scholarly journals Spin: Ubiquitous, Fundamental, Purposeful: Its Complementary Interactions with Gravity

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Puthalath Koroth Raghuprasad
Keyword(s):  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Small Satellites ◽  
Fundamental Particles ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Synchronous Rotation ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Complementary Interactions

In a prior article we explained how axial spin of celestial bodies interact with mutual gravitation in the phenomenon of synchronous rotation of our moon and the major moons of the gas giants. We also showed how the same complementary interactions could explain both the nonsynchronous (regular orbits) and the negative rotations in Venus, Uranus and Pluto, as well as in the peripheral small satellites of the gas giants. This paper expands on that theme and identifies the various other areas in which these two fundamental and ubiquitous forces cooperate to bring about many other phenomena in the larger universe. Prominent among these phenomena is the role played by the mother bodies’ axial rotation in determining the direction of the orbital motion of their satellite bodies. The other effects include the appearance and maintenance of the spherical shape of large celestial bodies, generation of magnetism in planets, their respective roles in the formation of solar nebulae and proto-planetary disks, and the flattened profile of spiral and elliptical galaxies. Another important finding reported in this paper is the close relationship that exists between the size of planets, as well as the stars, with their axial rotation speeds. This increase of axial rotation speed of celestial bodies in direct proportion to the mass of those bodies, we believe serves to counteract the inward thrust of gravity, in exact proportions and thus help maintain the roughly spherical contour of those bodies. This finding even extends to spiral galaxies, where the axial rotation speed seems to be positively related to the size of the galaxy. This phenomenon and others suggest that spin is a fundamental and purposeful property of matter. Thus, in this paper we stress the important contributions made by the collaborative interactions between the ubiquitous gravity and spin in matter at the level of the fundamental particles, as well as in large celestial bodies, including the largest units in the universe, the galaxies.

scholarly journals Synchronous, Nonsynchronous and Negative Rotations: How Spin and Gravity Orchestrate Planetary Motions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Puthalath Koroth Raghuprasad
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Force ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Orbital Motion ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Small Satellites ◽  
Orbital Parameters ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Synchronous Rotation ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Axial Tilt

This study identifies the unique features accompanying the phenomenon of synchronous rotation of the major (proximal) satellites of the gas giants and the earth’s moon, and the special features leading to the ‘negative’ rotation of Venus, Uranus and Pluto, as well as the most peripheral small satellites of the gas giants. Such features help us understand how these phenomena occur but also, by combining all of the observations help explain other (regular) planetary motions as well. In the synchronously rotating satellites, the salient features are the satellites’ low axial tilts and both the orbital speed and the axial rotation speed increasing with proximity to the mother body. In “negative” rotation, axial tilts are in excess of 120° and the axial rotation speeds are significantly delayed; this delay is most pronounced in Venus, which has an axial tilt of -174°. A scrutiny of the orbital parameters of all the satellites of the gas giants alone will yield sufficient data to propose a working hypothesis of how mutual gravitation, combined with spin (axial rotation and orbital motion), the distance from the mother, and centrifugal force can explain all motions. It confirms our belief that the process of planetary motions is a continuum from the synchronous, through degrees of non-synchronicity (or regular orbits), to the negative rotations, all depending on the degree of influence from mother bodies, as a product of distances from them. Thus, the nearest large satellites with the least axial tilts display synchronous rotation. Those satellites that are intermediate in distance from the mother show nonsynchronous axial rotation and correspondingly slower orbital speeds. The small peripheral satellites display axial tilts over 120 degrees and rotate negatively. In all these orbital motions, centrifugal force is the crucial restraining influence; lest, the orbiting bodies will tend to fall into the mother bodies. How all these pieces of the puzzle fit together in the orderly movements of bodies in the universe is the underlying theme of this article.

Study on Characteristics and Operating Parameters of Axial Rotating Hydrocyclone

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Xu ◽  
Zunce Wang ◽  
Fengxia Lv ◽  
Sen Li
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Tangential Velocity ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Internal Flow ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Rotating Wall ◽  
Simulation Results

The axial rotation of the hydrocyclone affects its internal flow characteristics and separating effect directly, as some local applications require the static hydrocyclone rotates about its own axis. Based on CFD, velocity distribution in the axial rotating hydrocyclone is studied. It is shown that as the rotation speed increasing, the tangential velocity improves and its gradient reduces in free vortex region observably, while the radial velocity has an incremental trend in the section of the small cone. The laboratory experiments are carried out for the static hydrocyclone of disposal capacity of 4 m3/h at 100r/min ∼ 300r/min. The relationships among rotation speed, flowrate, pressure drop and separated efficiency are achieved, which agree well with the numerical simulation results. The results indicate that the disposal capacity of hydrocyclone subjected to the rotation wall can be more flexible than that with no-rotating wall, the scope of best disposal capacity gradually enlarges with the increase of rotation speed of wall. Appropriate rise of the rotation speed is favor of the separation efficiency at the steady flowrate, however the increase of the flowrate and rotation speed induces the growth of the hydrocyclone’s pressure drop correspondingly to some extent.

