NEURODEGENERATION AS AN EARLY SIGN OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

Diabetic retinopathy is major cause of visual impairment and blindness in diabetic patients worldwide. The concept of diabetic retinopathy as vascular disease has established into not only microvascular complication but also neurodegeneration problems. Neurodegeneration plays an important role in pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. In fact, neuroretinal changes in diabetes can take place even before vasculopathy can be clinically detected. This condition is marked by accelerated loss of neurons due to apoptosis, particularly in the inner retinal layer. The characteristic of neurodegeneration can be detected through retinal imaging and electrodiagnostics. This review is very crucial, because identifying the pathophysiology of diabetic neurodegeneration better, we may be able to provide interventions using the appropriate therapy. We may also be able to utilize these diagnostic tools for early detections of diabetic retinopathy, thus preventing blindness due to diabetes.

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Circulating Biomarkers of Diabetic Retinopathy: An Overview Based on Physiopathology

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2016/5263798 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Olga Simó-Servat ◽

Rafael Simó ◽

Cristina Hernández

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Therapeutic Strategy ◽

New Drugs ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Circulating Biomarkers ◽

Pharmacological Treatments ◽

Early Stages ◽

Working Age ◽

Advanced Stages

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the main cause of working-age adult-onset blindness. The currently available treatments for DR are applicable only at advanced stages of the disease and are associated with significant adverse effects. In early stages of DR the only therapeutic strategy that physicians can offer is a tight control of the risk factors for DR. Therefore, new pharmacological treatments for these early stages of the disease are required. In order to develop therapeutic strategies for early stages of DR new diagnostic tools are urgently needed. In this regard, circulating biomarkers could be useful to detect early disease, to identify those diabetic patients most prone to progressive worsening who ought to be followed up more often and who could obtain the most benefit from these therapies, and to monitor the effectiveness of new drugs for DR before more advanced DR stages have been reached. Research of biomarkers for DR has been mainly based on the pathogenic mechanism involved in the development of DR (i.e., AGEs, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and proangiogenic factors). This review focuses on circulating biomarkers at both early and advanced stages that could be relevant for the prediction or detection of DR.

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Selective Loss of Inner Retinal Layer Thickness in Type 1 Diabetic Patients with Minimal Diabetic Retinopathy

Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science ◽

10.1167/iovs.08-3143 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 50 (7) ◽

pp. 3404 ◽

Cited By ~ 174

Author(s):

Hille W. van Dijk ◽

Pauline H. B. Kok ◽

Mona Garvin ◽

Milan Sonka ◽

J. Hans DeVries ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Selective Loss ◽

Type 1 Diabetic Patients

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Automatic Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Support Vector Machine

Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience ◽

10.1166/jctn.2020.9456 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (12) ◽

pp. 5582-5589

Author(s):

P. L. Meenal ◽

P. Sheela Gowr ◽

A. Sajeev Ram ◽

A. R. Rajini ◽

B. Ebenezer Abishek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Human Vision ◽

Automated System ◽

Support Vector ◽

Svm Classifier ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Fundus Images ◽

Third Phase ◽

Fcm Clustering

Excess amount of insulin in human blood might affect the retina in eyes and cause abnormalities in human vision, which is generally termed as Diabetic Retinopathy (DR). Many diabetic patients are often saved by the earlier diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy. The surface of retinal layer that has the earlier signs of Diabetic Retinopathy. This type of abnormalities are detected using traditional image processing methods which includes stages such as capturing fundus images, preprocessing, feature extraction and finally classification is performed to classify it as retinal and healthy images. (The proposed system, this detection is completed by Fuzzy-C Means (FCM) clustering). The proposed automated system consists of four phases which includes, preprocessing of the captured fundus images in which the image is resized and the second stage involves CLAHE. Images has to enhanced in order to boost up the features for which Contrast adjustment is performed in the third phase and before classification the grey and green channels of the images are extracted from the processed images. This detection process provides better results than the prevailing method. SVM classifier has been used in the proposed framework which classified the malady level of diabetic retinopathy in eye. The proposed system manages to provide better classification rates compared to the previous methodologies. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the developed automated system was found to be 94.4%, 100% and 85.7%, which was promising than the compared methods.

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Ocular morbidity among diabetics attending the preventive ophthalmic clinic of a tertiary care institute with special reference to diabetic retinopathy

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20194299 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 3722

Author(s):

Anjum B. Fazili ◽

Rohul J. Shah ◽

Mohd D. Mir ◽

Asif Jasmine ◽

Feroz A. Wani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Care Institute ◽

Life Threatening ◽

One Year

Background: Non communicable diseases have taken over previously life threatening infections in the demographic transition. As the burden of NCDs including diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate the complications related to these diseases are also increasing leading to huge morbidity. Likewise, blindness/ visual impairment due to diabetic retinopathy is now slowly and steadily replacing refractive errors and cataracts as a cause of morbidity.Methods: This cross sectional study was carried over a period of one year in an ophthalmic unit of a tertiary health care institute in which known diabetic patients were screened for diabetic retinopathy besides various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors.Results: Overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in our study population was found to be 29.0%. Among various risk factors duration of diabetes, hypertension, HbA1C >6.5% and serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dl were found to be significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy.Conclusion: Regular screening for diabetic retinopathy besides prevention and strict control of risk factors is key to prevention and progression of blindness/ visual impairment due to diabetic retinopathy.

