Linguists study language structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. i-iv
Author(s):  
Steven L. Thoms ◽  
Tom Bonviglio ◽  
Wayan Suryasa
Keyword(s):  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Scientific Field ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
The Individual

To study linguistics is to gain a greater understanding of a fundamental part of what it means to be human. Linguistics is a scientific field and an academic discipline that has both theoretical and practical applications. Linguists study language structure at several theoretical levels that range in size from tiny units of speech sounds to the context of an entire conversation. Students of linguistics often begin with a basic understanding of each level of language, then specialize in one or more levels or in a practical application of linguistics. The smallest units of language are studied in the field of phonetics, which concerns itself with the individual sounds produced while speaking. Phonology takes a look at those small units of sound together in the context of whole utterances, and searches for patterns in sound across a language or a whole group of languages.

Revising the International Phonetic Alphabet: A plan

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Ladefoged ◽  
Peter Roach
Keyword(s):  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
International Phonetic Alphabet ◽  
Know How ◽  
General Linguistics ◽  
University Course ◽  
Do So

The present set of symbols recommended by the International Phonetic Association had its origins nearly 100 years ago, shortly after the Association was founded in 1886. It was revised many times in its early years, but in the last 40 years there have been few changes. As a result, it is now time for the Association to turn to this matter again. But before we do so, we would like to make it clear that in our view the Association should be concerned with far more than the management of a set of symbols. Just as no university course in phonetics should limit itself to teaching students how to make phonetic transcriptions, so equally the Association is concerned with the whole science of phonetics. Phoneticians are not just people who can hear and produce a great variety of speech sounds. They are scholars who have studied the entire process of speech production and perception. They know how speech sounds form the medium of spoken language, and they continually relate their work to other fields such as general linguistics. They also know something about the practical applications of their work, ranging from pronunciation teaching to automatic speech recognition. Phonetics is an academic discipline, and the International Phonetic Association is the organization of the group of scholars who are enaged in that discipline.

scholarly journals Evaluating Digitization Projects in Retail: Presentation of the CIES Model and Call for Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
Atilla Wohllebe
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
German Original ◽  
Stationary Retail ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Oriented Research

Stationary retail is increasingly under pressure. Digitization continues to advance rapidly and allows retailers numerous opportunities for innovation. Accordingly, the evaluation and prioritization of digitization projects is a challenge. This paper presents the CIES Model (German original: "KIEN" Model), which was created by Deckert and Wohllebe (2021) for the description of digitization projects. The acronym CIES stands for Customer Benefit, Implementation, Efficiency and Sustainability. According to the inventors of the model, a consideration of these four aspects allows a comprehensive evaluation of digitization projects. The individual aspects are broken down into sub-aspects. Possibilities for practical application are outlined. In addition, there is a call to apply the model in practice-oriented research and to report on the results in research papers.

scholarly journals Intellectual Dimensions of Madīnian Polity and its Implication for Islamic Governance: Lessons from the Early History of Islam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senad Mrahorović
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Specific Kind ◽  
The Core ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
History Of ◽  
Islamic Faith ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Unity Of God

The very first verse revealed to the Prophet of Islam ﷺ, namely ﴾ Read in the name of your Lord ﴿ implied the concept of knowledge that corresponds with the intellectual attestation of the first article of Islamic faith, that is, the belief in the unity of God, which for its part requires a specific kind of knowledge related to the Divine. With the same token, the Revelation continued to provide the Prophet ﷺ with the intellectual and spiritual insights that he ﷺ perfectly transformed into the nucleus based on which the first Islamic state known as the Madīnian polity was firmly established. Hence, in this paper, the analysis will cover the intellectual dimensions of the Madīnian polity portrayed here in three essential aspects: the revelation as the principal source of knowledge, the affirmation as the intellectual and practical application of knowledge, and the manifestation as the individual and communal reflection of knowledge. I will argue that the said aspects as they were displayed in the Madīnian polity are the core factors that underpin the Islamic governance as such.

scholarly journals UNPREPARED READING AS A TYPE OF SPONTANEOUS SPEECH (on Signs of Spontaneity in Reading in a Non-Native Language)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-46
Author(s):  
Сhunxia Kong ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Native Language ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Speech Corpus ◽  
Integral Characteristics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Whole Word

The article discusses unprepared reading in a non-native language and shows it to have all the signs of spontaneity that are traditionally considered integral characteristics of any spontaneous speech: hesitation pauses, both physical (ɭ) and filled with non-speech sounds (uh, m-m), word breaks, reading the whole word or part of it by syllables, vocalization of a consonant, and so forth. The material for the analysis included 40 monologues of reading the story by M. Zoshchenko Fantasy Shirt and a non-plot excerpt from V. Korolenko’s story The Blind Musician recorded from 20 Chinese informants. All the monologues are included in the block of Russian interfering speech of the Chinese as part of the monologic speech corpus Ba­lanced Annotated Text Library. As the analysis showed, it is more often that there is not one sign of spontaneity but a whole complex of such signs, and together they fill hesitation pauses, help the speaker to control the quality of speech or correct what was said, etc. In addition, the occurrence of various signs of spontaneity in the course of unprepared reading is closely related to the individual characteristics of the speaker/reader. In general, we have found that there are more signs of spontaneity in the speech of men (3,244 cases; 40.7 %) than in the speech of women (2,049; 27.7 %), in the speech of informants with a lower level of proficiency in Russian B2 (2,993; 37.9 %) than in the speech of informants with a higher level C1 (2,300; 30.8 %), in the speech of extroverts (1,521; 38 %) than in the speech of ambiverts (1,694; 35,2 %) and introverts (2,078; 31,7 %). As to the type of the source text, there turned out to be more signs of spontaneity in monologues of reading a plot text than in monologues of reading a non-plot text (3,031; 40.3 vs 2,283; 31 %). The paper concludes that reading should be recognized as a spontaneous type of speech activity.

