PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND IMMUNO-MODULATORY EFFECT OF MORINGA OLEIFERA FLOWERS

Objective: This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory activities of different solvent extracts of Moringa oleifera flowers using carrageenan-induced mice paw edema.Methods: Soxhlet extraction method was employed in this study to extract the crude phytochemicals. Phytochemical analysis testing of Moringa oleifera extracts was performed to identify the presence of various phytoconstituents based on the standard procedures. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using acute inflammatory model carrageenan-induced paw edema. Three different flower extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol) of Moringa oleifera at the dose level of 500 mg/kg body weight. The anti-inflammatory activity on the different extracts of Moringa oleifera was determined through the α-carrageenan induced left hind paw oedema method in albino mice. 0.05 ml of 1% w/v carrageenan suspension was reconstituted with normal saline (0.9% NaCl) to give a homogenous solution which then be injected into the subplantar tissue of the left hind paw of each mice to induce acute inflammation.Results: Treatment with three different solvent extracts showed significant (p<0.05) inhibition in carrageenan-induced paw edema. Petroleum ether and chloroform extracts were found to be less effective than methanolic extracts when compared to (Indomethacin) reference standard at the dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. The phytochemical results obtained indicates that anti-edematous action of Moringa oleifera flowers exhibited in this study is due to the presence of potent anti-inflammatory phytoconstituents (flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin) in impeding arachidonic acid metabolism and production of reactive free radicals. A significant (p<0.05) increase of left hind paw thickness after the drug injection was noticed in the negative control mice group as time persisted. It showed the highest paw thickness at the fifth hour with 4.72 mm±0.07. Whereas the indomethacin treated group showed the highest percent oedema inhibition amongst all experimental group with 38.60% at the fifth-hour post-carrageenan induction. It exhibited a significant inhibition of 29.02% against the oedema after the third hour of carrageenan injection.Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera flowers extract has anti-inflammatory activity. This activity was related to the dose and these results collaborate the potential traditional use of the plant in folk medicine.

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Anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol leaves extract and solvent fractions of Zehneria scabra (Cucurbitaceae) in rodents

Asian Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry ◽

10.13057/biofar/f180105 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

REDIET BELAY ◽

EYASU MAKONNEN

Keyword(s):

Chronic Inflammation ◽

Aqueous Suspension ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Maximum Effect ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Paw Edema ◽

Active Fraction ◽

Inflammatory Models ◽

Cotton Pellet ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Abstract. Belay R, Makonnen E. 2018. Anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol leaves extract and solvent fractions of Zehneria scabra (Cucurbitaceae) in rodents. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 18: 42-56. Zehneria scarba (L.f.) Sond is one of the medicinal plants used in folkloric medicine of Ethiopia for years to treat various inflammatory disorders. The present study was aimed to validate the anti-inflammatory activity of crude 70% ethanol leaves extract (70EE) against a sub-acute model and further evaluate the solvent fractions (AF, BF, and CF) in an acute (carrageenan-induced paw edema), sub-acute (formaldehyde induced arthritis) and chronic (cotton pellet induced granuloma) inflammatory models. The 70EE was first prepared by maceration, and the fractions were obtained by sequential partitioning with chloroform and n-butanol from the aqueous suspension of crude 70EE. The test groups, then, received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of the crude 70EE or the fractions (AF, BF, and CF) at the same dose levels, whereas positive controls received aspirin (200mg/kg) or dexamethasone (0.5mg/kg) and negative controls received vehicle (2% tween 80 or distilled water, 10 mL/kg). All tested doses of the crude 70EE showed significant inhibition of formaldehyde induced arthritis at the 10th day of treatment, on which the 400mg/kg dose showed the maximum anti-arthritic effect (%A = 60.5; p < 0.001). In the carrageenan-induced paw edema, all the three fractions showed a statistically significant effect, in fact, with different onset and magnitude. In this model, the AF was found to be the most active fraction, and the 400mg/kg dose demonstrated the maximum effect (%A = 76.25; p < 0.001) at 5h post-induction, which is much better than the effect of aspirin at the dose employed. The overall order of efficacy in inhibiting the exudative component of carrageenan-induced paw edema was found to be AF> BF> CF. The AF was also found to be the most active fraction in inhibiting the exudative component of chronic inflammation in the cotton pellet induced granuloma model, where the maximum effect (%A = 43.10, p < 0.001) was exhibited by a dose of 400mg/kg. The AF was also the most active fraction in inhibiting formaldehyde induced arthritis, in which the BF and CF relatively showed a comparable effect throughout day 4-10. On the contrary, in the cotton pellet induced granuloma model, the CF was found to be the most active fraction in inhibiting the proliferative and granulomatous component of chronic inflammation, and the overall order of effectiveness was found to be CF> AF> BF. Besides, 400mg/kg of CF demonstrated the maximum inhibition of granuloma formation (%A = 55.52; P < 0.001). The phytochemical analysis revealed the differential distribution of secondary metabolites into the three fractions, which either singly or in concert appeared to be responsible for the observed effects. The data obtained from the present study collectively indicate that the extract and fractions of leaves of Z.scabra possessed a significant anti-inflammatory activity, upholding the folkloric use of the plant.

