In Vitro Test on the Effectiveness of Citrus limon and Allium sativum as Pediculicides

Excessive usage of synthetic pediculicides, such as permethrin, lindane, and malathion, can induce resistance, environmental pollution, health problems, and even death. Efforts to prevent the side-effects of synthetic pediculicides are needed, one of which is by shifting to powerful yet safe natural pediculicides, such as Citrus limon (lemon) and Allium sativum (garlic). This study aimed to observe the effective concentration of Citrus limon and Allium sativum in vitro on the mortality of Pediculus humanus capitis (P. h. capitis). This research was an experimental laboratory study conducted in July to September 2019 in the Laboratory of Parasitology at Faculty of Medicine, University of Riau, while the making of Allium sativum extract was done at the Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Riau. A total of 288 samples of adult P. h. capitis was taken from children in two orphanages in Pekanbaru. Citrus limon juice and Allium sativum extract of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations, permethrin 1% as the positive control, and distilled water as the negative control were used in this study, and repetition was done three times. P. h. capitis mortality was observed every 10 - 120 minutes, characterized by the absence of movement of the legs and antenna. Data analysis was performed after 120 minutes with the one-way ANOVA test, LSD (=0.05), and Lethal Concentration 50 test (LC50). The one-way ANOVA test results of this study showed that statistically Citrus limon juice and Allium sativum extracts showed differences in each treatment formulation of juice on P. h. capitis mortality (Sig 0.017<0.05 and Sig 0.000<0.05) and LC50 juice of Citrus limon and Allium sativum extract by 51.999% and 72.426%. In this study, Citrus limon juice and Allium sativum extract had effect as pediculicides.

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COMPARING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ASSAY FORMULATION FROM VARIOUS TRADITIONAL PLANTS AS PEDICULICIDE AGAINST Pediculus humanus capitis

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community ◽

10.24071/jpsc.002088 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Desy Rosalina Sari ◽

Iman Surya Pratama ◽

Galuh Tresnani

Keyword(s):

Coconut Oil ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Pediculosis Capitis ◽

Vitro Assay ◽

Pediculus Humanus ◽

High Incidence ◽

Michelia Champaca ◽

One Way Anova

Pediculosis capitis is an infection with a fairly high incidence in children. Plants that contain eugenol, as frangipani (Michelia champaca L.), ceylon ironwood (Mesua ferrea L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii), and sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) have potential as an alternative pediculicide. This study aimed to compare the effect of traditional formulation of each plant with in vitro assay. The effectiveness of in vitro pediculicide was assessed from the post- immersion mortality time of the traditional formulation, permethrin 1% as the positive control and coconut oil as the negative control. The mechanism was observed using histopathological observation. The percentage of mortality time of lice was analyzed using One-Way ANOVA of SPSS 16. Histopathological aspects and infestation decrease were presented descriptively. This study took place for about 3 months and was conducted in Mataram University, West Nusa Tenggara. The results showed that frangipani leaves had the optimum pediculicide effect because the highest efficacy demonstrated by frangipani leaves formulation revealed the effect lower than permethrin 1% (LT: 350 minutes). In observation of histopathology, frangipani leaves formulation indicated the presence of anoxia similar to permethrin 1%.

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Aktivitas Antifungi Air Perasan Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) Terhadap Candida albicans Secara In Vitro

Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran ◽

10.26891/jik.v9i2.2015.71-77 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Nurhasanah Nurhasanah ◽

Fauzia Andrini ◽

Yulis Hamidy

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Allium Sativum ◽

Fungicidal Activity ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Completely Randomized Design

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) has been known as traditional medicine. Shallot which has same genus with garlic(Allium sativum L.) contains allicin that is also found in garlic and has been suspected has fungicidal activity toCandida albicans. It is supported by several researches. Therefore, shallot is suspected has antifungal activity too.The aim of this research was to know antifungal activity of shallot’s water extortion againsts Candida albicans invitro. This was a laboratory experimental research which used completely randomized design, with diffusion method.Shallot’s water extortion was devided into three concentrations, there were 50%, 100% and 200%. Ketoconazole 2%was positive control and aquadest was negative control. The result of this research based on analysis of varians(Anova), there was significant difference between several treatments and was confirmed with Duncan New MultipleRange Test (DNMRT) p<0,05, there was significant difference between 100% shallot’s water extortion with othertreatments, but there was no significant difference between 50% shallot’s water extortion with 200% shallot’s. Theconclusion was shallot’s water extortion had antifungal activity againsts Candida albicans with the best concentration100%, but it was lower than ketoconazole 2%.

