leading causes of long-term disability. During the early phase after ischemic stroke, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) exhibits increased permeability and disruption, leading to an influx of immune cells and inflammatory molecules that exacerbate the damage to the brain tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells have been investigated as a promising therapy to improve the recovery after ischemic stroke. The therapeutic effects imparted by MSCs are mostly paracrine. Recently, the role of extracellular vesicles released by these MSCs have been studied as possible carriers of information to the brain. This review focuses on the potential of MSC derived EVs to repair the components of the neurovascular unit (NVU) controlling the BBB, in order to promote overall recovery from stroke. Here, we review the techniques for increasing the effectiveness of MSC-based therapeutics, such as improved homing capabilities, bioengineering protein expression, modified culture conditions, and customizing the contents of EVs. Combining multiple techniques targeting NVU repair may provide the basis for improved future stroke treatment paradigms.

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Leptin Functioning in Eating Disorders

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852900009615 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 523-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Palmiero Monteleone ◽

Antonio DiLieto ◽

Eloisa Castaldo ◽

Mario Maj

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Eating Disorders ◽

Body Weight ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Immune Functions ◽

Abnormal Eating ◽

The Brain

AbstractLeptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone, which is involved predominantly in the long-term regulation of body weight and energy balance by acting as a hunger suppressant signal to the brain. Leptin is also involved in the modulation of reproduction, immune function, physical activity, and some endogenous endocrine axes. Since anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are characterized by abnormal eating behaviors, dysregulation of endogenous endocrine axes, alterations of reproductive and immune functions, and increased physical activity, extensive research has been carried out in the last decade in order to ascertain a role of this hormone in the pathophysiology of these syndromes. In this article, we review the available data on leptin physiology in patients with eating disorders. These data support the idea that leptin is not directly involved in the etiology of AN or BN. However, malnutrition-induced alterations in its physiology may contribute to the genesis and/or the maintenance of some clinical manifestations of AN and BN and may have an impact on the prognosis of AN.

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An overview on therapeutic role of Diferuloylmethane (Curcumin) in Azheimer’s disease and sleep disorders

Main Group Chemistry ◽

10.3233/mgc-210075 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Hoor Shumail ◽

Shah Khalid ◽

Taha Alqahtani ◽

Mubarak Algahtany ◽

M. Azhar Ud Din ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Daily Routine ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Active Model ◽

Progression Of Disease ◽

Inflammatory Drugs ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Model Drug ◽

The Brain

Curcumin is widely used in spices in Asia. It has been widely explored for various diseases as therapeutic agent. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with dementia and cognitive disabilities. With the progression of disease, various changes appear in the brain cells that greatly affect the daily routine of the patient including sleep-wake disturbances. In the last few decades, extensive research has been carried out on this disease suggesting the development of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for its treatment. Since long, turmeric has been used in Asian countries as a home remedy for treating various ailments. Curcumin is an active ingredient isolated from the turmeric plant and is composed of curcuminoids. Because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective properties, curcumin can be safely administered to stop the progression of dementia and can be used for the development of such drugs that can reverse the neurotic damage caused by AD. This review article provides a comprehensive overview on the research carried out for AD using curcumin as active model drug.

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Potential Role of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Traumatic Brain Injury

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867328666210923143713 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

Author(s):

Lucas Alexandre Santos Marzano ◽

Fabyolla Lúcia Macedo de Castro ◽

Caroline Amaral Machado ◽

João Luís Vieira Monteiro de Barros ◽

Thiago Macedo e Cordeiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Clinical Studies ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽

Cognitive Outcomes ◽

Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽

The Brain

: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious cause of disability and death among young and adult individuals, displaying complex pathophysiology including cellular and molecular mechanisms that are not fully elucidated. Many experimental and clinical studies investigated the potential relationship between TBI and the process by which neurons are formed in the brain, known as neurogenesis. Currently, there are no available treatments for TBI’s long-term consequences being the search for novel therapeutic targets, a goal of highest scientific and clinical priority. Some studies evaluated the benefits of treatments aimed at improving neurogenesis in TBI. In this scenario, herein, we reviewed current pre-clinical studies that evaluated different approaches to improving neurogenesis after TBI while achieving better cognitive outcomes, which may consist in interesting approaches for future treatments.

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Neurotrophins and Proneurotrophins: Focus on Synaptic Activity and Plasticity in the Brain

The Neuroscientist ◽

10.1177/1073858417697037 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 587-604 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Julien Gibon ◽

Philip A. Barker

Keyword(s):

Long Term Potentiation ◽

Synaptic Activity ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Term Potentiation ◽

Neurotrophin 3 ◽

New Findings ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Brain

Neurotrophins have been intensively studied and have multiple roles in the brain. Neurotrophins are first synthetized as proneurotrophins and then cleaved intracellularly and extracellularly. Increasing evidences demonstrate that proneurotrophins and mature neurotrophins exerts opposing role in the central nervous system. In the present review, we explore the role of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT3), and neurotrophin 4 (NT4) and their respective proform in cellular processes related to learning and memory. We focused on their roles in synaptic activity and plasticity in the brain with an emphasis on long-term potentiation, long-term depression, and basal synaptic transmission in the hippocampus and the temporal lobe area. We also discuss new findings on the role of the Val66Met polymorphism on the BDNF propeptide on synaptic activity.

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Optogenetics and photopharmacology in pain research and therapeutics

STEMedicine ◽

10.37175/stemedicine.v1i3.43 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. e43 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Federico Iseppon ◽

Manuel Arcangeletti

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pain ◽

Pain Treatment ◽

Molecular Switches ◽

Genetic Profiling ◽

Pain Research ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Cellular Components ◽

The Brain

Pain afflicts billions of people worldwide, who suffer especially from long-term chronic pain. This gruelling condition affects the nervous system at all levels: from the brain to the spinal cord, the Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) and the peripheral fibres innervating the skin. The nature of the different molecular and cellular components of the somatosensory modalities, as well as the complexity of the peripheral and central circuitry are yet poorly understood. Light-based techniques such as optogenetics, in concert with the recent advances in single-cell genetic profiling, can help to elucidate the role of diverse neuronal sub-populations in the encoding of different sensory and painful stimuli by switching these neurons on and off via optically active proteins, namely opsins. Recently, photopharmacology has emerged from the efforts made to advance optogenetics. The introduction of azo-benzene-based light-sensitive molecular switches has been applied to a wide variety of molecular targets, from ion channels and receptors to transporters, enzymes and many more, some of which are paramount for pain research and therapy. In this Review, we summarise the recent advances in the fields of optogenetics and photopharmacology and we discuss the use of light-based techniques for the study of acute and chronic pain physiology, as well as their potential for future therapeutic use to improve pain treatment.

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Actinic cheilitis: a case report and a review of the literature

Revista Odonto Ciência ◽

10.15448/http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6523.2016.1.18191 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Dasaiev M. Dutra ◽

Maria Auxiliadora G do Nascimento ◽

Maria Sueli Marques Soares

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Triamcinolone Acetonide ◽

Acute Phase ◽

Inflammatory Process ◽

Premalignant Lesions ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Actinic Cheilitis ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Term Maintenance

Objective: This article presents a case report of actinic cheilitis with an acute inflammatory process and need for anti- inflammatory treatment.Case Report: Triamcinolone acetonide in Orabase was prescribed 3 times a day for 15 days, and the patient was advised to use sunscreen and hats. After 7 days, there was a significant improvement in the acute phase and the patient was kept under observation.Conclusion: It is emphasized that it is important to intervene in the evolution of the inflammatory process in premalignant lesions in order to prevent its long-term maintenance.

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