scholarly journals Biofilm and the Role of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Periprosthetic Hip and Knee Joint Infections

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 636-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf H. Mirza ◽  
Rosamond Tansey ◽  
Mohamed Sukeik ◽  
Mohammed Shaath ◽  
Fares Sami Haddad

An increasing demand for lower limb arthroplasty will lead to a proportionate increase in the need for revision surgery. A notable proportion of revision surgery is secondary to periprosthetic joint infections (PJI). Diagnosing and eradicating PJI can form a very difficult challenge. An important cause of PJI is the formation of a bacterial biofilm on the implant surface. Our review article seeks to describe biofilms; their definitions and formation, common causative bacteria, prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotic therapy.

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drago ◽  
Clerici ◽  
Morelli ◽  
Ashok ◽  
Benzakour ◽  
...  

While implant-related infections continue to play a relevant role in failure of implantable biomaterials in orthopaedic and trauma there is a lack of standardised microbiological procedures to identify the pathogen(s). The microbiological diagnosis of implant-related infections is challenging due to the following factors: the presence of bacterial biofilm(s), often associated with slow-growing microorganisms, low bacterial loads, previous antibiotic treatments and, possible intra-operative contamination. Therefore, diagnosis requires a specific set of procedures. Based on the Guidelines of the Italian Association of the Clinical Microbiologists (AMCLI), the World Association against Infection in Orthopaedics and Trauma has drafted the present document. This document includes guidance on the basic principles for sampling and processing for implant-related infections based on the most relevant literature. These procedures outline the main microbiological approaches, including sampling and processing methodologies for diagnostic assessment and confirmation of implant-related infections. Biofilm dislodgement techniques, incubation time and the role of molecular approaches are addressed in specific sections. The aim of this paper is to ensure a standardised approach to the main microbiological methods for implant-related infections, as well as to promote multidisciplinary collaboration between clinicians and microbiologists.


2020 ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
Иван Васильевич Гайворонский ◽  
А. А. Родионов ◽  
Геннадий Иванович Ничипорук ◽  
Инга Александровна Горячева ◽  
Мария Георгиевна Гайворонская

В связи с вертикальным положением тела на таз человека действуют такие механические силы, как масса тела, внутренностей, внутрибрюшное давление, тяга мышц, связочного аппарата. Под воздействием этих сил происходит моделирование костных структур - внутренних пластинок губчатого вещества и замыкательных пластинок компактного вещества, наибольшая концентрация которых происходит в местах воздействия сил сжатия и растяжении. Указанные места повышенной плотности костной ткани в составе костного таза являются его контрфорсами. Связующим фундаментом контрфорсной системы таза является крестец, воспринимающий воздействия механических сил и передающих их на тазовые кости. Авторами выделены следующие костные контрфорсы: 1 - пояснично-крестцово-подвздошно-бедренный; 2 - пояснично-крестцово-подвздошно-седалищный; 3 - крестцово-седалищный; 4 - крестцово-бедренный; 5 - крестцово-подвздошнолобковый. Рассматривать контрфорсы таза необходимо с позиций арочных конструкций с обязательным взаимодействием контралатеральных сторон. Арочные конструкции, образованные пояснично-крестцово-подвздошно-бедренным, крестцовобедренным и крестцово-подвздошно-лобковыми контрфорсами, функционируют при вертикальном положении тела, а пояснично-крестцово-подвздошно-седалищные и крестцово-седалищные контрфорсы - при сидячем положении тела. Важнейшую роль в формировании и поддержании костных контрфорсов также играют скелетные мышцы, прикрепляющиеся к костям таза. Они не только изменяют его костную структуру, но и передают напряжение при своем сокращении на другие кости, формируя мышечные контрфорсные системы. В работе доказано наличие следующих костно-мышечных контрфорсов: 1 - наружного и внутреннего подвздошно-бедренного; 2 - наружного и внутреннего запирательнобедренного; 3 - лобково-седалищно-бедренно-большеберцового; 4 - седалищно-большеберцово-малоберцового контрфорсов. Показано, что таз является важнейшей частью опорно-двигательного аппарата человека и стабилизационным кольцом для свободной нижней конечности. In connection with the vertical position of the body, such mechanical forces as body weight, viscera, intra-abdominal pressure, traction of muscles, tendons and ligament apparatus act on the human pelvis. The bone structures - the internal plates of the spongy substance and the end plates of the compact substance, the highest concentration of which occurs at the sites of compression and tension - are modeled under the influence of these forces. The aforementioned places of increased bone density in the composition of the bone pelvis are its buttresses. The connecting foundation of the buttress system of the pelvis is the sacrum, perceiving the effects of mechanical forces and transmitting them to the pelvic bones. The authors distinguished the following bone buttresses: 1 - lumbo-sacral-iliac-femoral; 2 - lumbo-sacral-iliac-sciatic; 3 - sacro-sciatic; 4 - sacro-femoral; 5 - sacro-iliac-pubical. It is necessary to consider buttresses of the pelvis from the position of arched structures, with the obligatory interaction of the contralateral sides. Arched structures formed by the lumbo-sacral-iliac-femoral, sacro-femoral and sacro-iliac-pubic buttresses function when the body is in vertical position, and the lumbo-sacral-iliac-sciatic and sacroiliac buttresses when the body is in seated position. Skeletal muscles attached to the bones of the pelvis also play an important role in the formation and maintenance of bone buttresses. They not only change its bone structure, but during their contraction also transmit tension to other bones, forming muscle buttress systems. In the work, the presence of the following musculoskeletal buttresses is proved: 1 - the external and internal ileo-femoral; 2 - external and internal obturator-femoral; 3 - pubic-sciaticfemoral-tibial; 4 - sciatic-tibial-fibular buttresses. It is shown that the pelvis is the most important part of the human musculoskeletal system and the stabilization ring for the free lower limb.


