Electrochemical Synthesis of Conducting Polymers Involving Deep Eutectic Solvents

Background: Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) represent a new generation of ionic liquids which are widely promoted as “green solvents”. They are gaining widespread application in materials chemistry and electrochemistry. DESs are defined as eutectic mixtures of quaternary ammonium salt with a hydrogen bond donor in certain molar ratios. Their use as solvents for electrochemical synthesis of conducting polymers could influence the polymer properties and reduce their economic cost. Objective: This review presents the most recent results regarding the electropolymerization of common conductive polymers involving choline chloride based ionic liquids. New findings from our laboratory on the electrochemical growth of conductive polymers are also discussed. Methods: The electrochemical polymerization mechanisms during synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) using various formulations of DESs are reviewed, as well as their characteristics, mainly from surface morphology view point. Results: Some general information related to the preparation and characterization of DESs is also presented, followed by an overview of the recent advances in the field of electropolymerization using DESs. Conclusion: Electropolymerization of conducting polymers involving DESs represents an attractive route of synthesis due to their compositional flexibility which makes possible the preparation of unlimited formulations further influencing the polymer morphology and properties. The use of these inexpensive eutectic mixtures has a large potential to contribute to the development of more sustainable technological processes meeting many of the required features characteristic to the green chemistry.

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A Review of the electrochemical corrosion of metals in choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents

Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering ◽

10.5599/jese.1135 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mihael Bučko ◽

Jelena Bajat

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquids ◽

Corrosion Rate ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Choline Chloride ◽

Electrochemical Corrosion ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

High Viscosity ◽

Metal Corrosion ◽

Melting Points ◽

Separate Class

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a class of mixtures with melting points notably lower than those of their raw constituent components. These liquids have found a tremendously wide spectrum of applications in the last two decades of their research, so their contact and interaction with technical metals and alloys are inevitable. Therefore, the corrosivity of DESs towards metals is an extremely important topic. This review summarizes research efforts collected in the last two decades related to the corrosion rate of various metals in different DESs. Since the DESs are mainly composed of organic raw compounds, and by their physicochemical properties they may be regarded as a separate class of ionic liquids, the literature data about DESs corrosivity has been compared to the data related to the corrosivity of various organic solvents and ionic liquids as well. All the results gained until now show significantly low corrosivity of DESs. This observation is discussed in relation to the chemical composition of DESs. The absence of the oxidizing agents, the inhibitory action of organic ions and molecules, high viscosity and low electrical conductivity have been recognized as the main factors contributing to the low metal corrosion rate in DESs.

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Reduction of the Coefficient of Friction of Steel-Steel Tribological Contacts by Novel Graphene-Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) Lubricants

Lubricants ◽

10.3390/lubricants7040037 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 37 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ignacio Garcia ◽

Silvia Guerra ◽

Juan de Damborenea ◽

Ana Conde

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Ionic Liquids ◽

Friction Coefficient ◽

Wear Rate ◽

Adhesive Wear ◽

Choline Chloride ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

The Other ◽

Graphene Flakes ◽

The Coefficient Of Friction

Deep eutectic ionic liquids (DES) possess similar properties to conventional ionic liquids (ILs). However, ILs cannot be considered as environmentally friendly compounds due to both its processing and synthesis, which could have significant polluting effects. On the contrary, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) can be biodegradable, non-toxic, and have a lower price than most ILs, making them potentially useful in a wide variety of advanced technological applications, such as tribology. On the other hand, graphene has recently been proposed as an extremely promising lubricant due to its combination of mechanical properties and chemical stability as well as its “green” character. In the present paper, graphene flakes (≈250 nm) have been used as an additive to DES composed of choline chloride (ChCl)-urea, ChCl-ethylene glycol, and ChCl-malic acid. According to the results, the addition of 1 wt% graphene reduces friction coefficient (COF) and, notably, prevents adhesive wear, reducing wear rate on steel-steel sliding contacts.

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Review on Carbon Dioxide Absorption by Choline Chloride/Urea Deep Eutectic Solvents

Advances in Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2018/2675659 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Rima J. Isaifan ◽

Abdukarem Amhamed

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Hydrogen Bond ◽

Ionic Liquids ◽

Choline Chloride ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

Absorption Capacity ◽

Carbon Dioxide Absorption ◽

Hydrogen Bond Donor ◽

Separation Processes ◽

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor

In the recent past few years, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were developed sharing similar characteristics to ionic liquids but with more advantageous features related to preparation cost, environmental impact, and efficiency for gas separation processes. Amongst many combinations of DES solvents that have been prepared, reline (choline chloride as the hydrogen bond acceptor mixed with urea as the hydrogen bond donor) was the first DES synthesized and is still the one with the lowest melting point. Choline chloride/urea DES has proven to be a promising solvent as an efficient medium for carbon dioxide capture when compared with amine alone or ionic liquids under the same conditions. This review sheds light on the preparation method, physical and chemical characteristics, and the CO2 absorption capacity of choline chloride/urea DES under different temperatures and pressures reported up to date.