scholarly journals Combining Cultural Anthropology and Gerontology

GeroPsych ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamaria Depner
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
And Migration

Abstract. One of the central objectives of gerontology is to provide categories and criteria for practical application. In contrast, cultural anthropology describes and interprets processes observed in various practical contexts but does not aim to create practical applications. For concepts such as “culture,” this discrepancy in goals might be the source of misunderstandings and even conflicting definitions. Bringing together the perspectives of both disciplines on culture, this paper illustrates the pitfalls of an understanding of culture grounded in geographical origins. It focuses on the situation in Germany and thereby addresses a universal problem using certain conceptions of culture in the context of aging and migration. In conclusion, it presents alternative approaches, while also addressing methodological issues.

scholarly journals The potential for ambulation by severely handicapped cerebral palsy patients

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Stallard ◽  
R. E. Major ◽  
S. E. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Severely Handicapped

Whereas walking for paraplegic patients is now a routine clinical option, ambulation for heavily handicapped cerebral palsy patients is less well established. There are good reasons for supposing that therapeutic benefits similar to that achieved with paraplegic patients are possible for this group. However, the biomechanical problems which must be overcome are different and in many ways more difficult to address. The most important factors are identified as appropriate truncal support, control of abduction/adduction, rotation and flexion range at the hip, and of knee flexion. A means of applying these controls is described as being a combination of a walking frame and orthosis. The special walking frame provides adjustable support at thoracic, abdominal and sacral levels and incorporates castor steering and upper limb support. Controls on lower limb movements are applied through a special orthosis which has a readily available variation of specification to accommodate the wide range of conditions met in cerebral palsy. Practical application of a prototype system has shown that it can enable patients to walk unaided. However, in most cases it was used indoors only. Evaluation of the experience in applying the system has enabled the fundamental principles to permit more practical applications to be defined.

Motor Development: A Perspective on the Past, the Present, and the Future

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jane E. Clark ◽  
Jill Whitall
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Scientific Field ◽  
Grand Challenges ◽  
Scientific Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Area Of Study

In 1981, George Brooks provided a review of the academic discipline of physical education and its emerging subdisciplines. Forty years later, the authors review how the field has changed from the perspective of one subdiscipline, motor development. Brooks’s text sets the scene with four chapters on motor development from leaders in the field, including G. Lawrence Rarick, to whom the book is dedicated. From this beginning, the paper describes the evolving scientific perspectives that have emerged since 1981. Clearly, from its past to the present, motor development as a scientific field has itself developed into a robust and important scientific area of study. The paper ends with a discussion of the grand challenges for kinesiology and motor development in the next 40 years.

The Birth of ECD: An Invention Factory (1965–1979)

2018 ◽  
pp. 123-146
Author(s):  
Lillian Hoddeson ◽  
Peter Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Phase Change Memory ◽  
Optical Memory ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Scientific Field ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Materials Research ◽  
Energy Conversion Devices ◽  
Development Laboratory ◽  
Change Memory

With new resources gained from licensing Ovshinsky’s discoveries, his company, renamed Energy Conversion Devices (ECD), expanded into an ambitious research and development laboratory. Its growing staff of highly trained scientists pursued both theoretical explanations and practical applications of the Ovshinsky effect, in the process helping to open the vast scientific field of materials research. Their first success was the optical phase-change memory that became the basis of rewritable CDs and DVDs. The new companies that ECD established circa 1970 to commercialize instant imaging and optical memory systems based on Ovshinsky’s new “Ovonic” proprietary materials did not succeed, however, and ECD struggled to survive. Its fortunes dramatically improved a decade later when its new photovoltaic program, aimed at developing and producing thin-film amorphous silicon solar cells in large quantities attracted major funding from the prominent oil corporation Atlantic Richfield (ARCO).

Applying Andragogical Concepts in Creating a Sustainable Lifelong Learning Society

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-51
Author(s):  
Suwithida Charungkaittikul ◽  
John A. Henschke
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Learning Society ◽  
Facilitating Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future

Today, the world is changing, re-establishing the role of education to have a developed society. This article aims to explore the practical application of Andragogy as a key element for creating a sustainable lifelong learning society, to propose strategies for developing a lifelong learning society using andragogical concepts, to enhance ‘andragogy' as a scientific academic discipline and to expand on the horizon of andragogical assumptions and processes put forth by Malcolm Knowles. The literature on andragogy demonstrates the need to consider the future of andragogy, which may strengthen the theory and allow for the assumptions and processes to further guide this aspect of adult education. While the journey towards a lifelong learning society will continue to evolve, the lessons learned may help to identify key facilitating factors as well as pitfalls to be avoided in formulating more comprehensive lifelong learning society development strategies in the future.

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