scholarly journals Accretion of small satellites and gas inflows in a disc galaxy

2019 ◽  
Vol 491 (3) ◽  
pp. 3908-3922 ◽  
Author(s):  
F G Ramón-Fox ◽  
Héctor Aceves
Keyword(s):  
Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Small Mass ◽  
Gas Flows ◽  
Disc Galaxy ◽  
Circular Orbits ◽  
Galaxy Interactions ◽  
Small Satellites ◽  
Mass Ratios ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Central Regions

ABSTRACT Galaxy interactions can have an important effect in a galaxy’s evolution. Cosmological models predict a large number of small satellites around galaxies. It is important to study the effect that these small satellites can have on the host. The present work explores the effect of small N-body spherical satellites with total mass ratios in the range ≈ 1:1000-1:100 in inducing gas flows to the central regions of a disc galaxy with late-type morphology resembling the Milky Way. Two model galaxies are considered: barred and non-barred models; the latter one is motivated in order to isolate and understand better the effects of the satellite. Several circular and non-circular orbits are explored, considering both prograde and retrogade orientations. We show that satellites with such small mass ratios can still produce observable distortions in the gas and stellar components of the galaxy. In terms of gas flows, the prograde circular orbits are more favourable for producing gas flows, where in some cases up to $60{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the gas of the galaxy is driven to the central region. We find, hence, that small satellites can induce significant gas flows to the central regions of a disc galaxy, which is relevant in the context of fuelling active galactic nuclei.

The Outer Space Treaty

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Daniel Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Space Debris ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
National Level ◽  
Telecommunications Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Small Satellites ◽  
National Space ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Outer Space Treaty

Negotiated at the United Nations and in force since 1967, the Outer Space Treaty has been ratified by over 100 countries and is the most important and foundational source of space law. The treaty, whose full title is “Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,” governs all of humankind’s activities in outer space, including activities on other celestial bodies and many activities on Earth related to outer space. All space exploration and human spaceflight, planetary sciences, and commercial uses of space—such as the global telecommunications industry and the use of space technologies such as position, navigation, and timing (PNT), take place against the backdrop of the general regulatory framework established in the Outer Space Treaty. A treaty is an international legal instrument which balances rights and obligations between states, and exists as a kind of mutual contract of shared understandings, rights, and responsibilities between them. Negotiated and drafted during the Cold War era of heightened political tensions, the Outer Space Treaty is largely the product of efforts by the United States and the USSR to agree on certain minimum standards and obligations to govern their competition in “conquering” space. Additionally, the Outer Space Treaty is similar to other treaties, including treaties governing the high seas, international airspace, and the Antarctic, all of which govern the behavior of states outside of their national borders. The treaty is brief in nature and only contains 17 articles, and is not comprehensive in addressing and regulating every possible scenario. The negotiating states knew that the Outer Space Treaty could only establish certain foundational concepts such as freedom of access, state responsibility and liability, non-weaponization of space, the treatment of astronauts in distress, and the prohibition of non-appropriation of celestial bodies. Subsequent treaties were to refine these concepts, and national space legislation was to incorporate the treaty’s rights and obligations at the national level. While the treaty is the cornerstone in the regulation of activities in outer space, today the emergence of new issues that were not contemplated at the time of its creation, such as small satellites and megaconstellations, satellite servicing missions, the problem of space debris and the possibility of space debris removal, and the use of lunar and asteroid resources, all stretch the coherence and continuing adequacy of the treaty, and may occasion the need for new governance frameworks.

6. Large-Scale Aspects of the Distribution of Interstellar Matter

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 385-396
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Galactic Center ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Hii Regions ◽  
Distance Scale ◽  
Interstellar Matter ◽  
B Stars ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Galactic System ◽  
The Galaxy

The previous report on structure and dynamics of the galactic system was given by Wielen (41.155.100). The recently recommended values for solar distance to the galactic center (8.5 kpc) and our rotation speed around it (220 km.s-1) were discussed by Trimble (42.155.043).The distance scale of the Galaxy was reviewed by Barkhatovaet al. (40.155.088). A discussion of typical corrugation scales in the Galaxy was given by Spicker and Feitsinger (42.155.003), who concluded that three distinct scales seem to exist: 1-2 kpc, 4-8 kpc, and > 13 kpc. These corrugations are reflected in the distribution of O and B-stars and HII regions, and to a lesser extent in the HI distribution. Feitzinger and Spicker (39.155.026) investigated the corrugation phenomenon for the (heliocentric) longitude range 10° ≤ l ≤ 240° as derived from HI studies.

Dynamical Behaviour of Cryogenic Helium in a Partially Filled Dewar in Microgravity

1996 ◽  
Vol 210 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-230
Author(s):  
R J Hung ◽  
H L Pan
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Dynamical Behaviour ◽  
Constant Angular Velocity ◽  
Microgravity Environment ◽  
Fluid Density ◽  
Cryogenic Helium ◽  
Helium Ii ◽  
Bubble Deformation

The temporal evolution of a spherically shaped bubble sitting to one side of a dewar at rest initially, and subsequently spun up to a constant angular velocity, is investigated. The time-dependent deformation of the bubble, which starts to elongate from a spherical shape, to wrap around the inner dewar wall, and finally to complete encirclement of the dewar wall, is numerically studied and simulated. Some similarity parameters are considered to study the bubble wrapping around the dewar wall. Examples are given to illustrate this problem which is important in the understanding of how surface tension, rotation speed, fluid density, contact angle, etc. affect the bubble deformation for the case of cryogenic helium II in a microgravity environment.