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Electrochemistry of Conductive Polymers 48. Electrochemical Polymerization of 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene in Ionic Liquids and Propylene Carbonate

Journal of The Electrochemical Society ◽

10.1149/1.3571627 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 158 (6) ◽

pp. F92 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Geun Gi Min ◽

Seung Bin Kim ◽

Su-Moon Park

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquids ◽

Propylene Carbonate ◽

Conductive Polymers ◽

Electrochemical Polymerization

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Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents and Ionic Liquids in the Extraction of Catechins from Tea

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25143216 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (14) ◽

pp. 3216 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sylwia Bajkacz ◽

Jakub Adamek ◽

Anna Sobska

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquids ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Choline Chloride ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

Mixing Ratios ◽

Good Solubility ◽

Tea Infusions ◽

Girard’S Reagent ◽

Spe Method

This work aimed to comprehensively evaluate the potential and effectiveness of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in the extraction of seven catechins from various tea samples. Different combinations of DES were used, consisting of Girard’s reagent T (GrT) in various mixing ratios with organic acids and choline chloride. The yields of the DES extractions were compared with those from ionic liquids and conventional solvent. DES contained malic acid, as the hydrogen bond donors showed a good solubility of catechins with different polarities. In the second part of the study, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was applied to the extraction of catechins from tea infusions. The method was applied to the determination of selected catechins in tea leaves and tea infusions. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the proposed procedure works well in the simultaneous monitoring of these polyphenols, which makes it a useful tool in the quality control of tea.

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Deep Eutectic Solvents Formed between Choline Chloride and Carboxylic Acids: Versatile Alternatives to Ionic Liquids

Journal of the American Chemical Society ◽

10.1021/ja048266j ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 126 (29) ◽

pp. 9142-9147 ◽

Cited By ~ 1776

Author(s):

Andrew P. Abbott ◽

David Boothby ◽

Glen Capper ◽

David L. Davies ◽

Raymond K. Rasheed

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquids ◽

Carboxylic Acids ◽

Choline Chloride ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents

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Functional Characterisations of Hybrid Nanocomposite Films Based on Polyaniline and Carbon Nanotubes

Advances in Science and Technology ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.79.81 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 79 ◽

pp. 81-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Federica de Riccardis ◽

V. Martina ◽

Daniela Carbone ◽

Paolo Rotolo

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Conducting Polymers ◽

Electrochemical Properties ◽

Electrochemical Deposition ◽

Electrophoretic Deposition ◽

Electrochemical Synthesis ◽

Conductive Polymers ◽

Nanocomposite Films ◽

Hybrid Nanocomposite ◽

Touch Screens

The combination of nanoparticles and conducting polymers, known as hybrid conducting nanocomposites, is a new emerging field. The combination of conductive polymers, such as polyaniline (PANI), with conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has already shown some synergistic properties. As a consequence, they have a variety of applications, such as sensors, actuators, touch screens, etc.. Usually PANI and CNTs are combined by using electrochemical synthesis starting with the monomer aniline. In this work PANI-CNTs nanocomposite films were obtained by using different combinations of two methods, Electrochemical Deposition (ELD) and Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD). The samples prepared by using these combined methods were compared with the material prepared by the usual electrochemical synthesis. Therefore, all the films so prepared were characterised and their electrochemical properties were investigated, particularly for evaluating their use as supercapacitor components.

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Biocatalytic synthesis of panthenyl monoacyl esters in ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents

Green Chemistry ◽

10.1039/c9gc01076a ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (12) ◽

pp. 3353-3361 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Pedro Lozano ◽

Elena Alvarez ◽

Susana Nieto ◽

Rocio Villa ◽

Juana M. Bernal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Ionic Liquids ◽

Lauric Acid ◽

Enzymatic Synthesis ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

Direct Esterification ◽

Eutectic Mixtures

The enzymatic synthesis of panthenyl monoacyl esters was carried out by the direct esterification of fatty acids (e.g. lauric acid) with panthenol in sponge-like ionic liquids, as well as in deep eutectic mixtures, resulting in highly selective processes (i.e. near to 100% for the panthenyl monolaurate case).

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