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Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of Tragia cannabina for anti-inflammatory activity

International Current Pharmaceutical Journal ◽

10.3329/icpj.v1i8.10857 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (8) ◽

pp. 213 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Raju Venkategowda Hosahally ◽

Ganapaty Seru ◽

Prasanna Shankarrao Sutar ◽

Vijaya Gopalachar Joshi ◽

Kishori Prasanna Sutar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Pharmaceutical Journal ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Reference Standard ◽

Paw Edema ◽

Pharmacological Evaluation ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Soxhlet Apparatus ◽

Anti Inflammatory

The present study investigates the anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic and chloroform extracts of Tragia cannabina. The whole plant of Tragia cannabina was extracted with methanol and chloroform by using soxhlet apparatus. The effect of both extracts of Tragia cannabina was studied on carrageenan induced paw edema. The methanolic extract decreased the edema induced in hind paw. The percentage inhibition of paw edema was maximum with methanolic and chloroform extracts of Tragia cannabina at 300mg/kg body weight and has showed significant anti-inflammatory activity. It has been concluded that both the methanolic and chloroform extracts of Tragia cannabina showed significant anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of reference standard Ibuprofen.DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i8.10857">http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i8.10857</a> International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(8): 213-216

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ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF ZANTHOXYLUM OVALIFOLIUM WEIGHT METHANOLIC EXTRACT ON ALBINO WISTAR RATS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i5.32730 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 274-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

PAVANI P ◽

RAJA NAIKA

Keyword(s):

Wistar Rats ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Saline Group ◽

Negative Control ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Paw Edema ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Group I ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Objective: The object of the present study, the methanolic leaf extract of Zanthoxylum ovalifolium was examined for anti-inflammatory activity and tested using carrageenan-induced paw edema in albino Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were grouped into five, each group consisting of six animals, Group I (negative control) received 1 ml of saline, Group II (standard) received 10 mg/kg p. o. of indomethacin, and remaining three groups received three different doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg p. o.) of the methanolic leaf extract after 1 h 0.1 ml of 1% carrageenan injection. The result of anti-inflammatory activity was set up to be dose-dependent in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Results: The methanolic leaf extract has shown significant (p<0.001) inhibition of paw edema, 66%, 66.03%, and 69.29% on the 3rd h at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p. o., respectively. The results were expressed as the Mean±standard error of mean and statistical significance was analyzed by ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. The methanolic leaf of Z. ovalifolium extract showed significant anti-inflammatory activity compared with the standard drug indomethacin. Conclusion: Methanolic leaf extract of Z.ovalifolium showed excellent results in the anti-inflammatory experiment so, the plant can be explored as a potential medicine in suppressing inflammation.

