scholarly journals THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING HEXANE AND METHANOL EXTRACT OF SINYO NAKAL (DURANTA REPENS)

2020 ◽  
pp. 196-200
Author(s):  
PURWANTININGSIH SUGITA ◽  
RIZKI AMILIA ◽  
BUDI ARIFIN ◽  
DYAH UTAMI CAHYANING RAHAYU ◽  
HANHAN DIANHAR
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Unsaponifiable Fraction ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Phytochemical Profile ◽  
Based Medicine

Objective: Phytochemicals are naturally present in every part of plants range from leaves, stem bark, and fruits to roots. The use of plant-based medicine is popular among individuals and communities in developing countries. This study evaluated that the phytochemical profile of Duranta repens fruits was collected from Jombang, East Java, Indonesia. Methods: Air-dried D. repens fruits were macerated by n-hexane and methanol, a separate flask. n-Hexane extract, then underwent saponification to remove fat. Then, the unsaponifiable of n-hexane and methanol extract was tested through phytochemical screening, respectively. Results: The methanol extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids, but the unsaponifiable fraction only contained steroids. The unsaponifiable fraction was found to be a mixture of hydrocarbons ranging from C13-C20, fatty acids (palmitic and linoleic acid), squalene, and Vitamin E. Conclusion: The phytochemical screening of the plant plays an important role for pharmaceutical studies especially discovering new potential drugs for the treatment of various diseases.

Control of Dietary Energy Level and dl-alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate Treatment Can Improve the Lipid Composition of Lamb Meat

2003 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatori ◽  
Maiorano ◽  
Pantaleo ◽  
Brienza ◽  
Filetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Lamb Meat ◽  
Total Fat

A diet rich in saturated fatty acids promotes plasmatic cholesterol levels and coronary disease in humans, whereas a high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces atheromatous plaque thickness. This study aimed at establishing a dietary energy level, which combined with intramuscular vitamin E treatment, would improve the nutritional lipid quality and shelf-life of lamb meat. Twenty male lambs were evaluated in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment: they were fed a low- and normal-energy diet (0.85 and 1.00 UFV NE/kg DM, respectively), and were injected intramuscularly with 0 and 150 IU dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/weekly for eight weeks. Thereafter, total fat, cholesterol, fatty acid profile, and lipostability were measured in meat samples. Meat total fat was significantly reduced by low energy intake diet and vitamin E administration. Cholesterol was significantly lower in meat from lambs fed the 0.85 UFV NE/kg DM diet. Vitamin E treatment increased linoleic acid percent values and decreased myristic acid levels. Moreover, linoleic acid percentage was inversely correlated with muscle total fat concentration. Meat sensitivity to lipoperoxidation was inversely correlated with muscle vitamin E concentration. This study demonstrates that nutritional characteristics and shelf-life of meat benefit from a low-energy diet and intramuscular vitamin E treatment.

scholarly journals The vitamin E nutritional status of rats fed on diets high in fish oil, linseed oil or sunflower seed oil

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra R. Farwer ◽  
Bernardus C. J. Der Boer ◽  
Edward Haddeman ◽  
Gerardus A. A. Kivits ◽  
Antoon Wiersma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Sunflower Seed Oil

Twelve groups of eight rats and two control groups of sixteen rats were given semisynthetic diets with 40% energy as fat for a period of 76 d. All diets contained a minimum of 3% energy as linoleic acid and comparable basal levels of D-α- and D-γ-tocopherol. The diets varied in fat composition and in the content of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate. The diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were either rich in fish oil (FO; groups 1–4; 10% energy as fish oil PUFA), linseed oil (LN; groups 1–4; 10% energy as α-linolenic acid) or sunflower seed oil (SF; groups 1–4; 10 + 3% energy as linoleic acid). The control groups were given a diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; CO 1; 10 + 13% energy as oleic acid) or a diet with an ‘average’ linoleic acid content (CO 2; 8.5% energy as linoleic acid). Of each high PUFA diet three groups were supplemented with graded levels of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate. Steatitis, a sensitive histopathological indicator of vitamin E deficiency in animals fed on diets rich in fatty acids with three or more double bonds, was observed only in the adipose tissue of the FO groups, even in the group with the highest DL-α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation. Liver and serum α- tocopherol levels were found to be positively correlated and liver and serum γ-tocopherol levels negatively correlated with dietary DL-α-tocopheryl acetate. The groups on the FO diets had significantly reduced liver and serum tocopherol levels in comparison with the groups on the other high-PUFA diets. With the supplementation scheme used for the FO groups the liver α-tocopherol levels of both control groups were reached but the serum control levels were not.