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The impact of diabetes on visual acuity in Ethiopia, 2021

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0256145 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. e0256145

Author(s):

Mulu Tiruneh Asemu ◽

Mengesha Assefa Ahunie

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Ischemic Optic Neuropathy ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Right ◽

The University ◽

The Impact

Background Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Glaucoma is the ocular complication of diabetic illness. In addition to this, retinopathy, maculopathy, ischemic optic neuropathy, extra-ocular muscle palsy, iridocyclitis, and rubeosis iridis were other complications. This study aims to determine the impact of diabetes on visual impairment and blindness among diabetic patients in Ethiopia. Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional study includes 401 samples of diabetic patients in the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from January 2017 to January 2019. The multinomial logistic regression model was employed to identify significant differences among the factor variables. Results The magnitude of blindness was 32.17%, and the burden of severe visual impairment was 12.46%. Of the total patients, 120(29.9%) were have diabetic retinopathy of whom, 113(94.2%) were blind either in the right, left, or both eyes and 3 (2.5%) had severe visual impairment. One hundred twenty-six (31.42%) patients developed diabetic maculopathy of whom, 117 (92.85%) were blind either in the right or left eye, and one (0.8%) had severe visual impairment. From the whole diabetic patients, the magnitude of glaucoma was 186(46.38%), and from the patients who developed glaucoma was blind visual impairment 127(68.27%) either in the right or left eye. Thirty-eight (20.34%) had severe visual impairment. Glaucoma was significantly associated with severe visual impairment and blindness (p<0.001). Glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, maculopathy, and type of diabetes are factors for visual impairment. Conclusion We found that visual impairment in the category of severe and blindness are frequent in Ethiopian diabetic patients. Glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, maculopathy are the main predictive factors that determine the occurrence of blindness.

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FAKTOR PREDIKTOR GANGGUAN PENGLIHATAN BERAT DAN KEBUTAAN PADA PENDERITA DIABETES DI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat ◽

10.22146/bkm.26334 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (12) ◽

pp. 573

Author(s):

Rimawati Aulia Insani Sadarang ◽

Hari Kusnanto ◽

Mohammad Bayu Sasongko

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Eye Diseases ◽

Diabetes Duration ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Modification Effect ◽

Simple Logistic

Predictors of severe visual impairment and blindness among diabetic patients in Special Territory of YogyakartaPurposeThe purpose of this study was to identify any predictors of severe visual impairment and blindness among diabetic patients in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.MethodsThis research was a cross-sectional study by analyzing registry data from (JOGED.COM). Data included sociodemographic characteristics, diabetic status, health record, and eye diseases. The analysis was done using chi-square and simple logistic regression tests follow with semi-partial correlation, stratification tests and multilevel analysis with Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE).ResultsAs much as 1093 data were included in this study. The prevalence of severe visual impairment was 12% and blindness was 6.5%. Cataract, diabetic retinopathy and diabetes duration >10 years were statistically significant with severe visual impairment and blindness while glaucoma and hypertension only significant with severe visual impairment. The contribution of cataract in severe visual impairment (4.73%) and blindness (3.11%) was highest among eye diseases. There was modification effect of cataract to severe visual impairment and blindness by diabetes duration. Based on GEE, cataract, diabetic retinopathy and diabetes duration > 10 years was the best model to predict the occurrence of severe visual impairment and blindness.ConclusionsPredictors of severe visual impairment and blindness among diabetic patients in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta were the cataract, diabetic retinopathy and diabetes duration >10 years. Modification effect of cataract by diabetes duration only was significant in a model to predict blindness.

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Tests for Platelet Changes, Acute Phase Reactants and Serum Lipids in Diabetes mellitus and Peripheral Vascular Disease

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1657283 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 48 (03) ◽

pp. 289-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

B A van Oost ◽

B F E Veldhuyzen ◽

H C van Houwelingen ◽

A P M Timmermans ◽

J J Sixma

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Vascular Disease ◽

Peripheral Vascular Disease ◽

Acute Phase ◽

Serum Lipids ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Peripheral Vascular ◽

Acute Phase Reactants ◽

Control Subjects ◽

And Control

SummaryPlatelets tests, acute phase reactants and serum lipids were measured in patients with diabetes mellitus and patients with peripheral vascular disease. Patients frequently had abnormal platelet tests and significantly increased acute phase reactants and serum lipids, compared to young healthy control subjects. These differences were compared with multidiscriminant analysis. Patients could be separated in part from the control subjects with variables derived from the measurement of acute phase proteins and serum lipids. Platelet test results improved the separation between diabetics and control subjects, but not between patients with peripheral vascular disease and control subjects. Diabetic patients with severe retinopathy frequently had evidence of platelet activation. They also had increased acute phase reactants and serum lipids compared to diabetics with absent or nonproliferative retinopathy. In patients with peripheral vascular disease, only the fibrinogen concentration was related to the degree of vessel damage by arteriography.

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