Determinants of Overweight and Underweight among Children under 5 in Kazakhstan

Background: During the last 10 years, the prevalence of underweight has decreased considerably in Kazakhstan and, nowadays, it is set under 3% for children under 5 years old. However, the prevalence of overweight, which was not important at all in the 90s, is reaching 10% for children under 5 nowadays. This means that there is a co-existence between being underweight and overweight in the same country and, in some cases, within the same region. In order to design policies addressing both problems and avoiding policies, which may solve underweight but worsening overweight, and vice versa, the aim of this paper is to analyse the socioeconomic determinants of the two problems. Methods: We estimate the probability of occurrence using the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) collected by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the years 2006, 2010-2011 and 2015. This survey includes a questionnaire for children younger than 5 years old containing information on maternal and child health. We consider that a child is overweight if she/he falls over two standard deviations of the World Health Organization standards (WHO) for her/his age. Similarly, we consider that a child is underweight if she/he falls below the two standard deviations of the WHO standards. Results: Children of mothers with higher education have a higher probability of being overweight (6,8%) and less probability of being underweight (-5,5%). This effect disappears for children older than 2 years old. Children of Russian origin and other ethnic groups show a lower probability of being overweight in comparison with their Kazakh peers. Being born in the highest wealth quintile reduces the risk of a child under 2 years old being underweight (-2,9%). On the other side, children in rich families at age 2-4 years old have a higher probability of being overweight (3,7%). Conclusion: Health policy aimed to improve family and institution´s knowledge on child nutrition could be effective measures to reduce infant overweight.

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International Conference on Child Day-Care Health: Opening Remarks

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.94.6.987 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 94 (6) ◽

pp. 987-987

Author(s):

Hu Ching-Li

Keyword(s):

Child Health ◽

Child Nutrition ◽

Well Being ◽

Fundamental Rights ◽

World Health ◽

Child Day Care ◽

Infant And Young Child ◽

The Family ◽

Definition Of ◽

Health Organization

It is important to recall the definition of health embodied in the Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) over 45 years ago: "Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic, or social condition." Among the Organization's mandated functions is "to promote maternal and child health and welfare and to foster the ability to live harmoniously in a changing total environment." The challenge of that task is no less today than it was then. Historically, societies have evolved various patterns of family structure for social and economic functions. In preindustrial societies there evolved a great concordance between these functions, with many of the health, developmental, and socialization functions taking place first within the family and then within the immediate community. The rapid social changes of both the industrial and information revolutions have changed drastically the functions of the family, and have shifted many of the health, developmental, and social functions to nonfamily institutions, from which families are often excluded or marginally involved. Much of the international attention to child health in this last decade has been directed at simple interventions to prevent the nearly 13 million deaths each year of children under 5: universal child immunization; the control of diarrheal and acute respiratory diseases; and infant and young child nutrition, particularly breast-feeding.

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Mental healthcare in Hungary: contradictions and possibilities

International Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/s1749367600005713 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 36-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tamás Kurimay

Keyword(s):

Health Spending ◽

Mental Healthcare ◽

World Health ◽

Minority Population ◽

Official Language ◽

The European Union ◽

Middle Income ◽

The Republic ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Uk

The Republic of Hungary is a landlocked country of 93000 km2 in central Europe; it is bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. Its official language is Hungarian. Hungary joined the European Union (EU) in 2004. About 90% of the population of c. 10 million is ethnically Hungarian, with Roma comprising the largest minority population (6–8%). Currently classified as a middle-income country with a gross domestic product (GDP) of $191.7 billion (2007 figure), Hungary's total health spending accounted for 7.4% of GDP in 2007, less than the average of 8.9% among member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, 2009). The proportion of the total health budget for mental health is 5.1%, which is low when compared with, for instance, the UK (England and Wales 13.8%, Scotland 9.5%) (World Health Organization, 2008, p. 118, Fig. 8.1).

