scholarly journals Effects of Replacing Supplemental Sucrose with Beef During Mid to Late Gestation on Maternal Health and Fetal Development using a Sow Biomedical Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Nelson ◽  
A. K. Ward ◽  
K. C. Swanson ◽  
K. A. Vonnahme ◽  
E. P. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Fetal Tissue ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Weight Category ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tissue Weight

ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of substituting supplemental sucrose with beef on maternal health and fetal development using a sow biomedical model.Materials and MethodsMultiparous crossbred sows (BW = 222 kg; n = 21; rep = 3) were individually housed from d 30 to 111 (± 0.58) of gestation. From d 30 to 39, a complete sow ration (corn-soybean meal-based, CSM) was fed at 1% of d 30 gestational BW. On d 39, daily dietary ration was adjusted to 1% of d 39 gestational BW which was fed daily at 0700 h from d 40 to 110 (± 0.58). Sows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 isocaloric supplement treatments; 126 g CSM to serve as a control (CON, n = 5), 110 g cooked ground beef (BEEF, n = 6), 85.5 g sucrose (SUCR, n = 5), or 54.8 g BEEF and 42.7 g SUCR (B+S, n = 5). Dietary supplements were fed daily at 1100, 1500, and 1800 h from d 40 to 110 (± 0.58). Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture from sows on d 29 and 111 (± 0.58). Blood chemistry was immediately analyzed, and serum samples were collected for lipid panel and insulin concentrations. Bodyweights were measured on d 30, 39, 54, 68, 82, 96, and 111 (± 0.58). Tenth rib and last rib SQ fat depth were measured on d 35, 70, and 110 (± 0.58) via ultrasound. Sows were euthanized on d 111 (± 0.58). Reproductive tract (RT), pancreas, kidney, liver, heart, heart fat, lung, semimembranosus and abductor (SM), and semitendinosus (ST) weights were collected and recorded from each sow. Two median weight male and female fetuses were selected from each sow for tissue collections. Fetal tissue collection was the same as sows with the addition of testes and no RT weight. A repeated measures design, with sow as the repeated measure, was modeled using the MIXED procedure of SAS using compound symmetry variance covariance matrix. Sow data fixed effects were replicate, sow, and treatment. Fetal data fixed effects were replicate and fetal weight category. Covariates were determined for each individual trait depending on goodness of fit. A treatment by day interaction was used for sow data while a treatment by sex interaction was used for fetal data. Alpha level was 0.05.ResultsDietary treatment did not influence gestational BW (P ≥ 0.99), SQ fat depth (P ≥ 0.09), blood chemistry (P ≥ 0.21), or serum concentrations (P ≥ 0.07). Dietary treatment did not influence sow tissue weight (P ≥ 0.42). Compared with CON, BEEF fetuses had greater fetal BW (P = 0.01), crown to rump length (P = 0.01), nose to crown length (P < 0.01), heart girth (P = 0.02), and abdominal girth (P = 0.05). Dietary treatment did not influence fetal growth characteristics of median weight male and female fetuses (P ≥ 0.23). Compared with BEEF, SUCR fetuses had heavier liver weights (31.43 ± 2.06 and 40.13 ± 2.09, respectively; P = 0.04). There was a dietary treatment by sex interaction for fetal kidney weight with BEEF males having lighter kidney weights compared with all other interactions (P = 0.03). Dietary treatment did not influence any other fetal tissue weight (P ≥ 0.09).ConclusionBeef and/or sucrose supplementation during mid-to-late gestation has minimal effects on swine maternal health and fetal development. Differences in fetal liver and kidney weights should be examined further. Further research is needed to determine the effect of gestational supplementation on human health and development.

scholarly journals PSII-10 Effect of gilt feeding level and length of increased feeding level in late gestation on piglet birth weight

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 233-233
Author(s):  
James K Quick ◽  
Mark Knauer
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of increasing gilt feeding level in late gestation, for different durations, on piglet quality. Gilts (n = 472) were allocated to one of five dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial + control design at a commercial farm in eastern North Carolina. Hence gilts were fed 1.82 kg of feeding until farrowing (Control) or feeding level was increased by either 0.68 or 1.36 kg at either day 93 (d93) or 100 (d100) of gestation. Treatments were randomly assigned by pen (5 to 6 gilts per pen). The gestation diet contained 2,979 Kcal/kg ME and 0.58% SID lysine. Gilt body condition score was captured at day 93 of gestation using a sow body condition caliper (thin = < 12, ideal = 12 to 15, fat = > 15). Piglet birth weights were captured within 24 h of farrowing and piglets were ear notched by treatment prior to cross-fostering. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM with fixed effects of dietary treatment, contemporary group and covariates of litter size and sow functional teat number when applicable. Average gilt caliper score at d 93 of gestation was 17.0. Gilt caliper score did not differ (P > 0.05) across dietary treatments. Mean piglet birth weight did not differ (P > 0.05) between the five dietary treatments or the main effects of feeding level or length of feeding level. A one piglet increase in litter size reduced (P < 0.01) mean piglet birth weight by 30 g. An increase of one functional sow teat increased (P < 0.05) litter size at weaning of the biological sow by 0.28 piglets. Results suggest increasing gilt feeding level in late gestation does not impact mean piglet birth weight when gilts are over conditioned.