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The Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Jatropha pelargoniifolia Root Native to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23081892 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (8) ◽

pp. 1892 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hanan Aati ◽

Ali El-Gamal ◽

Oliver Kayser ◽

Atallah Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Activity ◽

In Vivo Model ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Traditional Use ◽

In Vivo Models ◽

Induced Hyperthermia ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Extensive phytochemical analysis of different root fractions of Jatropha pelargoniifolia Courb. (Euphorbiaceae) has resulted in the isolation and identification of 22 secondary metabolites. 6-hydroxy-8-methoxycoumarin-7-O-β-d-glycopyranoside (15) and 2-hydroxymethyl N-methyltryptamine (18) were isolated and identified as new compounds along with the known diterpenoid (1, 3, 4, and 7), triterpenoid (2 and 6), flavonoid (5, 11, 13, 14, and 16), coumarinolignan (8–10), coumarin (15), pyrimidine (12), indole (17, 18), and tyramine-derived molecules (19–22). The anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities were evaluated for fifteen of the adequately available isolated compounds (1–6, 8–11, 13, 14, 16, 21, and 22). Seven (4, 6, 10, 5, 13, 16, and 22) of the tested compounds showed a significant analgesic effect ranging from 40% to 80% at 10 mg/kg in two in vivo models. Compound 1 could also prove its analgesic property (67.21%) when it was evaluated on a third in vivo model at the same dose. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was also recorded where all compounds showed the ability to scavenge nitric oxide (NO) radical in a dose-dependent manner. However, eight compounds (1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 16, and 22) out of the fifteen tested compounds exhibited considerable in vivo anti-inflammatory activity which reached 64.91% for compound 10 at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Moreover, the tested compounds exhibited an antipyretic effect in a yeast-induced hyperthermia in mice. The activity was found to be highly pronounced with compounds 1, 5, 6, 10, 13, and 16 which decreased the rectal temperature to about 37 °C after 2 h of the induced hyperthermia (~39 °C) at a dose of 10 mg/kg. This study could provide scientific evidence for the traditional use of J. pelargoniifolia as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic.

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POTENTIAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i10.20357 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 372

Author(s):

Vetriselvan Subramaniyan ◽

Velmurugan Paramasivam

Keyword(s):

Test Dose ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Control Group ◽

Paw Edema ◽

Plumbago Zeylanica ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Objective: To determine the anti-inflammatory activity of dichloromethane extract of Plumbago zeylanica (DMEPZ), and its possible mechanism of action.Methods: Male Wistar rats (180-200 g) under controlled standard conditions (24±1°C, 55-58 humidity and 12 hrs light/dark cycle). The groups were divided into 5 groups (n=6/group) and assigned as positive control, negative control, and standard and two different test dose groups of P. zeylanica. Paw edema induced by subplantar injection of 0.1 mL of carrageenan (suspended in 1% carboxymethyl cellulose) into the right hind paw in all groups except negative control group. Granuloma induced by cotton pellets (10±1 mg) were implanted into groin region of each rat. The groups were divided into 4 groups (n=6/group) and assigned as possitive control, two different test dose groups of P. zeylanica and standard.Results: Oral administration of DMEPZ shown a significant (p<0.05) dose-dependent protection against carrageenan-induced paw edema. At 1st hr, P. zeylanica shown an inhibition effect of edema in the different doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg were found to be 28.57 and 31.79%, respectively. At 3rd hrs, the paw edema inhibition was found to be 30.70 and 40.15%, respectively. Diclofenac (25 mg/kg) had effect of 34.10 and 41.73% (p<0.001) inhibition of paw edema at in 1 and 3 hrs. P. zeylanica 500 mg/kg showed percentage inhibition of wet and dry cotton pellet granuloma in rats 55.84% and 47.92%, respectively.Conclusion: Thus, the present study revealed that the DMEPZ offered significant protection against inflammation.

