Comparing the Chemical Characteristics of Pectin Isolated from Various Indonesian Fruit Peels

The Indonesian pectin manufacturing industry is underdeveloped, and pectin is imported to meet its increasing demand; we attempted to isolate pectins from various fruit peels, such as orange peel (OP), papaya peel (PP), mango peel (MP), watermelon peel (WP), and chayote peel (CP) and investigated their chemical characteristics (equivalent weight of the extracted pectins and their moisture, ash, methoxyl, and galacturonic acid (GA) contents). Acid extraction, purification, precipitation, and drying processes were used to process the isolated pectins. We examined their chemical properties for conformance to quality standards advised by the International Pectin Producers Association (IPPA). The moisture (except OP pectin) and ash contents (except PP pectin) of the extracted pectins were within the limit set by IPPA. However, the equivalent weight (W eq) of any of the isolated pectins did not satisfy IPPA standards. The methoxyl contents of the pectins isolated from OP, WP, and CP satisfied IPPA standards. High methoxyl pectins were isolated from PP and MP. The galacturonic acid contents of the isolated pectins were higher than the acceptable limit of the GA level. Thus, OP, PP, MP, WP, and CP are potential sources of pectin.

Download Full-text

Kinetic, Thermodynamic, Physicochemical, and Economical Characterization of Pectin from Mangifera indica L. cv. Haden Residues

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10092093 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 2093

Author(s):

Sergio Valdivia-Rivera ◽

Iván Emanuel Herrera-Pool ◽

Teresa Ayora-Talavera ◽

Manuel Alejandro Lizardi-Jiménez ◽

Ulises García-Cruz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acid Content ◽

Galacturonic Acid ◽

Mangifera Indica ◽

Monosaccharide Composition ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Acid Extraction ◽

Low Protein ◽

Food Applications ◽

Mango Peel

The effect of temperature (60, 70, 80, and 90 °C) and time (30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min) on citric acid extraction of Haden mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Haden) peel pectin was evaluated in the present study. In order to obtain a better understanding of both the extraction process and the characteristics of the pectin (obtained from an agro-industrial waste) for a future scaling process, the following characterizations were performed: (1) Kinetic, with the maximum extraction times and yields at all evaluated temperatures; (2) thermodynamic, obtaining activation energies, enthalpies, entropies, and Gibbs free energies for each stage of the process; (3) physicochemical (chemical analysis, monosaccharide composition, degree of esterification, galacturonic acid content, free acidity, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric analyses); and (4) economical, of the pectin with the highest yield. The Haden mango peel pectin was found to be characterized by a high-esterified degree (81.81 ± 0.00%), regular galacturonic acid content (71.57 ± 1.26%), low protein (0.83 ± 0.05%) and high ash (3.53 ± 0.02%) content, low mean viscometric molecular weight (55.91 kDa), and high equivalent weight (3657.55 ± 8.41), which makes it potentially useful for food applications.

Download Full-text

Analysis of Methanolic Extracts and Crude Polysaccharides from the Leaves of Chuanminshen violaceum and Their Antioxidant Activities

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8080266 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 266 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lin ◽

Li ◽

Wang ◽

Liu ◽

Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Chlorogenic Acid ◽

Galacturonic Acid ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Chemical Characteristics ◽

Pectic Polysaccharides ◽

Methanolic Extracts

The root of Chuanminshen violaceum is used as an important edible and medicinal plant in China. However, its leaves are generally considered byproducts, and therefore do not have a use. Thus, the phenolic compounds in the methanolic extracts (CVLMs) and the chemical characteristics of crude polysaccharides (CVLPs) from the leaves of C. violaceum and their in vitro antioxidant activities were explored. The results showed that chlorogenic acid and rutin were the major individual phenolic compounds in the leaves, which ranged from 1.22 ± 0.03 to 2.87 ± 0.04 mg/g DW, and from 2.25 ± 0.04 to 4.03 ± 0.05 mg/g DW, respectively. Meanwhile, the extraction yields of CVLPs from the leaves ranged from 4.73% to 5.41%. The CVLPs consisted of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose, suggesting the existence of pectic polysaccharides. Furthermore, both CVLMs and CVLPs exhibited strong antioxidant activities. Chlorogenic acid and rutin were major contributors to the antioxidant activities of CVLMs, and the antioxidant activities of CVLPs were closely correlated to their α-1,4-D-galactosiduronic linkages. The results are beneficial for understanding the chemical properties and in vitro antioxidant activities of CVLMs and CVLPs. The leaves of C. violaceum have potential to be developed as natural antioxidants.

