scholarly journals How to strike the balance between data accessibility and data privacy in the case of contact tracing applications (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kolasa ◽  
Ewa Leszczuk-Czubkowska ◽  
Francesca Mazzi ◽  
Edyta Piętak
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Data Retention ◽  
Data Accessibility ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Explicit Consent ◽  
Definition Of

BACKGROUND The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the rapid implementation of data-driven innovation, as part of the efforts to curtail the spread of the virus. However, not all digital solutions have been launched expeditiously. A case in point is the adoption of contact tracing mobile applications, although they triggered a debate regarding the issue of data privacy. The objective of our study is to discuss the effective use of digital solutions that are in compliance with data privacy regulations. OBJECTIVE To address the question how to strike the balance between the data accessibility and data confidentiality to ensure the greatest benefit of contact tracing mobile applications. METHODS A systematic review of Pubmed, Medbase, and grey literature was performed. To ensure a standardised approach for reviewing contact tracing applications, two checklists assessing both effectiveness and compliance with data privacy were developed. Based on a scorecard comprising 16 criteria, the ranking of digital solutions was also conducted. RESULTS Overall, 18 applications were reviewed. While seven provided a definition of contact tracing, eight allowed for COVID-19 test result verification and only one defined the efficiency threshold. Explicit consent was requested in 15, and anonymisation techniques and data retention were provided in 14 and 13, respectively. Compliance with data minimisation in terms of Bluetooth was reported in seven cases. Principally, 10 applications collected additional information, of which six adopted anonymisation and/or aggregation for data sharing with a third party. The decentralised approach was identified in eight of 18 cases. With regard to ranking, COVIDSafe received the maximum score (15 of 16 points), while Alipay Health Code ranked last (-3 of 16 points). CONCLUSIONS The compliance with data privacy was the highest with respect to explicit consent and data retention while the lowest with respect to data minimization and sharing in anonymised and aggregated manner. There is still a room for improvement in terms of the usefulness of digital contact tracing in the compliance with data privacy regulations.

scholarly journals Digital Tracing and Malaysia's Personal Data Protection Act 2010 amid the Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
Olivia Tan Swee Leng ◽  
Rossanne Gale Vergara ◽  
Shereen Khan
Keyword(s):  
Data Protection ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
And Control

Digital tracing is a proven effective means for the Malaysian government to trace and control the spread of COVID-19. However, the process of tracing and tracking in order to manage the spread of the pandemic have in many ways compromised personal information to third party applications. Malaysia is not the only country that uses digital tracing to manage the spread of the pandemic. Various countries have chosen different methods for digital contact tracing to manage the spread of COVID-19 and some are less respectful of privacy than others. This paper analyses Malaysia’s Personal Data Protection Act 2010 (PDPA) and its effectiveness in protecting personal data during the pandemic as Malaysians continue to utilise the contact tracing mobile applications such as MySejahtera and SELangkah. The researchers applied doctrinal research method and analysed the current Malaysian legislation on data protection. It should be noted that the PDPA does not apply in the case of government collection and would not require federal and state agencies to be transparent in their data management.

Assessment and Prediction of Privacy Concerns on Health Apps (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reham AlTamime ◽  
Vincent Marmion ◽  
Wendy Hall
Keyword(s):  
Data Sharing ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Health Apps ◽  
Mobile Health Apps ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
And Control

BACKGROUND Mobile apps and IoT-enabled smartphones technologies facilitate collecting, sharing, and inferring from a vast amount of data about individuals’ location, health conditions, mobility status, and other factors. The use of such technology highlights the importance of understanding individuals’ privacy concerns to design applications that integrate their privacy expectations and requirements. OBJECTIVE This paper explores, assesses, and predicts individuals’ privacy concerns in relation to collecting and disclosing data on mobile health apps. METHODS We designed a questionnaire to identify participants’ privacy concerns pertaining to a set of 432 mobile apps’ data collection and sharing scenarios. Participants were presented with 27 scenarios that varied across three categorical factors: (1) type of data collected (e.g. health, demographic, behavioral, and location); (2) data sharing (e.g., whether it is shared, and for what purpose); and, (3) retention rate (e.g., forever, until the purpose is satisfied, unspecified, week, or year). RESULTS Our findings show that type of data, data sharing, and retention rate are all factors that affect individuals’ privacy concerns. However, specific factors such as collecting and disclosing health data to a third-party tracker play a larger role than other factors in triggering privacy concerns. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that it is possible to predict privacy concerns based on these three factors. We propose design approaches that can improve users’ awareness and control of their data on mobile applications