2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Pompilio ◽  
Giovanni Di Bonaventura

Bacteria can form, on virtually any surface, single- and multispecies biofilms intrinsically resistant/tolerant to antibiotics and elusive of the host immune response. The study of bacterial biofilm development has, therefore, received great interest over the past 20 years and is motivated by the well-recognized role of these multicellular communities in infectious diseases. In this review article, we provide a synopsis of (i) biofilm formation mechanisms; (ii) biofilm clinical significance and underlying mechanisms; (iii) the current methodologies for microbiological diagnosis of biofilm-related infections; and (iv) current and future therapeutic strategies to combat biofilm-associated infections.


Chirurgia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walid M. Gamal ◽  
Abdrheem F. Mohamed ◽  
Zeniab M. Askary
Keyword(s):  

1961 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Karol J. Krotki

Discussions about the role of small enterprise in economic development tend to remain inconclusive partly because of the difficulty of assessing the relative importance of economic and non-economic objectives and partly because of the dearth of factual information on which to base an economic calculus. It is probably true, moreover, that, because of a lack of general agreement as to the economic case for or against small enterprise, non-economic considerations, including some merely romantic attitudes toward smallness and bigness, tend to exert an undue influence on public policies. There may, of course, be no clear-cut economic case. And noneconomic considerations should and will inevitably weigh significantly in policy decisions. If, however, some of the economic questions could be settled by more and better knowledge, these decisions could more accurately reflect the opportunity costs of pursuing non-economic objectives.


Author(s):  
Md. Junaid ◽  
Yeasmin Akter ◽  
Syeda Samira Afrose ◽  
Mousumi Tania ◽  
Md. Asaduzzaman Khan

Background: AKT/PKB is an important enzyme with numerous biological functions, and its overexpression is related to the carcinogenesis. AKT stimulates different signaling pathways that are downstream of activated tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, hence functions as an important target for anti-cancer drugs. Objective: In this review article, we have interpreted the role of AKT signaling pathways in cancer and natural inhibitory effect of Thymoquinone (TQ) in AKT and its possible mechanism. Method: We have collected the updated information and data on AKT, their role in cancer and inhibitory effect of TQ in AKT signaling pathway from google scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, Scopus and many more. Results: There are many drugs already developed, which can target AKT, but very few among them have passed clinical trials. TQ is a natural compound, mainly found in black cumin, which has been found to have potential anti-cancer activities. TQ targets numerous signaling pathways, including AKT, in different cancers. In fact, many studies revealed that AKT is one of the major targets of TQ. The preclinical success of TQ suggests its clinical studies on cancer. Conclusion: This review article summarizes the role of AKT in carcinogenesis, its potent inhibitors in clinical trials, and how TQ acts as an inhibitor of AKT and TQ’s future as a cancer therapeutic drug.


Author(s):  
Divya Kajaria

Role of cholesterol in the pathogenesis of diabetes is the emergent are of research with full of potential; it not only open a vast area of therapeutic interventions but also can change the prevailing treatment modality. Ayurveda, the Indian system of medicine materialize the concept of lipocenteric approach for the management of diabetes even thousands of years back. According to Ayurveda, the natural properties of lipid are deranged that causes diabetes. It may prove beneficial to quest the search of herbal remedies that can harmonize the lipid balance and uproot the pathogenesis. In the presenting review article, role of cholesterol in the pathogenesis of diabetes is discussed along with detailed description of Ayurvedic concepts regarding pathogenesis and a brief description of herbal management.


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