Download Full-text

Extraction and assessment of pectin from pumpkin peels

Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry ◽

10.13057/biofar/f160101 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

AWADIA ALDOW RAMADAN HAMED ◽

SALMA ELGHALI MUSTAFA

Keyword(s):

Nitric Acid ◽

Citric Acid ◽

Extraction Procedure ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Extraction Technique ◽

Acid Extraction ◽

Equivalent Weight ◽

Chemical Substances ◽

Acetyl Content ◽

The Impact

Hamed AAR, Mustafa SE. 2018. Extraction and assessment of pectin from pumpkin peels. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 16: 1-7. Pectin is characterized as intricate blends of polysaccharides that compose around 33% of the cell-wall dry substance of most kind of plants. This study was done to extricate pectin from completely ripen pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) using two distinct techniques; soxhlet acid extraction technique and acid extraction technique, and to find out the impact of utilizing distinctive acids on the yield of pectin; nitric and citric acids were utilized. In addition, to analyze the impact of time in pectin yield, the extraction procedure was carried out using 3 different times, namely, 30, 60 and 90 min. The chemical substances of pumpkin peel (dampness, ash, protein, fat, fiber, total sugar and calcium) and the chemical properties of pectin (methoxyl content, acetyl content, identical weight and level of esterification) extracted with both nitric and citric acids were also identified. The outcomes produced by the soxhlet acid extraction technique and acid extraction technique were 7.72% nitric acid and 6.80% citric acid, and 6.24% nitric acid and 5.36% citric acid respectively which demonstrated that the utilization of soxhlet acid extraction technique with nitric acid got the highest yield of pectin. Additionally it was also discovered that the time for pectin extraction was 60 min at very most. The outcome for the chemical substances of pumpkin peel (dampness, fiery remains, protein, fiber, fats, add up to sugar and calcium) were 20.1, 7.1, 3.2, 10.15, 2.3, 57.15 and 0.308% respectively. The examination discovered that the chemical properties of pectin extracted with both nitric and citric acid were for equivalent weight (1250 and1250 g/mol), methoxyl content (6.20 and 6.29%), acetyl contain (0.43 and 0.43%) and the level of esterification (66.53 and 66.57%) respectively. The outcome got from this examination showed that pectin extracted from pumpkin peel is with high quantity and quality and is promising for commercial production.

Download Full-text

Structured Reporting in Musculoskeletal Radiology

Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1736412 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (05) ◽

pp. 641-645

Author(s):

Ajay Kohli ◽

Samantha Castillo ◽

Uma Thakur ◽

Avneesh Chhabra

Keyword(s):

Manufacturing Industry ◽

Service Industry ◽

Quality Standards ◽

Structured Reporting ◽

Learning Approaches ◽

Musculoskeletal Radiology ◽

Future Directions ◽

Future Data ◽

Service Departments ◽

And Training

AbstractMusculoskeletal (MSK) radiologists are predominantly consultants in the service departments of health care. Unlike the manufacturing industry, quality controls are difficult to institute in a service industry and more variability is expected. Structured reporting is a unique way to institute quality standards, and by using the checklist approach with uniform terminology, it can lead to more homogeneity and consistency of reporting, concise lexicon use within and across practices, minimization of errors, enhancement of divisional and departmental branding, improvement of interdisciplinary communications, and future data mining. We share our experience from more than a decade of structured reporting in the domain of MSK radiology, our practice standards, and how reporting has evolved in our MSK practice. Further discussions include future directions aided by machine learning approaches with augmented reality and the possibility of virtual fellowship and training using consistent lexicons and structured reporting.