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The antifungal effect of roselle calyx extract on Trichophyton rubrum growth in vitro

Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry ◽

10.13057/biofar/f100103 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 17-22

Author(s):

SITA AULIA SARI ◽

RUBEN DHARMAWAN ◽

PARAMASARI DIRGAHAYU

Keyword(s):

Trichophyton Rubrum ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Antifungal Effect ◽

Inhibition Effect ◽

Extract Concentration ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Object Of Study ◽

One Way Anova

Sari SA, Dharmawan R, Dirgahayu P. 2012. The antifungal effect of roselle calyx extract on Trichophyton rubrum growth in vitro. Biofarmasi 10: 17-22. Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection on skin that one of them caused by Trichophyton rubrum. Dermatophytosis treatment by using chemical drugs has many shortcomings, such as a high cost and a drug resistance. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyx content was flavonoid, which have an antifungal effect. Flavonoids on roselle calyx include anthocyanin, gossypeptin (hexahydroxyflavone) 3-glucoside, flavonol glucoside hibiscritin, flavonoid gossypeptin, delphinidine 3-monoglucoside, cyanidin 3-monoglucoside. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of roselle calyx on Trichophyton rubrum growth in vitro. The study was performed as an experimental laboratory. The object of study was T. rubrum. The sample of T. rubrum colonies in this study was taken by a random sampling. The study used T. rubrum colonies on seven Sabouraud Dextrose Agar plates. Each plate had four holes. Each hole was filled by aquadest as a negative control, fluconazole 25 Âµg/mL as a positive control, and various roselle calyx extract concentrations (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%). The plates were incubated in an incubator with a temperature of 25oC for 7 days and measured for the diameter of roselle calyx extract inhibition effect. The data were collected and analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Least Significance Difference (LSD) tests on SPSS 16.0 for Windows. The result of One-way ANOVA test showed that there was a difference of inhibition diameter mean among all of the various roselle calyx extract concentration groups (p<0.05). The diameter of roselle calyx extract inhibition effect increased for each concentration up to 50%. The inhibition diameter of positive control compared to 20% roselle calyx extract concentration had no a significant difference. The study was concluded that roselle calyx extract has an antifungal effect to T. rubrum growth in vitro.

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Combination of garlic - shatterstone herb powder to control Streptococcus agalactiae infection in tilapia

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.14.79-89 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 79

Author(s):

Ririn Nurul Fauziah ◽

Dinamella Wahjuningrum ◽

, Sukenda ◽

, Ranta

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽

Allium Sativum ◽

Positive Control ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Negative Control ◽

