scholarly journals Sex influence on genetic expressions of early growth in Afshari lambs

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ghafouri-Kesbi ◽  
D. R. Notter
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Male To Female

Abstract. Very little is known about the genetic aspects of sexual dimorphism of body weight in domestic sheep, and therefore this study was conducted to quantify the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism for early-growth-related traits in Afshari lambs. Traits evaluated included birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), and growth rate (GR) in male and female lambs. Male lambs were 6.6 % heavier at birth, had 14.4 % higher preweaning growth rates and were 16.0 % heavier at weaning compared to female lambs. Levels of sexual-size dimorphism (SSD), expressed as the ratio of male to female means, for BW, WW and GR were 1.07, 1.14 and 1.15, respectively, which indicated low levels of SSD in the traits studied. Fixed effects of year of birth and type of birth interacted with sex effects, with greater variability in birth and weaning weights among years and birth types in male lambs, suggesting greater environmental sensitivity in the males. Bivariate animal models and restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures were used to estimate phenotypic variances and their genetic and non-genetic components in male and female lambs. Estimates of the direct heritability (h2) and additive coefficient of variation (CVA) for BW were higher in males. However, for WW and GR, heritability estimates were higher in females. In contrast, whereas the contribution of maternal permanent environmental effects (c2) to variation of BW was higher in females, for WW and GR higher estimates of c2 were observed in males. Respective genetic and maternal permanent environmental correlations between records on males and females were 0.986 and 0.723 for BW, 0.995 and 0.983 for WW, and 0.995 and 0.966 for GR, indicating possible sexual dimorphism only for maternal effects on BW. Based on an approximate 95 % confidence interval, none of the observed differences in variance components between sexes differed from zero and none of the observed genetic or maternal correlations differed from 1.0, indicating no need or opportunity for sex-specific selection strategies.

A genetic study on sexual dimorphism of bodyweight in sheep

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhad Ghafouri-Kesbi ◽  
Ghodratollah Rahimi Mianji ◽  
Zarbakht Ansari Pirsaraei ◽  
Seyed Hasan Hafezian ◽  
Hasan Baneh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Age Estimates ◽  
Zandi Sheep

The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism of bodyweight in Zandi sheep. To do this, a pedigree including 1450 dams and 170 sires was used. Six bivariate animal models were applied for investigating direct and maternal effects for three age-specific bodyweights (bodyweight at birth, 3 and 6 months of age) in male and female Zandi lambs. The variance components were estimated via REML procedure. Males were, respectively, 6%, 7% and 9% heavier than females at birth, weaning and 6 months of age. Estimates of sexual dimorphism levels (expressed as M/F) were 1.11 at birth, 1.07 at weaning and 1.09 at 6 months of age, which indicated relatively low levels of sexual size dimorphism in the traits studied. Except for birthweight, for which estimates of additive genetic, residual and phenotypic variances as well as direct heritability and additive coefficient of variation were higher in females, for other traits studied, estimates were higher in males. However, regarding direct and maternal effects, none of the differences between the sexes was significant, indicating no need for sexual selection. Cross-sex genetic correlations were 0.862 at birth, 0.918 at weaning and 0.922 at 6 months of age, which highlighted birthweight as the most dimorphic trait. It was concluded that, owing to possible contribution of sexual chromosomes to variation of growth-related traits, bodyweight in male and female lambs may not be under the exactly same genetic control.

Rat liver carbonic anhydrase I is not sexually dimorphic but is estrogen repressible

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 735-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jeffery ◽  
N. D. Carter ◽  
C. A. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase I ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Low Levels

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes CAII and CAIII are known to exhibit sexual dimorphism in rat liver, and the levels of these isozymes are affected by sex hormones. In this paper we show that the isozyme CAI is present at low levels in rat liver, with no difference in concentration between male and female rats. Estrogen and diethylstilbestrol reduce CAI levels in both sexes.