An Analysis of the Demand for Reporting on Internal Control

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M. Hermanson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Financial Statement ◽  
Individual Investors ◽  
Internal Auditors ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
User Groups ◽  
Definition Of

The purpose of this study is to analyze the demand for reporting on internal control. Nine financial statement user groups were identified and surveyed to determine whether they agree that: (1) management reports on internal control (MRIC) are useful, (2) MRICs influence decisions, and (3) financial reporting is improved by adding MRICs. In addition, the paper examined whether responses varied based on: (1) the definition of internal control used (manipulated as broad, operational definition vs. narrow, financial-reporting definition) and (2) user group. The results indicate that financial statement users agree that internal controls are important. Respondents agreed that voluntary MRICs improved controls and provided additional information for decision making. Respondents also agreed that mandatory MRICs improved controls, but did not agree about their value for decision making. Using a broad definition of controls, respondents strongly agreed that MRICs improved controls and provided a better indicator of a company's long-term viability. Executive respondents were less likely to agree about the value of MRICs than individual investors and internal auditors.

scholarly journals Relative infectiousness of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected persons compared with symptomatic individuals: a rapid scoping review

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. e042354
Author(s):  
David McEvoy ◽  
Conor McAloon ◽  
Aine Collins ◽  
Kevin Hunt ◽  
Francis Butler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cochrane Library

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the relative infectiousness of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected persons compared with symptomatic individuals based on a scoping review of available literature.DesignRapid scoping review of peer-reviewed literature from 1 January to 5 December 2020 using the LitCovid database and the Cochrane library.SettingInternational studies on the infectiousness of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2.ParticipantsStudies were selected for inclusion if they defined asymptomatics as a separate cohort distinct from presymptomatics and if they provided a quantitative measure of the infectiousness of asymptomatics relative to symptomatics.Primary outcome measuresPCR result (PCR studies), the rate of infection (mathematical modelling studies) and secondary attack rate (contact tracing studies) - in each case from asymptomatic in comparison with symptomatic individuals.ResultsThere are only a limited number of published studies that report estimates of relative infectiousness of asymptomatic compared with symptomatic individuals. 12 studies were included after the screening process. Significant differences exist in the definition of infectiousness. PCR studies in general show no difference in shedding levels between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals; however, the number of study subjects is generally limited. Two modelling studies estimate relative infectiousness to be 0.43 and 0.57, but both of these were more reflective of the infectiousness of undocumented rather than asymptomatic cases. The results from contact tracing studies include estimates of relative infectiousness of 0, but with insufficient evidence to conclude that it is significantly different from 1.ConclusionsThere is considerable heterogeneity in estimates of relative infectiousness highlighting the need for further investigation of this important parameter. It is not possible to provide any conclusive estimate of relative infectiousness, as the estimates from the reviewed studies varied between 0 and 1.

Ephemerality as Data Prevention: Values for an Ethics of Ephemeral Mobile Media

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-435
Author(s):  
Sarah Welsh
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Shared Values ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Data Retention ◽  
Mobile Media ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Human Actors

Mobile media is a chief driver of digitizing locational information, geotags, and photos that are produced and collected as we communicate with and exist within our networks. But when these data are stored and recorded—in quantities that far exceed any of our abilities to manage—mobile technology denies our ability to actively forget. This article argues that digital ephemerality via mobile applications (i.e. Snapchat, Signal, Confide, and Facebook Messenger Secret) has emerged because of the granular possibilities for data retention enabled by mobile devices. Together these applications move towards a practice of preventing data from being stored and shared. In response, “data prevention” is proposed as an ethical framework for ephemeral mobile media, and is theorized with an eye toward the distributed agency inherent to networks. This ethics is positioned within a framework of distributed agency across stakeholders that draws most directly from actor–network theory, and three commonly articulated values—trust, transparency, and privacy—are proposed. These values help to define a system of networked practices within ephemeral mobile media that requires consideration of both human and non-human actors. Building sustainable ephemeral technologies necessitates aligning shared values amongst divergent stakeholders. The article concludes by motioning to LIMITS research, where data prevention might be included, linking and further intensifying shared values across technical and social concerns.

