Application of silver nanoparticles as a new alternative antiviral agent for SARS-CoV-2: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reena Jamunkar ◽  
Kamlesh Shrivas ◽  
Deepak Sinha ◽  
Sanyukta Patel ◽  
Monisha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Virus Family ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Background: Today, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), a viral disease caused by novel corona virus (a tiny crowned virus) has become one of threats for human being all over the world and caused the death of millions of people worldwide. For this pandemic, some vaccines have been developed in various countries and given to some people but still it seems difficult to cure all corona strains due to its ability to form new strains. So, it is necessary to have the knowledge about the structure of virus, mechanism of actions and their antiviral activities against the drugs and other functional materials. Method: AgNPs have unique physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. This review describes the structure and nature of virus, mechanism of action of antiviral drug such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with virus. In addition, different methods for synthesis of AgNPs, application of AgNPs as an antiviral agent against influenza virus, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), hepatitis B virus (HBV), polio virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are discussed. Also, most probable applications and properties of AgNPs which can help to prepare it as an antiviral agent are discussed. Results: The use of AgNPs against various viruses including corona virus family is found to be effective, so it can be considered for the development of antiviral agents, disinfectants, antiviral coated mask and their therapeutic use against the treatment of novel corona virus with minimum side effect and great efficiency. Conclusions: AgNPs was successfully used for the treatment of various viral diseases of corona virus family such as H1N1, H3N2 influenza even for SARS and MERS corona viruses, but there are some reports where researchers debated about the clinical trial or even clinical use for administration and inhalation of AgNPs for the various treatments. AgNPs coated masks, disinfectants, fabrics, wipes, inhalation systems are effective for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2. Since sanitizers have temporary effect, so the development of some other potential alternative having low toxicity, ease of use, long lasting efficiency, health cautious, minimum side effect, sustainable fabrics is required.

scholarly journals REVIEW: REMDESIVIR AS A CANDIDATE FOR COVID-19 TREATMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 161-172
Author(s):  
Iffah Anasia ◽  
Zulharmita Zulharmita ◽  
Ridho Asra
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Hendra Virus ◽  
Direct Acting Antiviral ◽  
The Us ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Direct Acting

Remdesivir is the first drug that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical use in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 disease. From several therapeutic options, Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral drug that has previously been tested against the Ebola virus, known to be effective and safe enough to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Corona virus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a virus that attacks the respiratory system in humans, this virus can cause mild disorders of the respiratory system, severe lung infections, and even death. Remdesivir is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent that has previously shown antiviral activity against filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg viruses), coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS CoV-2), paramyxoviruses (type III influenza virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, measles, and mumps virus) and Pnemoviriidae (respiratory syncytial virus).

scholarly journals Silver Nanoparticles Induce Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Via Activation of PAD and Neutrophil Elastase

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
HanGoo Kang ◽  
Jinwon Seo ◽  
Eun-Jeong Yang ◽  
In-Hong Choi
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Neutrophil Elastase ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Arginine Deiminase ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase ◽  
Key Factor

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in various fields because of their antimicrobial properties. However, many studies have reported that AgNPs can be harmful to both microorganisms and humans. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a key factor of cytotoxicity of AgNPs in mammalian cells and an important factor in the immune reaction of neutrophils. The immune reactions of neutrophils include the expulsion of webs of DNA surrounded by histones and granular proteins. These webs of DNA are termed neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs allow neutrophils to catch and destroy pathogens in extracellular spaces. In this study, we investigated how AgNPs stimulate neutrophils, specifically focusing on NETs. Freshly isolated human neutrophils were treated with 5 or 100 nm AgNPs. The 5 nm AgNPs induced NET formation, but the 100 nm AgNPs did not. Subsequently, we investigated the mechanism of AgNP-induced NETs using known inhibitors related to NET formation. AgNP-induced NETs were dependent on ROS, peptidyl arginine deiminase, and neutrophil elastase. The result in this study indicates that treatment of 5 nm AgNPs induce NET formation through histone citrullination by peptidyl arginine deiminase and histone cleavage by neutrophil elastase.

scholarly journals Chikungunya and Zika Viruses: Co-Circulation and the Interplay between Viral Proteins and Host Factors

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Sineewanlaya Wichit ◽  
Nuttamonpat Gumpangseth ◽  
Rodolphe Hamel ◽  
Sakda Yainoy ◽  
Siwaret Arikit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Targeted Therapeutics ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Host Proteins ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Viral Host Interactions

Chikungunya and Zika viruses, both transmitted by mosquito vectors, have globally re-emerged over for the last 60 years and resulted in crucial social and economic concerns. Presently, there is no specific antiviral agent or vaccine against these debilitating viruses. Understanding viral–host interactions is needed to develop targeted therapeutics. However, there is presently limited information in this area. In this review, we start with the updated virology and replication cycle of each virus. Transmission by similar mosquito vectors, frequent co-circulation, and occurrence of co-infection are summarized. Finally, the targeted host proteins/factors used by the viruses are discussed. There is an urgent need to better understand the virus–host interactions that will facilitate antiviral drug development and thus reduce the global burden of infections caused by arboviruses.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Effect of Sargassum fusiforme and Its Components on Replication of Respiratory Syncytial Virus In Vitro and In Vivo