Fish Pathogen ◽

Phyllanthus Niruri

ABSTRACT This study was aimed at determining potential of combination powder of garlic Allium sativum-shatterstone herb Phyllanthus niruri supplemented in feed against S. agalactiae infection in tilapia. Four concentrations of combination powder of A. sativum-P. Niruri; 20+5, 20+10, 20+15 and 20+20 ppt respectively were investigated for their ability to inhibit bacterial fish pathogen. Combination dose of 20+15 ppt produced the highest inhibitory zones in in vitro test. In vivo test consisted of three treatments with three replications, namely positive control (K+), negative control (K-) and the treatment of A. sativum-P. niruri suplemented in feed (BM). The test perfomed on tilapia with weight of 10.33 ± 1.63 g and were reared at density of 10 ind/aquarium. The fish was fed for 14 days, then injected intraperitoneally with 0.1 mL S. agalactiae at concentration of 105 cfu/mL for positive control and BM groups. Survival, growth rate, feed response, hematological and water quality parameters were observed for 10 days. This study showed that the suplemented-feed-fish (BM) showed better growth rate, feed response, and survival (83.3%) than positive control (36.7%) at P<0.05. In addition, A. sativum-P. niruri suplemented in feed was also able to enhance the immune response by increasing phagocytic activity. Keywords: Streptococcus agalactiae, phytopharmacy, Allium sativum-Phyllanthus niruri, tilapia ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi campuran tepung bawang putih Allium sativum-meniran Phyllanthus niruri dalam pakan terhadap pencegahan infeksi bakteri S. agalactiae pada ikan nila. Empat konsentrasi campuran tepung bawang putih-meniran yaitu 20+5 ppt, 20+10 ppt, 20+15 ppt dan 20+20 ppt masing-masing diuji kemampuannya dalam menghambat bakteri patogen pada ikan. Campuran dosis 20+15 ppt menghasilkan zona hambat terbaik dalam uji in vitro. Uji in vivo terdiri atas tiga perlakuan dengan tiga ulangan yaitu kontrol positif, kontrol negatif, dan perlakuan pakan yang mengandung bawang putih-meniran (BM). Uji ini dilakukan pada ikan nila berbobot 10,33±1,63 g yang dipelihara di akuarium dengan kepadatan 10 ekor/akuarium. Ikan diberi pakan perlakuan selama 14 hari kemudian diinjeksi secara intraperitoneal dengan bakteri S. agalactiae sebanyak 0,1 mL dengan kepadatan 105 cfu/mL pada perlakuan kontrol positif dan perlakuan BM. Parameter kelangsungan hidup, laju pertumbuhan, respons pakan, parameter hematologi, dan kualitas air diamati selama sepuluh hari. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian BM dalam pakan memberikan laju pertumbuhan, respons pakan, dan sintasan (83,3%) yang lebih baik daripada kontrol positif (36,7%) pada P<0,05. Pakan yang mengandung campuran bawang putih-meniran ini juga mampu meningkatkan respons imun dengan adanya peningkatan aktivitas fagositosis. Kata kunci: Streptococcus agalactiae, fitofarmaka, Allium sativum-Phyllanthus niruri, ikan nila

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PEMANFAATAN EKSTRAK BUNGA KECOMBRANG (Etlingera elatior jack R.M.sm) SEBAGAI LARVASIDA NYAMUK (Culex quinquifasciatus Say)

VITEK : Bidang Kedokteran Hewan ◽

10.30742/jv.v10i0.45 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 44-49

Author(s):

Indra Rahmawati ◽

Bagus Uda Palgunadi ◽

Lailia Dwi Kusuma Wardhani ◽

Ni Made Dewi Lestari

Keyword(s):

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Mosquito Larvae ◽

Test Results ◽

Experimental Animals ◽

Flower Extract ◽

The One ◽

One Way Anova ◽

Etlingera Elatior

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of kecombrang flower extract (Etlingera elatior jack R.M.sm) on the death of Culex quenquefasciatus Say larvae. Experimental animals used were Culex quenquefasciatus Say larvae, amounting to 625 tails. The design used was a randomized complete design with 5 treatments and 5 replications. The five treatments consisted of two test groups, namely the treatment group consisting of concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and the control group consisting of positive control namely abate and negative control namely aquades. Observation of mosquito larvae death was done every 2 hours for 12 hours. The data obtained were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test and continued with the Duncan test. Based on the results of the one way ANOVA calculation the value of sig.0.00 <0.05 means that there are significant differences between treatments. Duncan test results on the treatment of 10% and 15% kecombrang flower extract have the ability as a larvicide high and equal to positive control (abate). Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the extract of kecombrang flower (Etlingera elatior jack R.M.sm) had the ability to larvae against the Culex quenquefasciatus Say mosquito.

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Effect extract of Ipomoea pes-caprae leaf as anti-inflammatory non immunological in rat Rattus norvegicus

Aceh Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.13170/ajas.4.1.12718 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 11-17

Author(s):

Safrida Safrida ◽

Hasanuddin Hasanuddin ◽

Nurul A. Agusdinianti

Keyword(s):

Diclofenac Sodium ◽

Control Variable ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Test Results ◽