scholarly journals Effects of supplementing late-gestation sow diets with zinc on preweaning mortality of pigs under commercial rearing conditions1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 519-530
Author(s):  
Julia P Holen ◽  
Pedro E Urriola ◽  
Mark Schwartz ◽  
Jae-Cheol Jang ◽  
Gerald C Shurson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Piglet Mortality ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine preweaning survival of pigs when sows were supplemented with 3 dietary levels of zinc (Zn) in late gestation. Gilts and sows (n = 339) were assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments based on parity. Dietary treatments were 1) Control—sows fed a corn–soybean meal-based diet containing 125 ppm total supplemental Zn supplied by ZnSO4 (75 ppm Zn) and AvailaZn (50 ppm Zn, CON); 2) Intermediate—as Control + 240 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (INT); and 3) High—as Control + 470 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (HI). Final supplemental Zn concentrations of the 3 dietary treatments were 1) CON—125 ppm; 2) INT—365 ppm; and 3) HI—595 ppm. Sows received dietary treatments from about day 85 of gestation until farrowing. Individual piglet birth weights were recorded within 12 h of parturition. Instances of piglet mortality were recorded daily. The statistical model considered fixed effects of treatment and random effects of parity. Piglets from sows fed the INT diet had heavier (P &lt; 0.05) birth weights than those fed CON (1.42 vs. 1.38 kg, respectively), while offspring from sows fed HI tended to have heavier (P &lt; 0.10) birth weights (1.40 kg) than pigs from INT sows. Furthermore, incidence of low birth weight pigs was less (P &lt; 0.05) for sows consuming INT compared with sows fed CON and HI. Despite differences in birth weight, there were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in total pigs born, born alive, or weaned, nor differences in individual piglet gain or weaning weight across treatments. Mortality of low birth weight pigs was lowest (P &lt; 0.05) for offspring from sows fed HI (28.1%) compared with offspring from sows fed INT (36.1%) and CON (38.3%). Similarly, overall piglet mortality tended to decrease (P &lt; 0.10) as dietary Zn content increased (CON: 15.0%, INT: 13.2%, and HI: 12.2%). A subset of pigs (n = 420, n = 140/treatment) were selected at weaning to evaluate effects of dietary treatment on postweaning performance. There were no significant effects of sow Zn supplementation on final body weight, days to market, or carcass characteristics of market pigs. Overall, effects of supplemental dietary Zn at 365 and 595 ppm in late gestation improved preweaning survival of low birth weight piglets and reduced overall preweaning mortality of piglets.

Effects of Maternal Nutrient Restriction During Gestation on LH Production in the Female Bovine Fetus

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 25-26
Author(s):  
Sterling H Fahey ◽  
Sarah West ◽  
John M Long ◽  
Carey Satterfield ◽  
Rodolfo C Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Individual Potential ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Gestational nutrient restriction causes epigenetic and phenotypic changes that affect multiple physiological processes in the offspring. Gonadotropes, the cells in the anterior pituitary that secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), are particularly sensitive to nutritional changes during fetal development. Our objective herein was to investigate the effects of gestational nutrient restriction on LH protein content and number of gonadotropes in the fetal bovine pituitary. We hypothesized that moderate nutrient restriction during mid to late gestation decreases pituitary LH production, which is associated with a reduced number of gonadotropes. Embryos were produced in vitro with X-bearing semen from a single sire then split to generate monozygotic twins. Each identical twin was transferred to a virgin dam yielding four sets of female twins. At gestational d 158, the dams were randomly assigned into two groups, one fed 100% NRC requirements (control) and the other fed 70% of NRC requirements (restricted) during the last trimester of gestation, ensuring each pair of twins had one twin in each group. At gestational d 265, the fetuses (n = 4/group) were euthanized by barbiturate overdose, and the pituitaries were collected. Western blots were performed using an ovine LH-specific antibody (Dr. A.F. Parlow, NIDDK). The total LH protein content in the pituitary tended to be decreased in the restricted fetuses compared to controls (P &lt; 0.10). However, immunohistochemistry analysis of the pituitary did not reveal any significant changes in the total number of LH-positive cells (control = 460±23 cells/0.5 mm2; restricted = 496±45 cells/0.5 mm2, P = 0.58). In conclusion, while maternal nutrient restriction during gestation resulted in a trend of reduced LH content in the fetal pituitary, immunohistological findings suggest that these changes are likely related to the individual potential of each gonadotrope to produce LH, rather than alterations in cell differentiation during fetal development.