scholarly journals Vitamin E function and requirements in relation to PUFA

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (8) ◽  
pp. 1113-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Raederstorff ◽  
Adrian Wyss ◽  
Philip C. Calder ◽  
Peter Weber ◽  
Manfred Eggersdorfer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Dietary Linoleic Acid ◽  
Dietary Pufa ◽  
Pufa Intake ◽  
Degree Of Unsaturation ◽  
Lipophilic Antioxidant

AbstractVitamin E (α-tocopherol) is recognised as a key essential lipophilic antioxidant in humans protecting lipoproteins, PUFA, cellular and intra-cellular membranes from damage. The aim of this review was to evaluate the relevant published data about vitamin E requirements in relation to dietary PUFA intake. Evidence in animals and humans indicates a minimal basal requirement of 4–5 mg/d of RRR-α-tocopherol when the diet is very low in PUFA. The vitamin E requirement will increase with an increase in PUFA consumption and with the degree of unsaturation of the PUFA in the diet. The vitamin E requirement related to dietary linoleic acid, which is globally the major dietary PUFA in humans, was calculated to be 0·4–0·6 mg of RRR-α-tocopherol/g of linoleic acid. Animal studies show that for fatty acids with a higher degree of unsaturation, the vitamin E requirement increases almost linearly with the degree of unsaturation of the PUFA in the relative ratios of 0·3, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 for mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexaenoic fatty acids, respectively. Assuming a typical intake of dietary PUFA, a vitamin E requirement ranging from 12 to 20 mg of RRR-α-tocopherol/d can be calculated. A number of guidelines recommend to increase PUFA intake as they have well-established health benefits. It will be prudent to assure an adequate vitamin E intake to match the increased PUFA intake, especially as vitamin E intake is already below recommendations in many populations worldwide.

scholarly journals Dietary linoleic acid at high and reduced dietary fat level decreases the faecal excretion of vitamin E in young rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilian B. M. Tuburg ◽  
Edward Haddeman ◽  
Gerard A. A. Kivits ◽  
Jan A. Weststrate ◽  
Elizabeth J. Brink
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Dietary Linoleic Acid ◽  
Dietary Pufa ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Reduced Fat ◽  
Fat Diets

Vitamin E is the major lipid-soluble antioxidant in human subjects and is crucial in protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) against lipid peroxidation. Dietary PUFA have been suggested to inhibit the absorption of vitamin E. The present study in young male rats was designed to investigate the effect of increasing concentrations of dietary linoleic acid on the faecal excretion of vitamin E. The rats were fed on semi-synthetic diets containing two concentrations of fat (59 g/kg diet, 15 energy % (en%) or 131 g/kg, 30 en%) for 3 weeks. Triacylglycerol rich in linoleic acid was added at the expense of triacylglycerol rich in saturated fatty acids to obtain dietary concentrations of 13,39 or 66 g linoleic acid/kg diet for the high-fat diet (131 g fat/kg) and 12, 24 or 36 g linoleic acid/kg diet for the reduced-fat diet (59 g fat/kg). The results from the present study demonstrate that the faecal excretion of vitamin E was significantly lower in rats fed on diets with high levels of linoleic acid compared with rats fed on lower levels of linoleic acid irrespective of the dietary fat content. The concentration of vitamin E in liver and plasma was significantly lower in animals fed on the highest concentration of linoleic acid compared with those fed on the lowest level. Results from the present study also demonstrate that at the same concentration of linoleic acid, the faecal excretion of vitamin E in rats fed on reduced-fat diets was significantly lower than in rats fed on high-fat diets. Our findings indicate that the apparent absorption of vitamin E is not inhibited by dietary PUFA. Results from the present study also demonstrate that a reduction of dietary fat content from 30 en% to 15 en% does not lower the apparent absorption of vitamin E

scholarly journals Isoprenoids and Fatty Acids Derivatives from the Chloroform Fraction of the Antimycobacterial Methanol Extract Ximeniaamericana Lam. (Olacaceae) Stem Bark