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Anti-inflammatory activity of the topical formulation of Drymoglossum piloselloides (L) Presl. extract on mice

Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi ◽

10.20885/jif.vol17.iss2.art4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 137-144

Author(s):

Putu Era Sandhi Kusuma Yuda ◽

Ni Putu Dewanty Suwirtawati ◽

Ni Luh Kade Arman Anita Dewi

Keyword(s):

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Paw Edema ◽

Topical Formulation ◽

Treatment Data ◽

Phytochemical Compounds ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: Chronic inflammation of the joints that occur in the condition of gout or osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis often causes repeated inflammation which requires patients to take a long-term pain medication, leading to serious side effects. Alternative treatment especially from herbal ingredients in a topical form is needed. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaves extract of Drymoglossum piloselloides (L) Presl. in mice to prove their potential as an anti-inflammatory agent. Methods: Mice were divided into four groups (n=7), namely positive control (sodium diclofenac emulgel), negative control (placebo), P1 (emulgel extract 2.5%), and P2 (emulgel extract 5%). The anti-inflammatory activity test was carried out on mice with carrageenan-induced paw edema by measuring the relative changes in the volume of inflammation at 0 and 3 hours after treatment. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests with a confidence level of 95%. Results: The emulgel contained flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, tannins, and quinones. The anti-inflammatory test showed a significant inhibition of inflammation (p <0.05) at concentrations of 2.5% and 5%. This anti-inflammatory activity could be influenced by the phytochemical compounds contained in the emulgel. Conclusion:Drymoglossum piloselloides (L) Presl. emulgel at concentrations of 2.5% and 5% had an anti-inflammatory activity on mice with carrageenan-induced paw edema. Keywords: inflammation, Drymoglossum piloselloides (L) Presl., emulgel

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Anti-inflammatory Effect of Woodfordia fructicosa Leaves Ethanolic Extract on Adjuvant and Carragenan Treated Rats

Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871523018666190222120127 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 103-112

Author(s):

Hem Raj ◽

Avneet Gupta ◽

Neeraj Upmanyu

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Paw Edema ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: Woodfordia fructicosa is used traditionally for the treatment of inflammation associated with arthritis. Methods: In the present study, the anti-inflammatory activity of W. fructicosa (WFE) leaves ethanolic extract was assessed in Sprague Dawley rats by giving 200 mg/kg dose orally. Inflammation was studied by using carrageenan induced paw edema, Freund’s adjuvant (FA) and monosodium iodo acetate (MIA) induced arthritis as animal models. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was estimated in blood sample of animals treated with FA. The one way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s test was used for statistical analysis. Results: WFE significantly decreased (P<0.05, P<0.001) paw thickness in carrageenan induced paw edema and FA induced arthritis. The significant decrease in knee diameter (P<0.001) in MIA induced arthritis as well as inhibitory effect (P<0.001) on elevated TNF- α was observed. Conclusion: These results showed that the WFEexerted an inhibitory effect on TNF-α and carrageenan paw edema which may justify its traditional use in inflammatory conditions. Thus, the study shows that leaves of W. fruticose afford anti-inflammatory activity by preventing the inflammation in different animal models.

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Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Inflammatory Studies of Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich) Teigh. Leaves Three Extracts

Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.15171/ps.2019.19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 124-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Celestine Jeremiah ◽

Umar Adam Katsayal ◽

Aliyu Nuhu ◽

Sherifat Bola Anafi ◽

Mustapha Adeojoh Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Paw Oedema ◽

Soxhlet Apparatus ◽

Percentage Yield ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich) Teigh. (Loranthaceae) is an excellent medicinal plant in terms of efficacy and also traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases including inflammations, cancer, diabetes and strokes. This study was designed to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf extracts of T. globiferus in wistar rats and identify phytochemical constituents of the extracts responsible for the observed activity. Methods: Tapinanthus globiferus leaves was extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol in a soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis, toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced paw oedema in wistar rats. Piroxicam (20 mg/kg) was used as reference standard. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with significant level set at p≤0.05. Results: The percentage yield from the gradient extraction of T. globiferus leaves showed methanol to be the highest and the chromatographic analysis visualized with specific reagents confirmed the presence of steroids/triterpenes, phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the leaf of T. globiferus. LD50 was above 2,000 mg/kg and no death was recorded. The hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol leaf extracts of T. globiferus at 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg produced a significant decrease in paw oedema (p≤0.05) with percentage inhibition at the first and third hour for hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract respectively. The methanol extracts recorded the highest inflammatory inhibition percentage. Conclusion: These finding revealed that the leaf of T. globiferus has anti-inflammatory activity and this justified its traditional use in the treatment of inflammation.