The first case of microsporidiosis in Paramecium

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (9) ◽  
pp. 957-971
Author(s):  
Yulia Yakovleva ◽  
Elena Nassonova ◽  
Natalia Lebedeva ◽  
Olivia Lanzoni ◽  
Giulio Petroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequence ◽  
Polar Tube ◽  
Microsporidian Species ◽  
First Case ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Ssu Rrna Gene Sequence

AbstractA new microsporidian species, Globosporidium paramecii gen. nov., sp. nov., from Paramecium primaurelia is described on the basis of morphology, fine structure, and SSU rRNA gene sequence. This is the first case of microsporidiosis in Paramecium reported so far. All observed stages of the life cycle are monokaryotic. The parasites develop in the cytoplasm, at least some part of the population in endoplasmic reticulum and its derivates. Meronts divide by binary fission. Sporogonial plasmodium divides by rosette-like budding. Early sporoblasts demonstrate a well-developed exospore forming blister-like structures. Spores with distinctive spherical shape are dimorphic in size (3.7 ± 0.2 and 1.9 ± 0.2 μm). Both types of spores are characterized by a thin endospore, a short isofilar polar tube making one incomplete coil, a bipartite polaroplast, and a large posterior vacuole. Experimental infection was successful for 5 of 10 tested strains of the Paramecium aurelia species complex. All susceptible strains belong to closely related P. primaurelia and P. pentaurelia species. Phylogenetic analysis placed the new species in the Clade 4 of Microsporidia and revealed its close relationship to Euplotespora binucleata (a microsporidium from the ciliate Euplotes woodruffi), to Helmichia lacustris and Mrazekia macrocyclopis, microsporidia from aquatic invertebrates.

scholarly journals The spiral pattern rotation speed of the Galaxy and the corotation radius with Gaia DR2

2019 ◽  
Vol 486 (4) ◽  
pp. 5726-5736 ◽  
Author(s):  
W S Dias ◽  
H Monteiro ◽  
J R D Lépine ◽  
D A Barros
Keyword(s):  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Spiral Pattern ◽  
Corotation Radius ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Gaia Dr2

scholarly journals Study on Synchronization of Two Eccentric Rotors Driven by Hydraulic Motors in One Vibrating System

1997 ◽  
Vol 4 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianxia Zhang ◽  
Bangchun Wen ◽  
Jian Fan
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Vibrating System ◽  
Hydraulic Motors ◽  
Synchronous Rotation ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
The Difference

In this article the synchronization of two eccentric rotors driven by hydraulic motors (TERDHM) in one vibrating system is studied. The differential equations of TERDHM motion are derived, and the synchronous and stable rotating conditions of TERDHM are established. It is found from the analysis and simulation that the angular velocities of TERDHM act on each other and both vary in a small range approaching their mean value. The synchronous rotation speed is equal to the average angular velocity of TERDHM, and the phase difference between them depends on the difference of the flow rates of the two hydraulic motors.

scholarly journals Exceptional antibacterial and cytotoxic potency of monodisperse greener AgNPs prepared under optimized pH and temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Riaz ◽  
Vishal Mutreja ◽  
Shweta Sareen ◽  
Bashir Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Faheem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Stabilizing Agents ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Agar Well Diffusion Method

AbstractIn the present work, silver nanoparticles were prepared by using the extract of Camellia Sinensis. The extract contains phytochemicals which are mainly polyphenols acting as the natural reducing and stabilizing agents leading to the formation of uniformly dispersed and stabilized silver nanoparticles. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was significantly influenced by the impact of the pH, as well as temperature conditions. It was found that at pH 5 and 25 °C, nanoparticles of different morphologies (spherical, polygonal, capsule) and sizes were formed. However, with the increase in temperature from 25 °C to 65 °C but at the same pH, these particles started attaining the spherical shape of different sizes owing to an increase in the reduction rate. Furthermore, for the reaction of the mixture at 65 °C, an increase in pH from 5 to 11 led to an increase in the monodispersity of spherically shaped nanoparticles, attributed to the hydroxide ions facilitated reduction. The prepared nanoparticles were investigated for their antibacterial activity using Nathan’s Agar Well-Diffusion method. It was found that AgNPs prepared at pH 9 and 65 °C demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against gram-negative Escherichia coli in contrast to gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. In reference to the cytotoxic potency, the prepared AgNPs showed clear cytotoxicity for HeLa cells and showcased a close relationship between activity and concentration as evidenced by the decrease in the percentage (100 to 30%) of metabolically active cells up to 25 µM–75 µM concentration of silver nanoparticles.

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