528 Late-Breaking: Late Gestation Metabolizable Energy Intake Increases Colostrum Yield and Alters Colostrum Composition in Beef Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 150-150
Author(s):  
Koryn S Hare ◽  
Emily Croft ◽  
Katharine M Wood ◽  
Michael A Steele
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

Abstract The objective was to determine how late gestation metabolizable energy (ME) intake impacts beef cow colostrogenesis. Angus-Simmental primiparous (n = 47) and multiparous (n = 109) cattle were blocked by expected calving date and randomly assigned to receive diets that supplied 80% (LME; n = 53), 100% (CME; n = 52), or 120% (HME; n = 51) of the ME requirement. Treatments were balanced by initial BW and fed for 53 d prior to calving. Cow body weight was recorded d -53, -39, -25, -10, and -3 relative to calving and retrospectively conceptus-corrected. Calves were weighed and measured prior to suckling. Colostrum was hand-stripped from all cows for compositional analysis and a subset (n = 16/treatment) was fully milked using a milking machine. Data were analyzed (PROC GLIMMIX) as a randomized block design, including the fixed effects of treatment, parity, and treatment×parity and the random effects of block and cow(block). Day and its interactions were included for repeated measurements. Treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.73) cow BW or conceptus-corrected BW. Calf chest circumference was lesser (treatment×parity: P = 0.023) for primiparous vs. multiparous calves if their dams consumed LME or CME, but not if their dams consumed HME. Feeding HME rather than LME increased (P = 0.006) colostrum yield. The LME diet increased (P = 0.004) colostrum IgG concentration over HME; however, HME colostrum yielded more (P = 0.005) total IgG. Crude protein and urea-N were elevated (P &lt; 0.001) in LME colostrum, whereas HME colostrum contained more (P = 0.026) lactose. Low ME colostrum fat was greater (P = 0.013) than CME and beta-hydroxybutyrate was increased (P &lt; 0.001) in LME vs. CME and HME colostrum. These data provide insight regarding nutrient partitioning during late gestation and demonstrate that beef cow colostrogenesis is responsive to prepartum ME intake.

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Quantification in Renal Tissue of Patients in the State of Yucatan and Its Association with Urolithiasis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. May-Ix ◽  
J. Gabriel Rosado-Rubio ◽  
Martha Medina-Escobedo ◽  
Arturo F. Castellanos-Ruelas ◽  
Luis A. Chel-Guerrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Elevated Level ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Urinary Lithiasis ◽  
Apparent Relationship ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Metal Quantification

A possible cause associated with urinary lithiasis (UL) is the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the kidney. The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of Cu, Pb, and Cd in kidney tissues removed from patients with nephrological problems and associate it with UL. Samples of 50 kidney sections from patients were analyzed. Results were statistically analyzed using a fixed effects model including the overall mean, the effect of the health status of patients (with or without UL), gender (male and female), the interaction between both factors and the random error . Cu level was  mg/kg (mean DS) and 25.5% of samples had levels above normal. Lead content in 97.9% of the samples ( mg/kg) was above normal. All results of Cd ( mg/kg) were below the maximum permissible limits. There was no difference in the amount of heavy metals on patients with or without UL () nor depending on the gender (). It was concluded that there is no apparent relationship between a very elevated level of Cu or Pb in the kidney on the development of UL.

scholarly journals Sex influence on genetic expressions of early growth in Afshari lambs

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ghafouri-Kesbi ◽  
D. R. Notter
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Male To Female

Abstract. Very little is known about the genetic aspects of sexual dimorphism of body weight in domestic sheep, and therefore this study was conducted to quantify the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism for early-growth-related traits in Afshari lambs. Traits evaluated included birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), and growth rate (GR) in male and female lambs. Male lambs were 6.6 % heavier at birth, had 14.4 % higher preweaning growth rates and were 16.0 % heavier at weaning compared to female lambs. Levels of sexual-size dimorphism (SSD), expressed as the ratio of male to female means, for BW, WW and GR were 1.07, 1.14 and 1.15, respectively, which indicated low levels of SSD in the traits studied. Fixed effects of year of birth and type of birth interacted with sex effects, with greater variability in birth and weaning weights among years and birth types in male lambs, suggesting greater environmental sensitivity in the males. Bivariate animal models and restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures were used to estimate phenotypic variances and their genetic and non-genetic components in male and female lambs. Estimates of the direct heritability (h2) and additive coefficient of variation (CVA) for BW were higher in males. However, for WW and GR, heritability estimates were higher in females. In contrast, whereas the contribution of maternal permanent environmental effects (c2) to variation of BW was higher in females, for WW and GR higher estimates of c2 were observed in males. Respective genetic and maternal permanent environmental correlations between records on males and females were 0.986 and 0.723 for BW, 0.995 and 0.983 for WW, and 0.995 and 0.966 for GR, indicating possible sexual dimorphism only for maternal effects on BW. Based on an approximate 95 % confidence interval, none of the observed differences in variance components between sexes differed from zero and none of the observed genetic or maternal correlations differed from 1.0, indicating no need or opportunity for sex-specific selection strategies.