Predictors to use mobile apps for monitoring COVID-19 symptoms and contact tracing: A survey among Dutch citizens. (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Maria Jansen-Kosterink ◽  
Marian Hurmuz ◽  
Marjolein den Ouden ◽  
Lex van Velsen
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Final Model ◽  
Symptom Recognition ◽  
Personal Connections

UNSTRUCTURED Background: eHealth applications have been recognized as a valuable tool to reduce COVID-19’s effective reproduction number. In this paper, we report on an online survey among Dutch citizens with the goal to identify antecedents of acceptance of a mobile application for COVID-19 symptom recognition and monitoring, and a mobile application for contact tracing. Methods: Next to the demographics, the online survey contained questions focussing on perceived health, fear of COVID-19 and intention to use. We used snowball sampling via posts on social media and personal connections. To identify antecedents of acceptance of the two mobile applications we conducted multiple linear regression analyses. Results: In total, 238 Dutch adults completed the survey. Almost 60% of the responders were female and the average age was 45.6 years (SD±17.4). For the symptom app, the final model included the predictors age, attitude towards technology and fear of COVID-19. The model had an R2 of 0.141. The final model for the tracing app included the same predictors and had an R2 of 0.156. The main reason to use both mobile applications was to control the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Concerns about privacy was mentioned as the main reason not to use the mobile applications. Conclusion: Age, attitude towards technology and fear of COVID-19 are important predictors of the acceptance of COVID-19 mobile applications for symptom recognition and monitoring and for contact tracing. These predictors should be taken into account during the development and implementation of these mobile applications to secure acceptance. Discussion: Age, attitude towards technology and fear of COVID-19 are important predictors of the acceptance of COVID-19 mobile applications for symptom recognition and monitoring and for contact tracing. These predictors should be taken into account during the development and implementation of these mobile applications to secure acceptance. Age, attitude towards technology and fear of COVID-19 are important predictors of the acceptance of COVID-19 mobile applications for symptom recognition and monitoring and for contact tracing. These predictors should be taken into account during the development and implementation of these mobile applications to secure acceptance.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Sexual Violence in Migrants, Applicants for International Protection, and Refugees in Europe: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of the Evidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotte De Schrijver ◽  
Tom Vander Beken ◽  
Barbara Krahé ◽  
Ines Keygnaert
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Sexual And Reproductive Health ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Critical Interpretive Synthesis ◽  
Definition Of

(1) Background: Sexual violence (SV) is a major public health problem, with negative socio-economic, physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health consequences. Migrants, applicants for international protection, and refugees (MARs) are vulnerable to SV. Since many European countries are seeing high migratory pressure, the development of prevention strategies and care paths focusing on victimised MARs is highly needed. To this end, this study reviews evidence on the prevalence of SV among MAR groups in Europe and the challenges encountered in research on this topic. (2) Methods: A critical interpretive synthesis of 25 peer-reviewed academic studies and 22 relevant grey literature documents was conducted based on a socio-ecological model. (3) Results: Evidence shows that SV is highly frequent in MARs in Europe, yet comparison with other groups is still difficult. Methodologically and ethically sound representative studies comparing between populations are still lacking. Challenges in researching SV in MARs are located at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, societal, and policy levels. (4) Conclusions: Future research should start with a clear definition of the concerned population and acts of SV to generate comparable data. Participatory qualitative research approaches could be applied to better grasp the complexity of interplaying determinants of SV in MARs.

scholarly journals TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS AT HOTEL ENTERPRISES DURING COVID-2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetiana Lysiuk ◽  
Anastasiia Arendarchuk ◽  
Oksana Tereshchuk
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Innovative Technologies ◽  
Internet Technologies ◽  
Hotel Chains ◽  
World Class ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Boutique Hotels ◽  
The Voice