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Ozadheoghene Eriarie Afieroho ◽  
L. Lawson ◽  
Nnamdi Emenyonu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Clinical Strains ◽  
Acid Methyl

This study investigated the triterpenoids and fatty acid derivatives, and the in vitro growth inhibitory effect against clinical strains of Mycobacteria tuberculosis of the stem bark of Ximenia Americanaa plant widely used in ethno-medicine for the treatment of bacterial and skin infections, poison, post-partum hemorrhage, anaemia, and dysentery. The macerated methanol extract (XAM) of the stem bark was evaluated for anti-tuberculosis activity using the Lowensten Jensen method against de-contaminated clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The XAM was fractionated by open column chromatography on a normal phase silica gel column with a 25 % stepwise gradient of chloroform-methanol as mobile phase. The constituents of the non-polar column fractions eluted with 100% chloroform were characterized using Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopic (GC-MS) techniques and by comparison with reference NIST library compound. The XAM (5 mg/mL) inhibited the growth of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. GC-MS analysis of the non-polar column fractions afforded Two lupane-type triterpenoids: Lup-20-(29)-en-3-one (15) and lupeol (16), three phytosteroids: campesterol (11), stigmasterol (12) and gamma-sitosterol (14), one fridelane-type triterpenoid: Friedelan-3-one (8), one oleanane-type triterpenoid: 12-oleanen-3-one (13), and the fatty acids: Palmitic acid methyl ester (1), Palmitic acid (2), 11-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (3), Octadecanoic acid methyl ester (4), Cis-13-Octadecenoic acid (5), 10,13-octadecadiynoic acid methyl ester (6), Docosanoic acid (7), Tetracosanoic acid (9), and Hexacosanoic acid methyl ester (10). The presence of these bioactive triterpenoids and fatty acids could offer an explanation for the ethno-medicinal uses of this plant. Further work is on-going to isolate in pure form, and characterized the bioactive constituents in the XAM with the view of discovery lead compounds for the treatment of tuberculosis and associated opportunistic bacterial infections.  

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Selected Vegetable Oils or Vitamin E on Fatty Acid Composition of Hen Egg Yolks

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-188
Author(s):  
Magdalena Franczyk-Żarów ◽  
Beata Szymczyk ◽  
Renata B. Kostogrys
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Egg Yolks

AbstractThe objective of this study was to produce eggs enriched with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and ameliorate their fatty acid profile using the appropriate combination of dietary CLA with or without vegetable oils (olive oil or rapeseed oil) and vitamin E. In Experiment 1, 25-week-old laying hens were randomly distributed into eight groups of nine. Birds were fed with a standard diet with four different levels of CLA (0.0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0%) and vegetable oils (olive oil or rapeseed oil, both in the amount of 1.46%). In Experiment 2, hens were randomly distributed into 12 groups of nine. The same four levels of CLA with three doses of vitamin E (0, 150, 300 mg/kg of diet) were applied. In both experiments, eggs were collected twice (at 4 and 8 weeks) for fatty acid profiling using GCMS. The differences between treatment means were considered significant at P<0.05. CLA treatments significantly increased the content of CLA, saturated fatty acids (SFA), and significantly decreased the content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the egg yolk, whereas levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were unaffected. The vegetable oils used did not prevent the negative effects of CLA effectively. Only after eight weeks of experiment 1 SFA levels were significantly lower, but MUFA levels were significantly higher in groups fed with rapeseed oil compared to groups fed with olive oil. In experiment 2, the addition of vitamin E to the hen diet did not have an essential influence on the lipid profile of egg yolks.

scholarly journals Isolation of lupeol from the stem bark of Leptadenia hastata (Pers.) Decne

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1835-1838
Author(s):  
M.M. Mailafiya ◽  
U.U. Pateh ◽  
H.S. Hassan ◽  
M.I. Sule ◽  
A.H. Bila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Data ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Hexane Fraction ◽  
Solid Substance ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Nmr Data ◽  
Crude Methanol Extract