Comparative assessment of average clinical smile parameters in male and female patients with orthognathic occlusion

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
V. G. Galonsky ◽  
N. V. Tarasova ◽  
V. V. Aliamovskii ◽  
I. S. Leonovich
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Evaluation Of Parameters ◽  
Distinguishing Features ◽  
Vertical Size ◽  
Relative Concept ◽  
The Ideal

Relevance. Separate issues in anthropomorphic sizes of relative norm of the ideal smile, its qualitative and qualitative parameters have not been addressed to sufficiently and are not properly reflected in scientific literature.Purpose. To determine distinguishing features in average smile parameters of the smile in male and female patients with orthognathic occlusion.Materials and methods. A clinical and anthropometric evaluation of parameters in main smile types was carried out for 150 young males and 150 young females aged 19-24 who had identical physiological development parameters.Results. It has been revealed that occurrence frequency of main smile types in patients with orthognathic occlusion has pronounced signs of sexual dimorphism which in over one half of the cases lies in predominance of the incisal smile type in males (52.7%) and the fascial type in females (55.3%). Occurence frequency of the cervical smile type totaled 25% among the studied patients of both genders. Average vertical size parameters in the incisal smile lies within the diapason of 3.91-4.91mm with surpassing by 1mm in males. Analogical data for the fascial smile type form the diapason of 6.21-6.73mm with surpassing by 0.52mm in females. The cervical smile type is characterised by larger vertical size forming the diapason of 7.94-8.91mm with surpassing by 0.97mm in males.Conclusion. The results of the study have shown that the “beautiful and ideal smile” is a relative concept having varied anthropometric characteristics and pronounced signs of sexual dimorphism lying in a broad spectrum of the dentofacial system norm notion with specific vectors for individual morphological deviations.

scholarly journals 77 The effect of naturally occurring levels of multiple mycotoxins on growth performance and carcass parameters of grow-finish pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
Leigh Ruckman ◽  
Stacie Gould ◽  
John Patience
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Carcass Parameters ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Mycotoxins may not be an issue every year, but the proper environmental conditions can cause a spike in contaminated grains and cause severe economic impact on pork producers. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of naturally occurring infections of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins (DZF) on growth performance and carcass parameters in grow/finish pigs. One hundred pigs (BW 34.0 ± 0.9 kg; L337 × Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments with 10 split-sex pens/treatment. The control diet (CTL) contained low levels of DZF and the CTL+DFZ diet contained high levels of DZF. Diets were fed in 4 phases over the 126-d experiment period. The CTL diet contained 1.6, 1.6, 1.8 and 1.2 mg deoxynivalenol/kg and CTL+DZF contained 9.2, 6.9, 5.8 and 3.8 mg deoxynivalenol/kg in the 4 diet phases, respectively. The CTL contained 0.30, 0.32, 0.51 and 0.32 mg zearalenone/kg and 0.7, 0.8, 0.8 and 0.9 mg total fumonisins/kg; CTL+DFZ contained 0.59, 0.72, 0.86 and 0.57 mg zearalenone/kg and 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and 0.9 mg total fumonisins/kg for phases one through four, respectively. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (9.4) with treatment, sex, and their interaction as fixed effects. Compared to CTL, feeding CTL+DFZ decreased final BW (130.3 vs 120.5 kg; P< 0.001), ADG (0.95 vs 0.79 kg/d; P< 0.001), ADFI (2.73 vs 2.49 kg/d; P=0.016), and G:F (0.35 vs 0.32; P=0.043). Feeding CTL+DFZ decreased HCW (92.3 vs 89.4 kg; P=0.024) and increased dressing percentage (70.9 vs 74.3%; P=0.009) and tended to reduce loin depth (7.0 vs 6.8 cm; P=0.057) compared to CTL. Diet did not affect backfat depth or lean percentage (P >0.10). In conclusion, diets naturally contaminated with multiple mycotoxins reduced growth performance and adversely affected carcass parameters; pigs did not adapt over time to the mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Introgression of the sesquiterpene biosynthesis from Solanum habrochaites to cultivated tomato offers insights into trichome morphology and arthropod resistance