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Evaluation of Phytochemical Content, Antibacterial Properties and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Andrographis echioidies (L) Nees

European Journal of Medicinal Plants ◽

10.9734/ejmp/2020/v31i130199 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Debasish Singha Roy ◽

Subhasish Maity ◽

Writtik Maity ◽

Somnath De ◽

Dulal Chandra Das

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Petroleum Ether ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: There is much investigation with the Andrographis paniculata which is a very well-known medicinal plant, people were using this plant from ancient years, but this another species Andrographis echioides was not explored too much for many years. In this study we tried to find out the important phyto constitiuents, antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory activity of this plant. Aim: The main aim of the present study, was to screen phytochemical derivatives from an Indian medicinal plant Andrographis echioides (L) Nees and to evaluate the antibacterial potential, and anti-inflammatory activity also. Study Design: Various tests or experiment was done in this study according to the review of the literature with little modification, a preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out in the plant extracts using qualitative methods. The whole plant of Anrographis echioides was subjected to soxhlet extraction using organic solvent of methanol, acetone, and petroleum ether. The antibacterial activity of acetone, methanol and petroleum ether whole plant extracts of Andrographis echioides was carried out using agar well diffusion method, anti-inflammatory activity was checked using fresh egg albumin method, and a statistical analysis was done using SPSS to prove that there is a strong correlation between the activity of our plant sample and a standard commercial drug (NASID). Place and Duration of the Study: The whole study was done in Panskura Banamali College, Vidyasagar University, Department of Biotechnology sponsored by BOOST, Louis Pasteur laboratory, West Bengal, India. The study was done between 17th August 2018 - 30th February 2019. Results: All these tests were done triplicate and the mean value was taken. The phytochemical analysis reveals that the plant has some important phytoconstituents such as Tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides and terpenoids. The Acetone and Methanol extracts are showed the best zone of inhibition against the severe pathogens such as S. aureus (A.E-33 mm, M.E-28 mm), S. typhi (A.E- 26.67 mm, M.E-28.33 mm). The methanolic extract of Andrographis echioides showed excellent anti-inflammatory activity comparing to the NASID (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) Diclofenac sodium, it showed almost same activity. Conclusion: Experimental findings reveal Andrographis echioides is the best herbal to control specially S. typhi, E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae. The phytochemical constituents which are responsible for many pharmacological activities, may be useful for the evolution of pharmaceutical and for the therapy of ailments, and also can used as a an potent anti-inflammatory natural remedy without any side effect.

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Uji Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Infusa Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina) pada Tikus Putih yang Diinduksi Karagenan

Pharmacon Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia ◽

10.23917/pharmacon.v17i1.9322 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 77-85

Author(s):

Lusi Agus Setiani ◽

Moerfiah Moerfiah ◽

Yulianita Yulianita

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Diclofenac Sodium ◽

Negative Control ◽

Arachidonic Acid Metabolism ◽

Male Rats ◽

Flavonoid Compounds ◽

White Rats ◽

Group I ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Inflammation is one of the immune system's main responses to infection and irritation. One of the medicinal plants that can be used as anti-inflammatory is African leaves because there have flavonoid compounds. Flavonoid compounds have anti-inflammatory effects that can regulate arachidonic acid metabolism by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipooxygenase activity.This study aims to determine the effectiveness and determine the effective dose of African leaf infusion as anti-inflammatory in sparague dawley strain induced carrageenan male white rats. The method used is measurement of udema with subplantar 1% carrageenan induction.Test animals used were 20 male rats divided into 5 groups. Each group consisted of 4 rats. Group I as a negative control was given CMC-Na solution, the second group as a positive control was given diclofenac sodium with 1.26 mg/200 gBB body weight, group III, IV and V were given African leaf infusion with three dose ratings namely 100, 150, 200 mg/kgBB bodyweight. The results showed that the infusion of African leaves had Antiinflammatory Activity with dose 200 mg/kg body weight as the most effective dose against inhibition of inflammation.

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