scholarly journals Weed Seed Species Inventory of Wheat Imported through Tanjung Perak Port

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Ulya Wildaniyah ◽  
Rahma Susila Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Reference Book ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Polygonum Convolvulus ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Poaceae Family ◽  
Stereo Microscope ◽  
Wheat Seeds

Wheat seeds importation has the potential of weed seeds that can harm Indonesia's biodiversity. This study aims to determine the types and morphological characters of weed seeds carried by imported wheat from Australia, Canada, and Ukraine through the port of Tanjung Perak-Surabaya for January-June 2018. The research was started by collecting weed seeds from wheat samples, observing using a SMZ 1270 stereo microscope and identifying them using a reference book. The weed seeds were successfully identified as 13 families with 20 species originating from Australia, Canada and Ukraine. The most common types of weeds are from the Poaceae family. Weed this family are often found in the form of florets, the seeds of which are called caryopsis are coated in lema and palea, as in grains. Weed seed species found in wheat commodities from the three countries, are: Avena fatua, Brassica campestris, and Polygonum convolvulus, are not classified as quarantine pest.

scholarly journals Influence of crop rotation, tillage, and management inputs on weed seed production

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
George O. Kegode ◽  
Frank Forcella ◽  
Sharon Clay
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Ridge Tillage

Approaches to crop production that successfully reduce weed seed production can benefit farming systems by reducing management inputs and costs. A 5-yr rotation study was conducted in order to determine the effects that interactions between crop rotation, tillage, and amount of herbicide and fertilizer (management inputs) have on annual grass and broad-leaved weed seed production and fecundity. There were 10 crop rotation and tillage system combinations and three levels of management inputs (high, medium, and low). Green and yellow foxtail were the major weed species, and together they yielded between 76 and 93% of collected weed seeds. From 1990 to 1994, average grass weed seed productions were 7.3 by 103, 3.7 by 1036.1 by 103and 5.7 by 103seeds m−-2, whereas average broad-leaved weed seed productions were 0.4 by 103, 0.4 by 103, 1.4 by 103, and 0.4 by 103seeds m−-2in crop rotations using conventional tillage (moldboard plow), conservation tillage, no tillage, and ridge tillage, respectively. Crop rotations using conventional or ridge tillage consistently produced more grass and broad-leaved weed seeds, especially in low-input plots. There was little difference in weed seed production among input levels for crop rotations using conservation tillage. Comparing rotations that began and ended with a corn crop revealed that by increasing crop diversity within a rotation while simultaneously reducing the amount of tillage, significantly fewer grass and broad-leaved weed seeds were produced. Among the rotations, grass and broad-leaved weed fecundity were highly variable, but fecundity declined from 1990 to 1994 within each rotation, with a concomitant increase in grass and broad-leaved weed density over the same period. Crop rotation in combination with reduced tillage is an effective way of limiting grass and broad-leaved weed seed production, regardless of the level of management input applied.

Comparison of weed communities in Manitoba ecoregions and crops

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Van Acker ◽  
A. G. Thomas ◽  
J. Y. Leeson ◽  
S. Z. Knezevic ◽  
B. L. Frick
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Polygonum Convolvulus ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Poaceae Family ◽  
Weed Survey

In 1997, a weed survey was conducted during July and August in fields of wheat, barley, oat, canola and flax in Manitoba. Field selection was based on a stratified-random sampling methodology using ecodistricts as strata. Species in the Poaceae family were most commonly observed in the survey, followed by species in the Polygonaceae, Asteraceae and Brassicaceae families. The six most abundant weed species were green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.], wild oats (Avena fatua L.), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). The survey highlighted significant differences between ecoregions and between crops in residual weed infestations. The weed community in the Boreal Transition ecoregion was dominated by seven species, whereas fields in the Aspen Parkland and Lake Manitoba Plain ecoregions were dominated by two species and the Interlake Plain ecoregion was dominated by only one species. Although significant differences were found between the weed communities in crops, they were not as great as differences between ecoregions. The Manitoba residual weed community in 1997 was very similar to that reported for 1978–1981 and 1986, suggesting that the same species should remain a focus for weed management. Key words: Weed survey, weed relative abundance, weed distributions, Manitoba ecoregions

scholarly journals Poecilus lucublandus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and Pterostichus mutus Do Not Feed on Hair Fescue, Red Sorrel, and Poverty Oatgrass Seeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre M M C Loureiro ◽  
G Christopher Cutler ◽  
Vilis O Nams ◽  
Scott N White
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Vaccinium Angustifolium ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry ◽  
Rumex Acetosella ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Poecilus Lucublandus ◽  
Danthonia Spicata