Anova Test ◽

Drug Candidates ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

One Way Anova

Ipomoea pes-caprae is one of the plants in Indonesia that has the potential as a traditional herbal medicine to treat inflammation. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of I. pes-capraeleaf extract as anti-inflammatory in edema rats induced by 5% egg white solution. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisted of 5 treatments, each consisted of 5 rats.The treatment consisted of KN = negative control, KP = positive control, giving of 25 mg diclofenac sodium, K 100 = giving 100 mg kg-1body weight (BW) of I. pes-capraeleaf extract , K300 = 300 mg kg-1BW of I. pes-capraeleaf extract, and K500 = 500 mg kg-1BW of I. pes-capraeleaf extract. The anti-inflammatory data obtained were tested statistically with a one-way ANOVA test at 99% confidence level and followed by Duncan's test. The ANOVA test results showed that the giving ofI. pes-capraeleaf extract had a very significant effect (p 0.01) on the percentage of inflammatory, obtained Fcount Ftable, 21.46 4.79 at the level of α = 0.01. The treatment of I. pes-capraeleaf extract of 500 mg kg-1BW had the effect of decreasing the volume of edema with the positive control variable using diclofenac sodium 25 mg. It is concluded that I. pes-capraeleaf extract can be used as an anti-inflammatory by decreasing rat feet edema volume. I. pes-capraeleaf extract has a prospect for non-immunological inflammatory natural drug candidates.

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In Vitro Study on Protoscolicidal Effect of Methanolic Extract of Allium hirtifolium on Protoscoleces of Cystic Echinococcosis

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871526518666180509130838 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 264-268

Author(s):

Z. Shahamir Tabatabaei ◽

S. Dehshahri ◽

M.M. Taghi ◽

F. Esfandiari ◽

F.S. Sadjjadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cystic Echinococcosis ◽

Allium Sativum ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Cyst Formation ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Cyst Rupture ◽

Allium Hirtifolium

Background: Cystic echinococcosis/ hydatidosis is one of the most important parasitic zoonoses worldwide. Usually, surgery is used for the treatment of active cysts. Due to the risk of cyst rupture during surgery, a protoscolicidal agent is usually injected into the cyst before surgery to prevent secondary cyst formation in case of cyst rupture. Due to the side effects of chemical protoscolicidal agents attempts have been focused on herbal medicine. In this regard, Allium sativum has already been used; however, the protoscolicidal effect of Allium hirtifolium from Allium family has not been investigated, so far. Objective: The present study was conducted in order to assess the protoscolicidal effect of methanolic extract of Allium hirtifolium in different concentrations, temperature and exposure times. Cetrimide as a positive control and DMSO as a negative control were also used in this study. Methods: The viability of protoscoleces was determined by 0.1% eosin staining method. Results: The protoscolicidal effect of Allium hirtifolium on protoscoleces was as follows: The mean percent and standard deviation (SD) of protoscolicidal activity of 50 mg/ml concentration of Allium hirtifolium extract in room temperature at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes of exposure was 5.88±2.39, 8.59±4.54, 11.82±5.81, 12.31±6.16and 16.96±8.42 respectively; while at 37°C it was 9.10±5.01, 11.52±7.36, 18.64±4.36, 27.07±6.57 and 38.15±12.80, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, although Allium hirtifolium from Allium family is similar to Allium sativum; the protoscolicidal effect of its methanolic extract is not similar and less than A. sativum extract.

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Control of Alternaria alternata Using Melaleuca Essential Oil (Melaleuca alternifolia)

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2019/v40i330364 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Flávia Mota de Figuerêdo Alves ◽

Kevison Romulo da Silva França ◽

Ionaly Gomes de Araújo ◽

Lídia Pinheiro da Nóbrega ◽

Alda Leaby dos Santos Xavier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Alternaria Alternata ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Growth Speed ◽