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Adolescent mothers’ utilisation of reproductive health services in the Gauteng province of the republic of South Africa

Curationis ◽

10.4102/curationis.v23i3.695 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

VJ Ehlers ◽

T Maja ◽

E Sellers ◽

M Gololo

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Reproductive Health ◽

Adolescent Mothers ◽

Termination Of Pregnancy ◽

World Health ◽

Reproductive Health Services ◽

Gauteng Province ◽

Emergency Contraceptive ◽

The Republic ◽

Health Organization

A financial grant was received from the World Health Organization (WHO) during 1998 to establish whether adolescent mothers (aged 19 or younger at the birth of their babies) utilized contraceptive, emergency contraceptive and termination of pregnancy (TOP) services in the Republic of South Africa (RSA). This report refers to data obtained from 111 questionnaires completed by dolescent mothers between January 2000 and May 2000 in the Gauteng Province; 61 in the Pretoria and 50 in the Garankuwa areas, and excluding the 12 completed questionnaires used foi pretesting the research instrument. The biographic data of the 111 adolescent mothers indicated that the minority were married, employed or earned sufficient income to care for themselves and their babies. However, the minority used contraceptives prior to conception, none used emergency contraceptives or termination of pregnancy (TOP) services. The minority attended ante-natal clinics five or more times during their pregnancies, and a negligible number indicated that they had ever been treated for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). These findings indicate that the 111 adolescent mothers in Gauteng who participated in this survey did not make optimum use of the available reproductive health (RH) care services. Education about sex, pregnancy and contraceptives should commence at the age of 10, but no later than the age of 12 as the majority of respondents did not have the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions about their futures. The accessibility of contraceptive, emergency contraceptive and TOP services for adolescents should be investigated in specific areas and attempts made to enhance such accessi- bility. This might necessitate offering these services over weeker| ds or during evenings when school girls could attend without fear of meeting their mothers, aunts or teachers at these clinics.

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Mental health in the Dominican Republic

International Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/s1749367600006172 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 12-14

Author(s):

Miguel R. Hernández ◽

Tresha Ann Gibbs ◽

Luisa Gautreaux-Subervi

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Dominican Republic ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Urban Areas ◽

World Health ◽

The Public ◽

Pan American ◽

The Caribbean ◽

The Republic ◽

Health Organization

The Dominican Republic is located in the Caribbean Sea and comprises three-quarters of the island Hispaniola, which it shares with Haiti. According to the 2002 census, approximately 8.5 million people live in the Republic, with 64% residing in urban areas (Oficina Nacional Estadística, n.d.). During 1990 and 2000, the Dominican Republic was a leader in economic development for Latin America and the Caribbean; however, this was not reflected in the areas of human and social development (Pan American Health Organization & World Health Organization, 2007). Less than 1 % of the health budget administered by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance (MISPAS) is allocated to mental health and the public system is generally underfunded (Pan American Health Organization & World Health Organization, 2008). However, there is an array of mental health services within the country when privately funded facilities are taken into account.

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Application of innovative standards of “green” construction in Tatarstan on the example of Kazan

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202127401001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 274 ◽

pp. 01001

Author(s):

Tatyana Zakirova

Keyword(s):

Urban Planning ◽

Environmental Control ◽

Theory And Practice ◽

World Health ◽

Regional Office ◽

New Business ◽

The Republic ◽

Health Organization ◽

Market Relations ◽

The City

The article discusses the prospects for the application of innovative technologies in the theory and practice of urban planning on the example of Kazan. Market relations in recent decades in our country have created a number of acute problems of modern urban planning – the curtailment of long-term planning, the reduction of environmental control in the city and its environs, etc. It is necessary to refer to the Healthy Cities initiative of the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. The first steps in this direction have already been taken in Kazan. This is a project of the new business center of the Republic of Tatarstan «Smart City Kazan» and the first «smart house» built on the territory of the Technopolis Himgrad. In Kazan, there are prerequisites for the introduction of ecourban design methods. These are vast water areas of the Volga and Kazanka rivers, the banks of which have not yet been fully developed. This is a large square in the city center, which was vacated after moving the airport outside the city limits. For Kazan, it will also be useful to replace the decorative glass false facades, often found on brick buildings after reconstruction, with vertical «solar walls» of air thermal technology.