Dried stem bark powder of Leptadania hastata was subjected to maceration with methanol to afford crude methanol extract, which was partitioned with n-hexane, ethylacetate, chloroform and n- butanol to afford different their respective fractions. Extensive phytochemical screening of the n-hexane fraction using column chromatography resulted to the isolation of a white solid substance. The substance was identified as of lupeol using IR, 1D – NMR, 2D – NMR data and by comparison with reference spectral data. Keywords: Leptadenia hastata, Isolation, Lupeol, 1D – NMR, 2D – NMR

scholarly journals Phytochemical Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Ficus Sycomorus L. (Moraceae) Extracts on some Dermatophytic Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Umar Lawal ◽  
◽  
L. Mansir ◽  
M. G. Sani
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Microsporum Canis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Dermatophytic Fungi ◽  
Ficus Sycomorus

Ficus sycomorus L is a large, semi-deciduous spreading savannah tree that belongs to the family (Moraceae) is used by many tribes in the treatments of skin infections. The aim of this study was to carry out phytochemical analysis and antifungal evaluation of F. sycomorus L. stem and leaf Methanol extract on some dermatophytic fungi. The stem and leaf crude extracts were obtained after drying using maceration and percolation with methanol as the solvent. The extract was subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening as well as GC-MS analysis for the presence of bioactive constituents. The antifungal inhibitory effect of the crude stem and leaf extracts was assessed by agar well diffusion methods. The phytochemical screening revealed that the leaves and stem-bark contained secondary metabolites such as tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, reducing sugar and steroid. The GC-MS assay showed that the most prevailing compound in the methanolic stem-bark extract was 2, 9, Diazabicyclo (4, 4, 0) decane-3,10 dione, while in the methanolic leaves extract was acetic acid. The anti-dermatophytic assay of the extracts against Microsporum canis and Tricophyton tonsurans showed that the extracts inhibited the fungi with zones of inhibitions ranging from 6.33±0.47 to 24.33±0.47mm with the leaf extract exhibiting higher inhibition zones than the stem extract (p˂0.01). The study shows that both the stem and leaf methanol extract of Ficus sycomorus L possesses antifungal activity and should be considered as a potential antifungal agent in search of newer agents to address dermatophytic fungal infections Key words: Ficus sycomorus L, Phytochemical/GC-MS Analysis, Antifungal activity

scholarly journals PENGARUH EKSTRAK METANOL KULIT BUAH JENGKOL TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH MENCIT

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Irma Ratna Kartika ◽  
Muktiningsih Muktiningsih ◽  
Fera Kurniadewi
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Blood Sugar Level ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Eating Habit ◽  
Lower Glucose ◽  
Maximum Decrease ◽  
Phytochemical Profile

The  study  aim  is  to  investigate  the  phytochemical  profile  and  the  effect  of  methanol  extract  of  Jengkol [Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Prain ex King] (Leguminoceae) on reduction of glucose blood sugar level of mice (Mus musculus L.) strain DDY. A 870 g of dried Jengkol from Cipayung was macerated with methanol in order to get dried methanol  extract  (12,75  g).  Meanwhile,  phytochemical  screening  of  the  extract  gave  the  information  that  the extract  contained  phenolic,  flavanoid,  steroid  and  saponine  compounds.  A  TLC  chromatogram  indicated  that methanol extract contained five phenolic compounds, seven flavonoid compounds and six mixtures of steroid and saponine compounds. The results showed that the extract of 450 mg/kg BW was able to lower glucose blood level as much as 66,67% more effective than other extract dosages (300 mg/kg BW, 600 mg/kg BW and 750 mg/kg BW) and the control drugs (Amaryl® 0,02 mg/kg BW, Glucobay® 1 mg/kg BW and Glucophage® 10 mg/kg BW). The maximum decrease of glucose level had been reach at day 14 of observation after administration of extracts or drugs. Hyperglycemic mice by glucose induced can be identified as animal model of type 2 diabetes due to unhealthy and unbalanced eating habit. Hence based on experiment outcome above, it can be concluded that extract dosage of 450 mg/kg BW has function as oral anti diabetic drug of type 2 diabetes. Keywords: hyperglycemia, Amaryl, Glucobay, Glucophage, diabetes, methanol extract Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil fitokimia dan pengaruh dosis ekstrak metanol kulit buah Jengkol [Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Prain ex King] (Leguminoceae) terhadap penurunan kadar glukosa darah mencit (Mus Musculus L.)  strain  DDY  dengan  waktu  pengamatan  yang  berbeda.Sebanyak  870  g  jengkol  dari  Cipayung  yang sudah  dikeringkan,  dimaserasi  dengan  pelarut  metanol  sehingga  diperoleh  ekstrak  metanol  kering  (12,75  g). Sementara,  hasil  uji  fitokimia  memberikan  informasi  bahwa kulit  buah jengkol  mengandung  senyawa  kimia golongan  fenolik,  flavonoid,  steroid,  dan  saponin. Hasil  kromatogram  dari  KLT  menunjukkan  bahwa  ekstrak metanol  kulit  buah  jengkol  mengandung  5  noda  yang  teridentifikasi  sebagai  senyawa  fenolik,  7  noda  yang teridentifikasi sebagai senyawa flavonoid, dan 6 noda yang teridentifikasi sebagai senyawa steroid dan saponin. Hasil  penelitian  menyimpulkan  bahwa  ekstrak  jengkol  dosis  450  mg/kg  BB  mampu  menurunkan  kadar  glukosa darah sebesar 66,67% lebih efektif dibanding ekstrak dosis lain (300 mg/kg BB, 600 mg/kg BB dan 750 mg/kg BB) dan kontrol obat (Amaryl® 0,02 mg/kg BB, Glucobay® 1 mg/kg BB dan Glucophage® 10 mg/kg BB). Penurunan kadar  glukosa  secara  maksimum  terjadi  pada  waktu  pengamatan  hari  ke-14  setelah  pemberian  ekstrak  atau obat. Mencit  yang  dibuat  hiperglikemia  dengan  cara  diberi  glukosa  berlebih  setiap  hari,  dapat  dijadikan  sebagai model hewan yang mengalami diabetes tipe 2 karena pola makanan yang tidak sehat dan seimbang. Oleh karena itu berdasarkan hasil percobaan di atas dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa dosis 450 mg/kg BB dapat berfungsi sebagai obat antidiabetes oral tipe 2. Kata Kunci:  hiperglikemia, Amaryl®, Glucobay®, Glucophage®, diabetes, ekstrak metanol  