In Vitro Test

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the fungitoxic potential of melaleuca essential oil on the mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata under in vitro condition and the treatment of cowpea beans. Study Design: The experiments comprised completely randomized designs: Eleven treatments with five replicates on in vitro test; and six treatments with five replicates on in vivo test. Place and Duration of Study: The work was carried out at the Center for Agrifood Science and Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal, Brazil, since February 2018 to February 2019. Methodology: In the in vitro experiment, the essential oil was incorporated into the culture medium and poured into Petri dishes. The treatments consisted of different concentrations of the essential oil (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0%), a negative control (0.0%), and a positive control (Thiram). Discs of culture medium with fungal mycelia were inoculated in the center of the plates and incubated for seven days at 27±2ºC. The percentage of mycelial growth inhibition (PGI) and the index of mycelial growth speed (IMGS) was calculated to verify the difference between treatments. In the in vivo experiment, the bean seeds were treated with different concentrations of EO (0.0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0%), a negative control (0.0%), and positive control (Thiram). Seeds were inoculated with colonies of the fungus for 48 hours, and after that, we performed the seed sanity test. Results: Under in vitro conditions, all concentrations of melaleuca essential oil reduced the mycelial growth of A. alternata. The oil reached complete inhibition of fungal growth from 0.2% concentration and above. In the cowpea treatment, the essential oil had no significant control over the percentage of infected seeds. Conclusion: The melaleuca essential oil had a fungitoxic effect on the A. alternata under in vitro conditions. However, using the adopted methodology, on the cowpea bean seed treatment, the essential oil did not reduce the incidence of A. alternata.

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UJI EFEKTIVITAS MUKOLITIK EKSTRAK UMBI BAWANG DAYAK (Eleuherine bulbosa (Mill) Urb) SECARA IN VITRO PADA USUS SAPI

Journal Syifa Sciences and Clinical Research ◽

10.37311/jsscr.v3i2.7041 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 71-77

Author(s):

Zulmai Rani ◽

Robiatun Rambe

Keyword(s):

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Test Solution ◽

Equivalent Effect ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The One ◽

Tuber Extract ◽

Better Than ◽

Positive Controls

Dayak Onions are a typical Borneo plant that have been used by generations of Dayaks as herbal medicine. Empirically, tubers can be used as cough medicines. The purpose of this study was to determine the mucolytic effect of Dayak onion tuber extract by in vitro and the concentration range which gaves an equivalent effect with the effect of 0.1% acetylcysteine. This study conducted extraction using maceration and mucolytic effectiveness by in vitro to reduce the viscosity of cattle mucus. The test solution was made with a concentration of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% mixed with a mucus-phosphate buffer pH 7 20:80. The test solution was incubated for 30 minutes at 37oC. Further, positive control used was 0.1% acetylcysteine drug and the negative control was mucus solution without extract. Viscosity values obtained were analyzed using the One-way Anova statistical test with a confidence level of 99% (α 0.01). Based on the results, it was revealed that the extract of Dayak tuber with a concentration of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% showed a significant difference and a concentration of 0.5%. Mucolytic effectiveness was better than positive controls (acetylcysteine).

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EFEKTIVITAS ANALGETIK KRIM TIPE M/A EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN RANDU (Ceibapentandra (L) Gaertn) PADA HEWAN UJI MENCIT JANTAN

Oceana Biomedicina Journal ◽

10.30649/obj.v5i1.63 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 77-92

Author(s):

Setya Enti Rikomah ◽

Devi Novia ◽

Muhammad Fadhly

Keyword(s):

White Male ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Plant Leaves ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Ceiba Pentandra ◽

The One ◽

One Way Anova ◽

Better Than

Randu plant leaves (Ceiba pentandra (L) Gaertn) are commonly used in traditional medicine, one of which is an analgesic with secondary metabolites which are thought to be analgesics, namely flavonoids. The purpose of this study was to determine the analgesic effectiveness of the ethanol extract cream of randu leaves (Ceiba pentandra (L) Gaertn) in white male mice (Mus musculus). The research on the analgesic effectiveness of the ethanol extract cream of randum leaves used the hot plate method and used male white mice as the experimental animal media. The soles of the hind legs of the mice were heated over hot plated with a temperature of 550C then the test animals were given the treatment which was divided into 5 treatment groups, namely positive control (Conterpain cream), negative control (F0), F1 (10%), F2 (15%), F3 (20%) and 1 normal group. The response of mice was calculated every 30 minutes in 120 minutes. The data obtained were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA statistical test followed by the Duncan test with a confidence level of 99%. The results of the one-way ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences between treatment groups (0.00 <0.05). The results of the Duncan test showed that the group that provided the best analgesic effectiveness was F2 (15%) but not better than Positive Control.

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