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TREATMENT OF DIABETES, EDUCATION ON THE COMPLICATIONS FROM THE DISEASE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE HYGIENE-DYTHETIC REGIME

Knowledge International Journal ◽

10.35120/kij2802581p ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 581-589

Author(s):

Gordana Panova ◽

Georgi Shumanov ◽

Danijel Trajanovski

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Education ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

World Health ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

World Population ◽

Dietary Regimen ◽

Medication Therapy ◽

Republic Of Macedonia ◽

The Republic ◽

Health Organization

Introduction: Diabetes is a metabolic disease that has a chronic and aggressive nature, characterized by a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism due to decreased secretion of insulin from the pancreas, thereby increasing the blood sugar level - hyperglycemia. Symptoms that characterize this disease are: polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia.The World Health Organization defines diabetes as an elevated blood glucose level followed by symptoms, increased values during two measurements:Fast plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol / L (126 mg / dL) orPlasma Glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol / L (200 mg / dL), which is determined by an oral glucose tolerance test, which is measured two hours after the patient receives 75 g of glucose solution. (HbA1c) ≥6.5%Objectives: The goals of the work are to show the characteristics of the disease with an emphasis on the treatment of it, the importance of education and explanation for possible complications and hygiene dietary regimen with statistics of patients in the Republic of Macedonia in 2017Materials and Methods: Data from the Public Health Institute of the Republic of Macedonia for newly diagnosed diseased in 2017 have been used, explaining the importance of diabetes education to patients with diabetes.Results: The survey showed that, statistically, the number of cases increases after the fifth decade. Lifestyle and genetics play an important role.Conclusion: The disease itself is very specific and if it is not controlled it can contribute to several acute and chronic complications that further complicate the process of treatment of the same. With the educative approach of healthcare professionals towards all the people who deal with diabetes, with love, empathy and dedication, the problem that affects a large group of the entire world population will become a solved puzzle.The proper use of medication and non-medication therapy also plays a major role in the treatment of the disease. Proper physical activity, knowledge of the bread units and proper use of them, in line with good medication therapy, using the innovative methods in medicine, the disease can be controlled very easily.

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Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Gabon and the Republic of Congo

Weekly releases (1997–2007) ◽

10.2807/esw.06.01.01997-en ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

A C de Benoist

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

World Health ◽

Haemorrhagic Fever ◽

Republic Of Congo ◽

The World ◽

Republic Of The Congo ◽

The Republic ◽

Health Organization

As of 1 January, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported 32 cases of Ebola haemorrhagic fever, including 23 deaths, in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo (1). Fifteen cases have been laboratory confirmed, and 17 have been linked epidemiologically. Twenty of the cases were detected in Gabon and 12 in the neighbouring villages of the Republic of Congo. An additional seven suspected cases in Gabon and two suspected cases in the Republic of Congo are under investigation.

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Bayesian Spatial Modeling of Anemia among children under 5 years in Guinea

10.21203/rs.3.rs-131003/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Thierno Souleymane Barry ◽

Oscar Ngesa ◽

Nelson Owuor Onyango ◽

Henry Mwambi

Keyword(s):

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Older Children ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Control Programs ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽

Multiple Indicator ◽

Household Heads ◽

Children Under 5

Abstract Bacground: Anemia is a major public health problem in Africa with an increasing number of children under 5years getting infected. Guinea is one of the most affected countries. In 2018, the prevalence rate was 75% inchildren under 5 years. This study sought to identify the factors associated with anemia and to map spatialvariation of anemia across the eight (8) regions in Guinea for children under 5 years, which can provideguidance for control programs for the reduction of the disease.Methods: Data from the Guinea Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS5) 2016 was used for this study. Atotal of 2609 children under 5 years who had full covariate information were used in the analysis. Spatialbinomial logistic regression methodology was undertaken via Bayesian estimation based on Markov chainMonte Carlo (McMC) using WinBUGS software version 1.4. Results: Our findings revealed that 77% of children under 5 years in Guinea had anemia and the prevalence inthe regions ranged from 70.32% (Conakry) to 83.60% (N’Zerekore) across the country. After adjusting for nonspatial and spatial random effects in the model, older children (48–59 months) (OR: 0.47, CI [0.29 0.70]) were less likely to be anemic compared to those who are younger (0-11 months). Children whose mothers havecompleted secondary education or more had a reduced chance of anemia infection by 33% (OR: 0.67, CI [0.490.90]) and Children from household heads from Kissi ethnic group are less likely to have anemia than theircounterparts whose leader is from Soussou (OR: 0.48, CI [0.22 0.91]). Conclusion: The spatial analysis allowed the identification of high-risk areas as well as the identification ofsocio-economic and demographic factors associated with anemia among children under 5 years. Such ananalysis is important in helping policy makers and health practitioners in developing programs geared towardscontrol and management of anemia among children under 5 years in the country.

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The Importance of Adopting National Policy Papers on Dual Careers in the Field of Sport

Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala ◽

10.18662/rrem/16 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 45 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

LILIANA BUDEVICI PUIU

Keyword(s):

Social Inclusion ◽

Good Practice ◽

National Level ◽

National Policy ◽

World Health ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Sporting Events ◽

National Guidelines ◽

The Republic ◽

Health Organization

The relevance of physical education for sport to society is promoted by many states in order to achieve its social values, especially health, social inclusion, education and volunteering. For example, Liechtenstein regards sport as a cultural component in society, being perceived as being of public interest. The Czech Republic, Estonia and Hungary emphasize through reforms implemented in the field of education and sports, encouraging young people to watch and take part in sporting events and to be informed about sports regularly. The economic aspects of sport, especially the sustainable financing of sporting activities for all and the elaboration of policies based on concrete elements, can be considered as strategic objectives of the Republic of Moldova. In this context, the adoption of normative acts that will lead to the establishment of a framework of national guidelines on double careers will have the effect of regulating those concrete measures regarding the education, work, health and financial means of athletes. At the same time, ensuring the continuation of physical activity levels and national policies in this area, as well as continuously promoting the regular exchange of information and good practice on the role of physical activities to improve the health of the population, are also objectives that can be Implemented at national level in close synergy and cooperation with the World Health Organization (WHO).

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Health care in South Africa

Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine) ◽

10.33920/med-10-2003-09 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 70-75

Author(s):

Elena Frolova

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Health Care ◽

Organ Transplant ◽

Developed Countries ◽

World Health ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

The Rich ◽

The Republic ◽

The Government ◽

Health Organization

Every person who is at least somewhat familiar with the history of medicine knows the name of Christiaan Barnard, cardiac surgeon who performed the first successful heart transplant. This happened on December 3, 1967 at a hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. A man suffering from an incurable heart disease had a healthy organ transplant from a 25-yearold girl who died in a car accident. The patient lived for two weeks and died from complicated bilateral pneumonia, however, this case marked the beginning of a new era in transplantology giving hope of saving hundreds of patients. What do we know about health care of the Republic of South Africa, one of the most developed countries on the African continent? How much does the present situation allow the government to be classified as a world leader in healthcare? Unfortunately, according to the World Health Organization newsletter, South Africa at the present stage tops the sad ranking of countries by the number of HIV-infected and AIDS patients — about 7 million out of the 58 million people are infected with a dangerous virus. Unlike developed countries, where the main cause of death is pathology of the cardiovascular system, strokes and malignant neoplasms, three quarters of patients in the Republic of South Africa die due to infectious processes. Speaking about the heterogeneity of medicine, we were almost for the first time confronted with the fact that health services can be divided not only into health care for the «rich and poor», but also for the «white and black».

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