Planta ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 254 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Therezan ◽  
Ruy Kortbeek ◽  
Eloisa Vendemiatti ◽  
Saioa Legarrea ◽  
Severino M. de Alencar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
Chromosome 8 ◽  
Cavity Size ◽  
Solanum Habrochaites ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Internal Storage ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Trichome Morphology

Abstract Main conclusion Cultivated tomatoes harboring the plastid-derived sesquiterpenes from S. habrochaites have altered type-VI trichome morphology and unveil additional genetic components necessary for piercing-sucking pest resistance. Abstract Arthropod resistance in the tomato wild relative Solanum habrochaites LA1777 is linked to specific sesquiterpene biosynthesis. The Sesquiterpene synthase 2 (SsT2) gene cluster on LA1777 chromosome 8 controls plastid-derived sesquiterpene synthesis. The main genes at SsT2 are Z-prenyltransferase (zFPS) and Santalene and Bergamotene Synthase (SBS), which produce α-santalene, β-bergamotene, and α-bergamotene in LA1777 round-shaped type-VI glandular trichomes. Cultivated tomatoes have mushroom-shaped type-VI trichomes with much smaller glands that contain low levels of monoterpenes and cytosolic-derived sesquiterpenes, not presenting the same pest resistance as in LA1777. We successfully transferred zFPS and SBS from LA1777 to cultivated tomato (cv. Micro-Tom, MT) by a backcrossing approach. The trichomes of the MT-Sst2 introgressed line produced high levels of the plastid-derived sesquiterpenes. The type-VI trichome internal storage-cavity size increased in MT-Sst2, probably as an effect of the increased amount of sesquiterpenes, although it was not enough to mimic the round-shaped LA1777 trichomes. The presence of high amounts of plastid-derived sesquiterpenes was also not sufficient to confer resistance to various tomato piercing-sucking pests, indicating that the effect of the sesquiterpenes found in the wild S. habrochaites can be insect specific. Our results provide for a better understanding of the morphology of S. habrochaites type-VI trichomes and paves the way to obtain insect-resistant tomatoes.

scholarly journals Sex-dependent dynamics of metabolism in primary mouse hepatocytes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luise Hochmuth ◽  
Christiane Körner ◽  
Fritzi Ott ◽  
Daniela Volke ◽  
Kaja Blagotinšek Cokan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Primary Hepatocytes ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Primary Mouse

AbstractThe liver is one of the most sexually dimorphic organs. The hepatic metabolic pathways that are subject to sexual dimorphism include xenobiotic, amino acid and lipid metabolism. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma are among diseases with sex-dependent prevalence, progression and outcome. Although male and female livers differ in their abilities to metabolize foreign compounds, including drugs, sex-dependent treatment and pharmacological dynamics are rarely applied in all relevant cases. Therefore, it is important to consider hepatic sexual dimorphism when developing new treatment strategies and to understand the underlying mechanisms in model systems. We isolated primary hepatocytes from male and female C57BL6/N mice and examined the sex-dependent transcriptome, proteome and extracellular metabolome parameters in the course of culturing them for 96 h. The sex-specific gene expression of the general xenobiotic pathway altered and the female-specific expression of Cyp2b13 and Cyp2b9 was significantly reduced during culture. Sex-dependent differences of several signaling pathways increased, including genes related to serotonin and melatonin degradation. Furthermore, the ratios of male and female gene expression were inversed for other pathways, such as amino acid degradation, beta-oxidation, androgen signaling and hepatic steatosis. Because the primary hepatocytes were cultivated without the influence of known regulators of sexual dimorphism, these results suggest currently unknown modulatory mechanisms of sexual dimorphism in vitro. The large sex-dependent differences in the regulation and dynamics of drug metabolism observed during cultivation can have an immense influence on the evaluation of pharmacodynamic processes when conducting initial preclinical trials to investigate potential new drugs.