Download Full-text

Analysis of Chemical Properties and Heavy Metals from Cisadane River, Tangerang, Indonesia

Jurnal Presipitasi Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan ◽

10.14710/presipitasi.v18i1.81-87 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 81-87

Author(s):

Desy Rosarina ◽

Ellysa Kusuma Laksanawati ◽

Dewi Rosanti

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Water Quality ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Data Retrieval ◽

Quality Standards ◽

Class Ii ◽

Quality Standard ◽

Water Quality Standards ◽

Water Quality Standard ◽

A Value

This paper explained heavy metals and chemical properties from the Cisadane River in Tangerang City. A survey method was used to determine the place for sampling the test material. Water measurement is carried out in situ and laboratory tests. Data retrieval was done by purposive sampling determining three observation stations, namely in the Taman Gajah Tunggal park area (station1), Babakan Cikokol residential area (station 2), and Karawaci paper mill area (station 3). The analysis was carried out exactly using analysis. Namely, analysis carried out in the laboratory. The parameters observed were COD, phosphate, DO, BOD, pH. Results of this study informed the water quality in the Cisadane City river did not meet Class II Water Quality Standards based on Government Regulation Number 82, the year 2001. The COD content only meets class II water quality standards at stations 1 and 3. BOD and phosphate content is high and exceeds class II water quality standards. Heavy metal content still meets the water quality standard threshold with a value of Cd less than 0.01 mg/L, Cu less than 0.02 mg/L, Pb less than 0.03mg/L, and Cr less than 0.05mg/L. Zn content exceeds the water quality standard threshold at station three and meets water quality standards at stations 1 and 2 with a value of less than 0.05mg/L.

Download Full-text

Basidiomycotic Yeast Cryptococcus diffluens Converts l-Galactonic Acid to the Compound on the Similar Metabolic Pathway in Ascomycetes

Fermentation ◽

10.3390/fermentation5030073 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Matsubara ◽

Kataoka ◽

Kishida

Keyword(s):

Galacturonic Acid ◽

High Performance ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Value Added ◽

Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽

Exchange Chromatography ◽

Conversion Process ◽

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis ◽

Resonance Analysis ◽

Similar Chemical

(1) Background: It has been shown that d-galacturonic acid is converted to l-galactonic acid by the basidiomycotic yeast, Cryptococcus diffluens. However, two pathways are hypothesized for the l-galactonic acid conversion process in C. diffluens. One is similar to the conversion process of the filamentous fungi in d-galacturonic acid metabolism and another is the conversion process to l-ascorbic acid, reported in the related yeast, C. laurentii. It is necessary to determine which, if either, process occurs in C. diffluens in order to produce novel value-added products from d-galacturonic acid using yeast strains. (2) Methods: The diethylaminoethy (DEAE)-fractionated enzyme was prepared from the cell-free extract of C. diffluens by the DEAE column chromatography. The l-galactonic acid conversion activity was assayed using DEAE-fractionated enzyme and the converted product was detected and fractionated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Then, the molecular structure was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. (3) Results: The product showed similar chemical properties to 2-keto-3-deoxy-l-galactonic acid (l-threo-3-deoxy-hexulosonic acid). (4) Conclusions: It is suggested that l-galactonic acid is converted to 2-keto-3-deoxy-l-galactonic acid by dehydratase in C. diffluens. The l-galactonic acid conversion process of C. diffluens is a prioritized pathway, similar to the pathway of ascomycetes.