A note on heritability estimates for growth traits in male and female Romanov sheep

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. María ◽  
K. G. Boldman ◽  
L. D. van Vleck
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Direct Genetic Effect

A total of 1855 records were analysed using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) techniques to estimate heritabilities separately for males and females lambs on birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), 90-day weight (W90) and average daily gains birth to weaning (Cl) and weaning to 90 days (C2). An animal model including fixed effects of year × season, parity, litter size and rearing type; and random effects of direct genetic effect (h2D) and residual was applied. Estimates ofh2Dfor BWwere 048 (males) and 0·50 (females); for WW 0·35 (males) and 0·22 (females); for W90 0·21 (males) and 0·31 (females); for Cl 0·20 (males) and 0·25 (females); and for C2 0·18 (males) and 0·29 (females).

scholarly journals 341 Evaluation of the safety of an algal biomass as an ingredient in finishing cattle diets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 137-138
Author(s):  
Mitch Norman ◽  
Zachary E Carlson ◽  
Fred H Hilscher ◽  
Galen E Erickson ◽  
Bruce Brodersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
Cattle Feeding

Abstract Algae production is increasing to supply the growing demand for Omega-3 fatty acids for aquaculture, human food and pet food; co-products from the algae industry could be a suitable feed ingredient for cattle feeding. A safety study was conducted to evaluate feeding algal biomass to cattle. Crossbreed cattle (20 steers and 20 heifers, 255 kg initial BW, SD=14) were individually fed 4 inclusions of condensed algal residue solubles (CARS; 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 % of diet DM) displacing dry rolled corn in a finishing diet (62.5 to 70% corn and 15% distillers grains) for a minimum of 97 d. At harvest, organs were weighed and sampled. Blood was collected every 30 d. Performance data were analyzed as a RCBD with treatment, gender, and treatment by gender interactions as fixed effects, BW block as a random effect and individual animal as the experimental unit. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test for linear, quadratic and cubic responses due to CARS inclusion. Increasing CARS in the diet quadratically increased DMI and ADG (P ≤ 0.01). A linear increase was observed for G:F, NEm,and NEg as CARS increased in the diet (P < 0.01). All organ weights measured were within expected ranges for cattle, with 6 out of 27 having differences in weight due to treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Histopathology analysis of organs revealed no differences due to treatment (P ≥ 0.24). Out of 21 blood chemistry measures, 8 were affected by treatment (P ≤ 0.02). Nearly all blood chemistry parameters were within expected ranges for cattle. No adverse effects of feeding CARS were observed in hematology, blood chemistry, or histopathology analyses. The feedstuff CARS demonstrated to be a safe and efficacious feed ingredient for cattle diets and maximized HCW, ADG, and DMI when fed at 2.5 or 5% of the diet.

Alterations in oxytocin prohormone processing during early development in the fetal sheep

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (3) ◽  
pp. R738-R740 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Morris ◽  
M. Castro ◽  
J. C. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Development ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Umbilical Artery ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Fetal Plasma ◽  
Prohormone Processing ◽  
Specific Antisera

Oxytocin (OT) prohormone processing was studied in fetal sheep. Using specific antisera that recognize the amidated and the COOH-terminal extended forms of OT, we measured arterial and venous levels of the OT peptides in fetal sheep plasma at 94 and 138 days of gestation. Plasma levels of the COOH-terminal extended forms, OT-X, were highest early in development, 35.7 +/- 9.8 vs. 14.3 +/- 5.7 pg/ml (94 vs. 138 days). The ratio of the plasma peptides, OT-X to OT, was higher in the young fetus (35 +/- 11.6 vs. 3.1 +/- 1.3, 94 vs. 138 days). There were also developmental changes in the umbilical artery-umbilical vein differences, with positive values noted in late gestation. These results demonstrate that the changes in the processing of the OT precursor that occur during fetal development are reflected by alterations in the relative amounts of prohormone and amidated hormone found in fetal plasma.

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