scholarly journals The Risk of Partner Aggression Research: Impact of Laboratory Couples Conflict Protocols on Participants

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela J. Owen ◽  
Richard E. Heyman ◽  
Amy M. Smith Slep
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Research Impact ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Partner Aggression ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Impact Measure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Couples Conflict

The impact of male-to-female intimate partner violence (IPV) research on participants is unknown. A measure of impact was given to participants in an IPV study to assess systematically the impact of completing questionnaires, engaging in conflict conversations, and being interviewed individually about anger escalation and de-escalation during the conversations. Participants completed a six-question, Likert-scaled impact measure. Both male and female participants rated the impact of the study as helpful to them personally and to their relationships. Female participants rated different segments of the study as more helpful to themselves and their relationships, while male participants did not find any segment of the study to have a different impact than other segments.

The melanocortin-3 receptor is a pharmacological target for the regulation of anorexia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (590) ◽  
pp. eabd6434
Author(s):  
Patrick Sweeney ◽  
Michelle N. Bedenbaugh ◽  
Jose Maldonado ◽  
Pauline Pan ◽  
Katelyn Fowler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Bidirectional Regulation ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Agouti Related Protein

Ablation of hypothalamic AgRP (Agouti-related protein) neurons is known to lead to fatal anorexia, whereas their activation stimulates voracious feeding and suppresses other motivational states including fear and anxiety. Despite the critical role of AgRP neurons in bidirectionally controlling feeding, there are currently no therapeutics available specifically targeting this circuitry. The melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) is expressed in multiple brain regions and exhibits sexual dimorphism of expression in some of those regions in both mice and humans. MC3R deletion produced multiple forms of sexually dimorphic anorexia that resembled aspects of human anorexia nervosa. However, there was no sexual dimorphism in the expression of MC3R in AgRP neurons, 97% of which expressed MC3R. Chemogenetic manipulation of arcuate MC3R neurons and pharmacologic manipulation of MC3R each exerted potent bidirectional regulation over feeding behavior in male and female mice, whereas global ablation of MC3R-expressing cells produced fatal anorexia. Pharmacological effects of MC3R compounds on feeding were dependent on intact AgRP circuitry in the mice. Thus, the dominant effect of MC3R appears to be the regulation of the AgRP circuitry in both male and female mice, with sexually dimorphic sites playing specialized and subordinate roles in feeding behavior. Therefore, MC3R is a potential therapeutic target for disorders characterized by anorexia, as well as a potential target for weight loss therapeutics.

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Quantification in Renal Tissue of Patients in the State of Yucatan and Its Association with Urolithiasis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. May-Ix ◽  
J. Gabriel Rosado-Rubio ◽  
Martha Medina-Escobedo ◽  
Arturo F. Castellanos-Ruelas ◽  
Luis A. Chel-Guerrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Elevated Level ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Urinary Lithiasis ◽  
Apparent Relationship ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Metal Quantification

A possible cause associated with urinary lithiasis (UL) is the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the kidney. The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of Cu, Pb, and Cd in kidney tissues removed from patients with nephrological problems and associate it with UL. Samples of 50 kidney sections from patients were analyzed. Results were statistically analyzed using a fixed effects model including the overall mean, the effect of the health status of patients (with or without UL), gender (male and female), the interaction between both factors and the random error . Cu level was  mg/kg (mean DS) and 25.5% of samples had levels above normal. Lead content in 97.9% of the samples ( mg/kg) was above normal. All results of Cd ( mg/kg) were below the maximum permissible limits. There was no difference in the amount of heavy metals on patients with or without UL () nor depending on the gender (). It was concluded that there is no apparent relationship between a very elevated level of Cu or Pb in the kidney on the development of UL.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document