The article presents the results of a study of the use of technological innovations in hotel enterprises in conditions of increased competition and an unfavorable period for the hotel business. The largest and most popular world hotel chains are analyzed. The innovations introduced at hotel enterprises are studied. It has been found that all the innovations that have been introduced in recent years are related to Internet technologies. The definition of innovation by the Law of Ukraine on Innovation was provided. The directions of basic innovative activity in the tourist and hotel business were listed. The most popular innovative technologies that have started to be used by hotel enterprises in the conditions of the coronavirus pandemic are singled out and analyzed. Among the technological innovations were studied: chatbots, mobile applications for hotel chains and small boutique hotels. The introduction of digital keys instead of the use of card keys was also investigated. The novelty of the voice assistant technology, which is planned to be used by hotel rooms, was investigated. The scientific novelty of the obtained research results is the updating and generalization of information on the use of technological innovations by foreign hotel enterprises, including world-class hotel chains. The uniqueness of the article also lies in the fact that examples of hotel enterprises that actively apply this or that technological innovation in their activities were given. Thus, this information allows you to see which hotel companies are the most innovative and, consequently, competitive in the hotel market. Further research may be aimed at determining the readiness of the domestic hotel market to introduce the latest technologies, such as chatbots, digital keys, mobile applications for small and chain hotels and voice assistants in rooms. It is necessary to study especially expediently expediency of introduction of service of the voice assistant in domestic hotels, in particular in business hotels of big cities. No less carefully you need to explore the feasibility of creating your own mobile applications for small hotels.

scholarly journals Towards a Scientific Definition of App Marketing – A Practice-Oriented Approach Using Scientific and Grey Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Atilla Wohllebe ◽  
Mario Hillmers
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
Gray Literature ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Job Ads ◽  
Oriented Approach

The relevance of smartphones and mobile apps has increased significantly in recent years. Increasingly, companies are trying to use mobile apps for their business purposes. Accordingly, the role of app marketing has become more important. Nevertheless, there is no uniform understanding of the term "app marketing". Based on scientific and gray literature, two definitions of "app marketing" are developed. In the narrower sense, app marketing refers to measures aimed at making a mobile app better known and acquiring users i. e. generating app downloads. In the broader sense, app marketing refers to all activities that are used to acquire users for a mobile app, contact them, and encourage them to reach a specified goal. Additionally, based on job ads, an overview of activities in app marketing is provided from a practical point of view. Here, the focus is primarily on paid app install campaigns as well as on monitoring, reporting and analytics.

scholarly journals Mobile Applications for the Promotion and Support of Healthy Nutrition and Physical Activity Habits: A Systematic Review, Extraction of Features and Taxonomy Proposal

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-71
Author(s):  
María Vanessa Villasana ◽  
Ivan Miguel Pires ◽  
Juliana Sá ◽  
Nuno M. Garcia ◽  
Eftim Zdravevski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Diet Diary ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Google Play

Background: Mobile applications can be used for the monitoring of lifestyles and physical activity. It can be installed in commodity mobile devices, which are currently used by different types of people in their daily activities worlwide . Objective: This paper reviews and categorizes the mobile applications related to diet, nutrition, health, physical activity and education, showing the analysis of 73 mobile applications available on Google Play Store with the extraction of the different features. Methods: The mobile applications were analyzed in relation to each proposed category and their features, starting with the definition of the search keywords used in the Google Play Store. Each mobile application was installed on a smartphone, and validated whether it was researched in scientific studies. Finally, all mobile applications and features were categorized. Results: These mobile applications were clustered into four groups, including diet and nutrition, health, physical activity and education. The features of mobile applications were also categorized into six groups, including diet, anthropometric parameters, social, physical activity, medical parameters and vital parameters. The most available features of the mobile applications are weight, height, age, gender, goals, calories needed calculation, diet diary, food database with calories, calories burned and calorie intake. Conclusion: With this review, it was concluded that most mobile applications available in the market are related to diet, and they are important for different types of people. A promising idea for future work is to evaluate the acceptance by young people of such mobile applications.

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