Download Full-text

Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Chromatography Process Routes for the Purification of Lithium

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.959.79 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 959 ◽

pp. 79-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Axel Schmidt ◽

Fabian Mestmäcker ◽

Lisa Brückner ◽

Tobias Elwert ◽

Jochen Strube

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

High Growth ◽

Liquid Extraction ◽

Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽

Production Processes ◽

Concentration Step ◽

Industrial Use ◽

Increasing Demand

Since several years, the lithium market is characterized by high growth rates especially due to the increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, the primary production is currently expanded and there is a growing interest in recycling. However, because of the chemical properties of lithium, many production processes lack efficient processes for the separation, concentration and purification of lithium. This article reviews the current use of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and chromatography in lithium production as well as research. Currently, the industrial application of LLE and chromatography in lithium purification is limited to the extraction of impurities and co-products. Extraction of lithium is only used as concentration step in few processes before lithium precipitation. In research and development, a wide variety of extractants and resins is investigated. In LLE, chelating extractants like crown ethers and calixarene and synergistic systems show the greatest potential. In the chromatographic separation the main focus of research lies upon cation exchange media, especially media with sulfonated ligands. However, most research is still in early development. Therefore, extensive research is needed to enable the industrial use of optimized LLE and chromatography processes in lithium production. Content TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u HYPERLINK \l "_Toc515547308" Abstract PAGEREF _Toc515547308 \h 2 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc515547309" Content PAGEREF _Toc515547309 \h 3

Download Full-text

Effects of Limestone Gravel on Selected Chemical Properties of Road Runoff and Streamflow

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/4.1.23 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 23-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. David Helvey ◽

James N. Kochenderfer

Keyword(s):

West Virginia ◽

Practical Problem ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Specific Conductance ◽

Acidic Soil ◽

Chemical Characteristics ◽

Road Runoff ◽

Runoff Water ◽

Logging Roads ◽

Fernow Experimental Forest

Abstract Limestone gravel applied to two logging roads built in acidic soil on the Fernow Experimental Forest significantly increased the concentration of calcium as well as the levels of alkalinity, specific conductance, and pH of road runoff water. However, a heavy gravel application to 5 km of road adjacent to a naturally acidic stream near Thomas, West Virginia, caused insignificant changes in the chemical characteristics of that stream. The application of these results to the practical problem of decreasing stream acidity is discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 4:23-25, March 1987.

Download Full-text

THE CHARACTERISTICS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF CHABA MAPLE (HIBISCUS ACETOSELLA) HOMEMADE JAM

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2019.v11s5.t0048 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 52-55

Author(s):

SURADWADEE THUNGMUNGMEE ◽

NAKUNTWALAI WISIDSRI ◽

WARACHATE KHOBJAI ◽

THISAKORN DUMRONGPHUTTIDECHA ◽

KHEMJIRA JAMKOM ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Chemical Characteristics ◽

Dpph Radical ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Radical Scavenging Ability ◽

Dpph Radical Scavenging

Objective: This study aimed to characterize physicochemical and chemical characteristics of Chaba maple (Hibiscus acetosella) homemade jam (CHJ)and determine its autoxidation ability.Methods: The physicochemical and chemical characteristics of CHJ were investigated. The color, viscosity, and pH were observed as physicochemicaldata while chemical properties were obtained from sugar content and total polyphenol content (TPC), determined using high-performance liquidchromatography refractometer and Folin–Ciocalteu assay, respectively. The antioxidant activities of CHJ were identified using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging ability methods.Results: The color and viscosity of CHJ were purple-red and 34,483.33±152.75 cP, respectively. The pH was at 3.78. The total sugar was not detectedin CHJ. The TPC of CHJ showed the highest (47.18±1.80 mg gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g of jam) followed by Streamline (SL) (23.66±0.32 mgGAE/g of jam), Doikham (DK) (21.99±0.50 mg GAE/g of jam), and Best food (BF) (9.75±0.38 mg GAE/g of jam), respectively. Antioxidant activitiesof CHJ with %1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging of 100.00±1.39% and FRAP value of 1690.70±8.26 uM. Both of activitiesexhibited the highest activity and significantly different when compared with other jams. The %NO scavenging activity of CHJ and SL was 72.43±1.93%and 73.82±1.66%, respectively, which higher than DK and BF.Conclusion: This study shows good in both physicochemical and chemical characteristics of CHJ. The CHJ presents the highest TPC as well asantioxidant activities. Thus, a homemade jam of Chaba maple may be considered as a good source of antioxidants and functional foods.

Download Full-text