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 548
Author(s):  
Kiramage Chathuranga ◽  
Asela Weerawardhana ◽  
Niranjan Dodantenna ◽  
Lakmal Ranathunga ◽  
Won-Kyung Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Sargassum Fusiforme ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Improve Life Expectancy ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Sargassum fusiforme, a plant used as a medicine and food, is regarded as a marine vegetable and health supplement to improve life expectancy. Here, we demonstrate that S. fusiforme extract (SFE) has antiviral effects against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in vitro and in vivo mouse model. Treatment of HEp2 cells with a non-cytotoxic concentration of SFE significantly reduced RSV replication, RSV-induced cell death, RSV gene transcription, RSV protein synthesis, and syncytium formation. Moreover, oral inoculation of SFE significantly improved RSV clearance from the lungs of BALB/c mice. Interestingly, the phenolic compounds eicosane, docosane, and tetracosane were identified as active components of SFE. Treatment with a non-cytotoxic concentration of these three components elicited similar antiviral effects against RSV infection as SFE in vitro. Together, these results suggest that SFE and its potential components are a promising natural antiviral agent candidate against RSV infection.

Antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles prepared by Acacia etbaica (Schweinf.) valve extract

2021 ◽  
pp. 130233
Author(s):  
A. Kalam ◽  
A.G. Al-Sehemi ◽  
S. Alrumman ◽  
M.A. Assiri ◽  
A.M. Alfaify ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties

PHYTO-MEDIATED SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF „BUGLOSSOIDES PURPUROCAERULEA“ (BORAGINACEAE) AND THEIR BIOACTIVITY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena S. Katanić Stanković ◽  
◽  
Nikola Srećković ◽  
Vladimir Mihailović
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Biological Potential ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy

In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been synthesized using the aqueous extract of the aerial parts of B. purpurocaerulea, collected in Serbia. B. purpurocaerulea silver nanoparticles (Bp– AgNPs) synthesis was confirmed using UV-Vis spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The biological potential of synthesized Bp-AgNPs was evaluated in vitro using ABTS assay for determining free radical scavenging potential and microdilution method for analysis of antimicrobial properties. Bp-AgNPs showed high antioxidant activity similar to Bp-extract, comparable to BHT. The synthesized nanoparticles exerted remarkable antibacterial effects, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values below 20 µg/mL. In the case of some bacterial strains, the results of Bp– AgNPs were comparable or similar to standard antibiotic erythromycin. The antifungal activity of Bp– AgNPs was moderate for most of the used strains. Nevertheless, several fungi were resistant to the NPs action, while two tested Penicillium species were extremely sensitive on Bp-AgNPs with MIC lower than 40 µg/mL. The antimicrobial properties of Bp-AgNPs can be useful for the development of new NPs-containing products.

Clinical use of Antiviral Drugs

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milap C. Nahata
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Investigational Drug ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Herpes Encephalitis ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Remarkable progress has been made in antiviral chemotherapy. Six approved antiviral drugs are now available for the treatment of various viral infections. Trifluridine, idoxuridine and vidarabine are all effective in patients with herpes keratitis; trifluridine is preferred due to its low toxicity. Acyclovir is the drug of choice in patients with infections due to herpes simplex viruses, including genital herpes, herpes encephalitis, and neonatal herpes, and infections due to varicella-zoster virus. Amantadine is the only drug currently available for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A, but an investigational drug, rimantadine, appears to be equally effective and less toxic than amantadine. Ribavirin is the most recently approved antiviral agent for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Numerous antiviral drugs are being studied in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Although currently available drugs have improved our ability to manage a variety of viral illnesses, much needs to be learned about specific dosage guidelines based on the studies of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, potential adverse effects and viral resistance, and the role of combination therapy to optimize therapy.

scholarly journals A REVIEW: A GREEN APPROACH FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND ITS ANTIBACTERIAL APPLICATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyla Marjorie Haqq ◽  
Amit Chattree
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Green Approach ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis

  This review is based on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a green approach which is biofabricated from various medicinal plants. AgNPs were prepared from the various parts of the plants such as the flowers, stems, leaves, and fruits. Various physiochemical characterizations were performed using the ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. AgNPs were also used to inhibit the growth of bacterial pathogens and were found to be effective against both the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. For the silver to have antimicrobial properties, it must be present in the ionized form. All the forms of silver-containing compounds with the observed antimicrobial properties are in one way or another source of silver ions. Although the antimicrobial properties of silver have been known, it is thought that the silver atoms bind to the thiol groups in enzymes and subsequently leads to the deactivation of enzymes. For the silver to have antimicrobial properties, it must be present in the ionized form. The study suggested that the action of the AgNPs on the microbial cells resulted into cell lysis and DNA damage. AgNPs have proved their candidature as a potential antibacterial against the multidrug-resistant microbes. The biological agents for synthesizing AgNPs cover compounds produced naturally in microbes and plants. Reaction parameters under which the AgNPs were being synthesized hold prominent impact on their size, shape, and application. Silver nanoparticle synthesis and their application are summarized and critically discussed in this review.

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