Exploration of Medicinal Plants as Sources of Novel Anticandidal Drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (28) ◽  
pp. 2579-2592
Author(s):  
Ajay Kumar ◽  
Feroz Khan ◽  
Dharmendra Saikia
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Anti Fungal

Background: : Human infections associated with skin and mucosal surfaces, mainly in tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world. During the last decade, there have been an increasing numbers of cases of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, coupled with an increase in the number of incidences of drug resistance and toxicity to anti fungal agents. Hence, there is a dire need for safe, potent and affordable new antifungal drugs for the efficient management of candidal infections with minimum or no side effects. Introduction: : Candidiasis represents a critical problem to human health and a serious concern worldwide. Due to the development of drug resistance, there is a need for new antifungal agents. Therefore, we reviewed the different medicinal plants as sources of novel anticandidal drugs. Methods: : The comprehensive and detailed literature on medicinal plants was carried out using different databases, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct and all the relevant information from the articles were analyzed and included. Result: : Relevant Publications up to the end of November 2018, reporting anticandidal activity of medicinal plants has been included in the present review. In the present study, we have reviewed in the light of SAR and mechanisms of action of those plants whose extracts or phytomolecules are active against candida strains. Conclusion:: This article reviewed natural anticandidal drugs of plant origin and also summarized the potent antifungal bioactivity against fungal strains. Besides, mechanism of action of these potent active plant molecules was also explored for a comparative study. We concluded that the studied active plant molecules exhibit potential antifungal activity against resistant fungal strains.

scholarly journals ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS IN PATIENTS AFTER SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANTATIONS (SOT) - FUNGAL STRAINS AND THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS.

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 396
Author(s):  
A Chmura ◽  
I Netsvyetayeva ◽  
E Swoboda-Kopec ◽  
D Kawecki ◽  
M Sikora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Etiological Agents

scholarly journals ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF FRUIT, SEED AND ROOT EXTRACTS OF CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS PLANT

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Hameed ◽  
Q Ali ◽  
MM Hafeez ◽  
A Malik
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Citrullus Colocynthis ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Microbial Profile ◽  
Dried Fruit ◽  
Anti Fungal

Gastrointestinal, skin, pulmonary and cardiovascular problems have been reported all over the world on massive scale. The treatment of these problems has become tough due to genetically modified bacterial strains and fungal infections. The present studied was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of Citrullus colocynthis plant extract. The ethanolic extract of dried fruit pulp, seed, and root was evaluated with respect to anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. The anti-microbial profile studied against four bacterial strains (2 Gram negative and 2 Gram positive) while anti-fungal profile studied against four fungal species. All the bacterial and fungal strains used in the study showed sensitivities against the respective extracts. The zones of inhibition ranged between 7 mm to 23 mm, and 6 mm to 23 mm in against bacterial and fungal strains, respectively. The extract of seed found to be less effective against both the organisms. It was suggested from our study that the extract of Citrullus colocynthis may be used in medicines to cure bacterial diseases.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterizations of new alkaloid 3-deoxy- 3, 11-epoxy cephalotaxine from Clitoria ternatea

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4-A) ◽  
pp. 458-462
Author(s):  
MANIVANNAN - RAJAMANICKAM
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Clitoria Ternatea ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Isolated Compound ◽  
Anti Fungal ◽  
Dose Levels

The present study describes the isolation and structural elucidation of new alkaloid 3-deoxy-3, 11-epoxy cephalotaxine (1) from the flowers of C. ternatea. It was isolated by careful column chromatographic separation of the crude extract on silica gel 60. The structure was established based on UV, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and GC-MS spectroscopy methods. The antibacterial activity of various bacterial and fungal strains and anti-inflammatory activities of the isolated compound and its crude methanol extract was studied. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 and 12.0 mm) was shown by 1 at a dose of 200 µg/kg against E. coli and S. aureus strains and (16.0, 12.0 mm) against anti-fungal strains of C. albicans and A. flavus. The results indicated that at both dose levels (100 mg and 200 mg / kg) of isolated compound 1 had significant anti-inflammatory activity from 2nd hour onwards. The bioactive compound isolated from this plant can be employed for antimicrobial activity, also for the treatment of various bacterial and fungal infections and to show pronounced anti-inflammatory effects after three hours of injection. Keywords: Clitoria ternatea, Alkaloid, 3-deoxy-3, 11-epoxy cephalotaxine, Anti-microbial activity, Anti-inflammatory activity 

Review on Antifungal Agents

2021 ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
Sangita P. Shirsat ◽  
Kaveri P. Tambe ◽  
Ganesh G. Dhakad ◽  
Paresh A. Patil ◽  
Ritik. S. Jain
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Invasive Fungal Infections ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Liver Transaminase ◽  
Spectrum Activity ◽  
Anti Fungal ◽  
Visual Disturbances