Abstract Poecilus lucublandus (Say), Pterostichus mutus (Say), and Harpalus rufipes (De Geer) are abundant Carabidae in lowbush blueberry fields and may contribute to weed seed predation. We used laboratory no-choice test experiments to determine if these beetles feed on seeds of hair fescue (Festuca filiformis Pourr., Poales: Poaceae), poverty oatgrass (Danthonia spicata L.), and red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L., Caryophyllales: Polygonaceae), which are common weeds in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., Ericales: Ericaceae) fields. Poecilus lucublandus and P. mutus did not feed on seeds of the test weed species, but H. rufipes consumed on average over 30 seeds of each species. There are other weed seeds in blueberry fields that could be palatable to P. lucublandus and P. mutus, which warrants further research on the granivory potential of these important carabid species.

Transmission of weed seed by livestock: a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Hogan ◽  
C. J. C. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Native Flora ◽  
Weed Seeds

Weed seeds are readily translocated by livestock by attachment to their coat, by consumption or in vehicles used for transporting them. Livestock transport by land, sea and air is increasing worldwide, which together with increasing livestock production, is anticipated to escalate the risk of weed incursions and displace native flora. There is a particular risk of widespread weed seed dissemination in Australia with its extensive grazing practices and significant amounts of livestock movement. Consumption of weed seeds is largely dependent on grazing management practices, with lax grazing facilitating inflorescence production, the seeds of which may then be consumed if grazing pressure increases. Seed passage through the animal depends on the type of seed and animal intake and is typically 30–70 h. The germination rate of weed seeds is usually reduced by passage through the animal, but faeces in which seed is excreted also have the potential to provide nutrients and moisture to support the germinated plant. Seed viability is largely determined by the type of seed dormancy (particularly the permeability of the seed coat) and the species of livestock. It is concluded that weed seed transmission by livestock is a growing concern that requires addressing at local, national and international levels.

Effects of Initial Seed-Bank Density on Weed Seedling Emergence during the Transition to an Organic Feed-Grain Crop Rotation

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 533-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Smith ◽  
Randa Jabbour ◽  
Andrew G. Hulting ◽  
Mary E. Barbercheck ◽  
David A. Mortensen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Organic Certification ◽  
Weed Seeds

The transition period to certified organic production can present a significant weed management challenge for growers. Organic certification requires that prohibited fertilizers and pesticides must not have been used for 36 mo before harvest of the first organic crop. Understanding how organic management practices and initial weed seed-bank densities affect weed population dynamics during the transition period may improve weed management efficacy and adoption of organic practices. We examined how tillage systems (full or reduced) and cover crop species planted during the first transition year (rye or a mixture of timothy and red clover) affect the seedling densities of three common annual weed species, common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, and foxtail spp., during the 3-yr transition period. Weed seeds were applied in a one-time pulse at the beginning of the study at three densities, low, medium, and high (60, 460, and 2,100 seeds m−2, respectively), and cumulative seedling densities of each species were assessed annually. Treatment factors had variable and species-specific effects on weed seedling densities. In general, the full-tillage system, with an initial cover crop of timothy and red clover, resulted in the lowest density of weed seedlings following seed-bank augmentation. There was little consistent association between the initial densities of applied weed seeds in the weed seed bank at the start of the transition and weed seedling densities at the end of the transition period. This suggests that when multiple crop and weed cultural management practices are employed during the organic transition period, initial failures in weed management may not necessarily lead to persistent and intractable annual weed species management problems following organic certification.

Influence of tillage, vertical seed distribution, and pyroxasulfone application timing and rate on control of wild oat (Avena fatua L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy R. Mangin ◽  
Linda M. Hall ◽  
Jeff J. Schoenau ◽  
Hugh J. Beckie
Keyword(s):  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Oat Seeds ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Seed Distribution ◽  
Oat Biomass

Tillage and new herbicide options may be necessary for the control of herbicide-resistant wild oat. The efficacy of soil-applied herbicides such as pyroxasulfone can be influenced by edaphic factors and weed seed recruitment depth, which varies with tillage system. We investigated the effect of tillage and pyroxasulfone rate when applied in the fall and spring on wild oat biomass at three locations in Alberta in 2014–2015. The vertical position of wild oat seeds, with and without tillage, was examined at each site. Wild oat biomass was greater in untilled plots compared with plots with fall tillage at all locations. In two out of three locations, pyroxasulfone efficacy was superior when applied in the fall compared with spring, possibly influenced by low spring rainfall. A single tillage pass at the Edmonton and Kinsella locations did not affect wild oat seed distribution, but there was an increase in seeds present in the surface layer in the untilled treatment at Lacombe. Tillage, used in combination with soil-applied herbicides, may be an option to achieve acceptable control of herbicide-resistant wild oat.