Linoleic Acid, Vitamin E and Other Fat-Soluble Substances in the Nutrition of Certain insects, Ephestia Kuehniella, E. Elutella, E. Cautella and Plodia Interpunctella (Lep.)

1946 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 172-190
Author(s):  
G. FRAENKEL ◽  
M. BLEWETT
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Favourable Effect ◽  
Unsaponifiable Fraction ◽  
Wheat Germ Oil ◽  
Acid Deficiency ◽  
Saponifiable Fraction

1. The larvae of the moths belonging to the genus Ephestia, E. kuehniella, E. elutella and E. cautella grow well on artificial diets which also contain wheat-germ oil. In the absence of wheat-germ oil growth is slow, the mortality high and the moths fail to emerge from the pupae. 2. With suboptimal quantities of wheat-germ oil moths emerge with the wings lacking in scales. 3. The saponifiable fraction of wheat-germ oil is necessary for emergence and good scales, and the unsaponifiable fraction for good growth. 4. The active substance in the saponifiable fraction is linoleic acid. Linolenic acid has approximately the same effect as linoleic acid. Oleic acid has no effect. 5. The active substance in the unsaponifiable fraction is vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and possibly other antioxidants. One of the functions of vitamin E is that of an antioxidant which stabilizes linoleic acid. In this respect vitamin E can be replaced by ethyl and propyl gallates, or by ascorbic acid. 6. Apart from this stabilizing effect on linoleic acid, the unsaponifiable fraction of wheat-germ oil, or vitamin E, have also an independent growth effect. There are also indications that linoleic acid has a growth effect. 7. It is shown that the effect of a number of vegetable and animal fats on scales and emergence is strictly parallel to their linoleic acid content. 8. With cod-liver oil, halibut-liver oil, lard and butter growth is fast, while the effect on scales and emergence is small or nil. The growth effect of codliver oil is mainly or partly due to its content of docosahexenoic and probably other highly unsaturated fatty acids. 9. Large quantities of cereal starches in the diet have a favourable effect on scales and emergence which is attributed to the presence, in starch, of impurities of linoleic acid. No such effect has been encountered with potato starch which is free of linoleic acid. 10. The similarities and dissimilarities in the linoleic acid deficiency of the rat and Ephestia have been discussed. 11. The symptoms of the linoleic acid deficiency of Ephestia are similar, if not perhaps identical, with those of a genetical condition known as Glasflügeligkeit

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