There are so many type of daisies are founded because of ‘Fungal’ such daisies given in follow. also the treatment on this particular daisies with the help of ‘Anti-fungal’ drug or anti- fungal agent and anti-fungal medication as follows The four main classes of antifungal drugs are the polyenes, Azoles, allylamines and echinocandins. Clinically useful “older” agents include topical azole Formulations (for superficial yeast and dermatophyte Infections), first-generation triazoles (fluconazole and Itraconazole, for a range of superficial and invasive fungal Infections), amphotericin B formulations (for a broad range of Invasive fungal infections) and terbinafine (for dermatophyte Infections). Clinically important “newer” agents include members of the Echinocandin class (eg, caspofungin) and second-generation Triazoles (eg, voriconazole and posaconazole). Voriconazole and posaconazole have broad-spectrum activity Against yeasts and moulds, including Aspergillus species. Posaconazole is the only azole drug with activity against Zygomycete fungi. Caspofungin and the other echinocandins are effective in Treating Candida and Aspergillus infections. The azoles are relatively safe, but clinicians should be aware of drug–drug interactions and adverse effects, including Visual disturbances (with voriconazole), elevations in liver Transaminase levels, and skin rashes. Caspofungin has Minimal adverse effects. Combination antifungal therapy may be appropriate in Selected patients with invasive fungal infections, but is Empiric and driven by individual physician practice. Clinical needs for novel antifungal agents have altered

Antifungal Activity of Traditional Medicinal Plants from Argentina: Effect of their Combination with Antifungal Drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-95
Author(s):  
Estefanía Cordisco ◽  
Maximiliano Sortino ◽  
Laura Svetaz
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Natural Extracts ◽  
Traditional Medicinal Plants ◽  
Bibliographic Search ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance

Background and Objective: The incidence of fungal infections has experienced a marked increase in the last two decades being limited to a few drugs with serious drawbacks. Combination therapy has emerged as an approach to improve the efficacy of currently used antifungal therapy that also may delay the evolution of resistance. Method: The objectives of this work are to present a bibliographic search on the plants used in traditional medicine in Argentina for ailments related to fungal infections and to investigate the antifungal activity of currently used antifungal drugs in combination with natural extracts. Results: Results of the bibliographic investigation showed that 153 species belonging to 56 families and 120 genera from Argentina are applied to treat signs and symptoms considered to maintain ethnopharmacological uses related to fungal infections, mainly for skin and mucosal conditions. Conclusion: Regarding the evaluation of the antifungal activity of combinations between extracts and antifungal drugs, we observed that extracts from plants species belonging to a genera traditionally used for ailments related to fungal infections have more chances of enhancing the activity of amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole. In addition, we observed that there is a greater chance of finding an enhancement in the activity of the commercial antifungals when the combination is performed with extracts that have shown activity in solitary. Nevertheless, inactive extracts that would have been discarded according to the classic strategy displayed activity in combination and they continue being potential candidates in the search for new antifungals.

Progress and prospects for targeting Hsp90 to treat fungal infections

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (9) ◽  
pp. 1127-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMANDA VERI ◽  
LEAH E. COWEN
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Effective Combination ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Hsp90 Chaperone ◽  
Hsp90 Function

SummaryFungal pathogens pose a major threat to human health worldwide. They infect billions of people each year, leading to at least 1·5 million deaths. Treatment of fungal infections is difficult due to the limited number of clinically useful antifungal drugs, and the emergence of drug resistance. A promising new strategy to enhance the efficacy of antifungal drugs and block the evolution of drug resistance is to target the molecular chaperone Hsp90. Pharmacological inhibitors of Hsp90 function that are in development as anticancer agents have potential to be repurposed as agents for combination antifungal therapy for some applications, such as biofilm infections. For systemic infections, however, effective combination therapy regimens may require Hsp90 inhibitors that can selectively target Hsp90 in the pathogen, or alternate strategies to compromise function of the Hsp90 chaperone machine. Selectively impairing Hsp90 function in the pathogen could in principle be achieved by targeting Hsp90 co-chaperones or regulators of Hsp90 function that are more divergent between pathogen and host than Hsp90. Antifungal combination therapies could also exploit downstream effectors of Hsp90 that are critical for fungal drug resistance and virulence. Here, we discuss the progress and prospects for establishing Hsp90 as an important therapeutic target for life-threatening fungal infections.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Emergence of Drug Resistance in Candida Opportunistic Pathogens

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Ksiezopolska ◽  
Toni Gabaldón
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms

Fungal infections, such as candidiasis caused by Candida, pose a problem of growing medical concern. In developed countries, the incidence of Candida infections is increasing due to the higher survival of susceptible populations, such as immunocompromised patients or the elderly. Existing treatment options are limited to few antifungal drug families with efficacies that vary depending on the infecting species. In this context, the emergence and spread of resistant Candida isolates are being increasingly reported. Understanding how resistance can evolve within naturally susceptible species is key to developing novel, more effective treatment strategies. However, in contrast to the situation of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, few studies have focused on the evolutionary mechanisms leading to drug resistance in fungal species. In this review, we will survey and discuss current knowledge on the genetic bases of resistance to antifungal drugs in Candida opportunistic pathogens. We will do so from an evolutionary genomics perspective, focusing on the possible evolutionary paths that may lead to the emergence and selection of the resistant phenotype. Finally, we will discuss the potential of future studies enabled by current developments in sequencing technologies, in vitro evolution approaches, and the analysis of serial clinical isolates.

scholarly journals A Review: Antifungal Potentials of Medicinal Plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghulam Murtaza ◽  
Muhammad Mukhtar ◽  
Aysha Sarfraz
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antifungal Effects ◽  
Emerging Fungal Infections

Medicinal plants have been widely used to treat a variety of infectious and non-infectious diseases. According to an estimate, 25% of the commonly used medicines contain compounds isolated from plants. Several plants could offer a rich reserve for drug discovery of infectious diseases, particularly in an era when the latest separation techniques are available on one hand, and the human population is challenged by a number of emerging infectious diseases on the other hand. Among several other ailments, fungal infections are posing a great threat to the mankind, as a large number of people suffer from fungal infections worldwide due to emerging resistance of fungal strains. The available antifungal drugs are either too costly or are accompanied with several side effects. Of importance, a variety of medicinal plants have shown promise to treat a number of fungal infections, and some of them possess broad-spectrum antifungal activity. This article describes potential antifungal properties of medicinal plants against fungi, and suggests screening the potential of plants possessing broad-spectrum antifungal effects against emerging fungal infections.

Antimycotic drugs and their mechanisms of resistance to Candida species

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sweety Dahiya ◽  
Namita Sharma ◽  
Aruna Punia ◽  
Pooja Choudhary ◽  
Prity Gulia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Antifungal Drug ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Antifungal Drug Resistance

: Fungal infections have shown an upsurge in recent decades, mainly because of the increasing number of immunocompromised patients, and the occurrence of invasive candidiasis is found to be 7-15 folds greater than that of invasive aspergillosis. The genus Candida comprises of more than 150 distinct species; however, only a few of them are found to be pathogenic to humans. Mortality rates of Candida species are found to be around 45%, and the reasons for this intensified mortality are inefficient diagnostic techniques and unfitting initial treatment strategies. There are only a few antifungal drug classes that are employed for the remedy of invasive fungal infections, including azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, and pyrimidine analogs. During the last 2-3 decades, the usage of antifungal drugs has increased several folds, due to which the reports of escalating antifungal drug resistance have also been recorded. The resistance is mostly to the triazole-based compounds. Due to antifungal drug resistance, the success rates of treatment have been reduced and major changes have been observed in the frequency of fungal infections. In this review, we have summarized the major molecular mechanisms for the development of antifungal drug resistance.

Anti-fungal therapy via incorporation of nanostructures: a systematic review for new dimensions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishrat Younus ◽  
Sarah Jameel Khan ◽  
Sidra Maqbool ◽  
Zubia Begum
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Anti Fungal

Abstract Background: Fungal infections are one of the most prevailing worldwide public health issues. Despite the commercially available antifungal drugs, side effects associated with these agents and resistance may lead to the development of antifungal drugs by using advanced technology. Main body of the abstract: In the current era, nanotechnology is one of the most predominant techniques with massive advantages in the field of medicines and medical sciences. In the last two decades, various nanostructures were developed based on metals, plants, and microorganisms. The aim of the review is to discuss all original researches and to review articles of the last two decades, including earlier and recent development in different types of nanostructures as an antifungal therapy. Published papers in the English language were searched and reviewed from the online databases from January 2007 till May 2021. The search engines included were PubMed, Google, Google scholar, and Sciencedirect. In all the databases, the keywords “fungi”, “antifungal”, “nanomaterials”, “nanostructures” and “nanotechnology” were used for literature search. Short conclusion: The innovative nanostructures are vital for the treatment of different strains of fungal infections i.e. from minor nail infections to major systemic fungal infections. Additionally, nanostructures also enhance the efficacy, solubility, penetration, and drug release to the targeted site of conventional antifungal agents.

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