scholarly journals Estimation of genetic diversity in the germplasm of Brassica Campestris (L.) Using morphological and biochemical markers

2017 ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
ZAKIR ULLAH
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationship ◽  
Biochemical Markers ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Plant Sciences ◽  
The Common

A total of 60 genotypes of Brassica campestris (L) germplasm were acquired from National Research Centre (NARC) Islamabad, Pakistan for the evaluation of genetic diversity using the morphological characters and SDS-PAGE analysis. These genotypes were grown-up in Plant Garden Department of plant sciences, University of Malakand, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan. For the assessment of genetic diversity total of 18 morphological traits were scored and their phylogenetic relationship were plot through cluster diagram. For the estimation of genetic diversity, we used the most influential technique SDS PAGE. We observed six loci (bands) from the collected genotypes; locus-1 (band-1) contained 100% bands of protein and obvious as monomorphic locus while loci i.e. 2,3,4,5 and 6 showed 28%, 42%, 36%, 56% and 25%, respectively variation and were polymorphic. The inter species locus influence toward genetic assortment (LCTGA) was 83.33% in the attained genotypes. Profiling through SDS PAGE based on two-way cluster plottingresolved effectively the collected genotype into 4 cluster. We consider that this work provides a baseline for the understanding genetic diversity in the common crops used in Pakistan and warrants further investigation in this newly evolving field of study.

Variation Within Pure Lines of Wild Oats (Avena fatua) in Relation to Temperature of Development

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Adkins ◽  
Mary Loewen ◽  
Stephen J. Symons
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Pure Lines ◽  
Seed Water Content

Plants of dormant and nondormant wild oat (Avena fatuaL. # AVEFA) lines were grown under temperatures of 15, 20, and 25 C. A number of physiological and morphological characters in the plants and seed of both lines were influenced by temperature. Duration of dormancy in the progeny seed increased in both lines that had experienced low temperatures (15 C) during development, and decreased in seed of both lines that had experienced high temperatures (25 C) during development. High, compared to low, temperatures of development decreased plant height, vegetative and seed development time, seed numbers per plant, seed dry weight, and seed water content.

scholarly journals Evaluation of New Harvesting Methods to Reduce Weeds on Arable Fields and Collect a New Feedstock

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Glasner ◽  
Christopher Vieregge ◽  
Josef Robert ◽  
Johanna Fenselau ◽  
Zahra Bitarafan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Galium Aparine ◽  
Bromus Hordeaceus ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Arable Fields ◽  
Combine Harvester

During harvesting, grain, straw, and chaff with weed seeds are separated. The chaff is returned to the fields, resulting in weed problems in the subsequent crops. We estimated the fraction of weed seeds a combine harvester could potentially harvest and used various methods to collect the chaff and treat it with heat to kill weed seeds or reduce weed seed germination. Chaff with weed seeds was placed on top of the straw and afterwards baled with the straw as a method to remove weed seeds from the field. We exposed chaff with weed seeds to exhaust gas with various temperatures and durations to study whether this heating method could be used to reduce the input of viable weed seeds to the soil during harvesting. By collecting the shed weed seeds during the growing season, we estimated that a combine harvester could potentially harvest 41%, 11%, and 100% of the seeds produced in the growing season by Bromus hordeaceus, Cirsium arvense, and Galium aparine, respectively. When the chaff was placed on top of the straw, 45% of the weed seeds stayed in the chaff fraction on top of the straw swath after one day, 35% got into the straw swath, and 20% past through the swath to the ground. Therefore, baling straw with chaff placed on the top only had a limited effect on reducing weed seed infestation. The study showed that thermal weed seed control during harvesting could potentially be applicable and incorporated in an integrated weed management approach.

The nature and consequence of weed spread in cropping systems

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C. Thill ◽  
Carol A. Mallory-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Pollen Movement

Weeds spread through movement of seeds and vegetative reproductive propagules. Pollen movement can spread weedy traits, such as herbicide resistance, between related weed and crop species. Weed seeds can spread short or long distances by natural plant dehiscence mechanisms, wind, water, animals, and man&s activities. This symposium paper is a practical review of short-distance spread of weed seeds in and between nearby arable fields and noncrop lands, examining some of the causes of spread and subsequent effects on crop production. Pollen movement, as it affects the spread of herbicide resistance, also is considered a component of short-distance weed spread. Specific weed management options can be used to reduce man-caused weed seed spread within and between nearby fields, thus reducing potential crop yield losses. Long-term management will be more difficult for weed seed spread by natural dispersal mechanisms.

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