scholarly journals 341 Evaluation of the safety of an algal biomass as an ingredient in finishing cattle diets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 137-138
Author(s):  
Mitch Norman ◽  
Zachary E Carlson ◽  
Fred H Hilscher ◽  
Galen E Erickson ◽  
Bruce Brodersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
Cattle Feeding

Abstract Algae production is increasing to supply the growing demand for Omega-3 fatty acids for aquaculture, human food and pet food; co-products from the algae industry could be a suitable feed ingredient for cattle feeding. A safety study was conducted to evaluate feeding algal biomass to cattle. Crossbreed cattle (20 steers and 20 heifers, 255 kg initial BW, SD=14) were individually fed 4 inclusions of condensed algal residue solubles (CARS; 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 % of diet DM) displacing dry rolled corn in a finishing diet (62.5 to 70% corn and 15% distillers grains) for a minimum of 97 d. At harvest, organs were weighed and sampled. Blood was collected every 30 d. Performance data were analyzed as a RCBD with treatment, gender, and treatment by gender interactions as fixed effects, BW block as a random effect and individual animal as the experimental unit. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test for linear, quadratic and cubic responses due to CARS inclusion. Increasing CARS in the diet quadratically increased DMI and ADG (P ≤ 0.01). A linear increase was observed for G:F, NEm,and NEg as CARS increased in the diet (P < 0.01). All organ weights measured were within expected ranges for cattle, with 6 out of 27 having differences in weight due to treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Histopathology analysis of organs revealed no differences due to treatment (P ≥ 0.24). Out of 21 blood chemistry measures, 8 were affected by treatment (P ≤ 0.02). Nearly all blood chemistry parameters were within expected ranges for cattle. No adverse effects of feeding CARS were observed in hematology, blood chemistry, or histopathology analyses. The feedstuff CARS demonstrated to be a safe and efficacious feed ingredient for cattle diets and maximized HCW, ADG, and DMI when fed at 2.5 or 5% of the diet.

scholarly journals 251 Evaluation of Condensed Algal Residue Solubles as an Ingredient in Cattle Finishing Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 137-138
Author(s):  
Calvin Gibbons ◽  
Andrea K Watson ◽  
Galen E Erickson ◽  
Bradley M Boyd ◽  
Levi J McPhillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Algae Oil

Abstract Algae oil production for Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation yields a byproduct called Condensed Algal Residue Solubles (CARS; 25.4% DM, 19.3% CP, 8.3% Fat, 9.96% Na on DM basis), de-oiled algae cells with residual fermentation substrates. This study evaluated the use of CARS in feedlot finishing diets. Crossbreed steers, (n=480) were blocked and stratified by initial body weight (BW) into 4 blocks, and assigned randomly to treatments. Treatments were designed as a 2 x 3 factorial with 3 inclusions of CARS (0, 2.5, 5% of diet DM) and 2 different base diets representing Northern and Southern Great Plains diets. The Southern diets contained steam flaked corn and dry distillers grains while the Northern diets had dry rolled and high moisture corn with wet distillers grains. CARS replaced corn in both diets. All blocks were harvested after 148 days on feed. Performance data were analyzed as a randomized block design with CARS inclusion, base diet, and interactions as fixed effects, BW block as a random effect and pen (n=48) as the experimental unit. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of CARS inclusion. There were no significant interactions between CARS inclusion and diet type (P ≥ 0.49). Main effects of CARS indicated positive quadratic responses for carcass adjusted ADG, G:F, 12th rib back fat, yield grade (P &lt; 0.01; increasing to 2.5% inclusion, decreasing at 5%) and hot carcass weight was both linear and quadratic (P ≤ 0.01 and P ≥ 0.06 respectively; 969, 977, 935 as CARS increased). Linear decrease in DMI, final adjusted BW and ribeye area (P ≤ 0.01) as CARS increased. Cattle fed the Southern diets had greater ADG and G:F compared to Northern diets (P &lt; 0.01). Including 2.5% CARS in the diet improved feed efficiency in both Northern and Southern based feedlot diets.

scholarly journals 346 Effect of supplemental vitamin E in feedlot receiving diets on steer performance and immune function

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 141-141
Author(s):  
Erin L Deters ◽  
Stephanie L Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Supplemental Vitamin ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Trial Performance

Abstract Single-source, Angus-cross steers (n = 204; 249 ± 23 kg) were utilized to determine the effect of supplemental vitamin (VE; ROVIMIX E-50 Adsorbate, DSM Nutritional Products) on performance and immunity during feedlot receiving. Seven days post-arrival, steers were blocked by BW and weaning protocol (pre-weaned or not) into pens (n = 5 or 6 steers/pen) and pens randomly assigned to VE treatments: no supplemental VE (CON), VE at 25 IU/kg DM (LOW; average 151 IU·steer-1·d-1), 500 IU·steer-1·d-1 (MED), or 1000 IU·steer-1·d-1 (HIGH). Steers were weighed on d -1, 0, 14, 26 and 27. On d 6, steers were boostered with Bovi-Shield Gold (One Shot, Zoetis). Serum collected from one steer per pen was analyzed for Se and α-tocopherol (d -1 and 26) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) type 1 and 2 antibody titers (d 6, 14, 26). Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS with pen as the experimental unit (n = 9 pens/treatment), the fixed effects of treatment and block, and the random effect of pen. Linear, quadratic and cubic contrast statements were constructed. Serum Se and α-tocopherol concentrations from d -1 and titers from d 6 (prior to vaccination) served as covariates. From d 14 to 27, ADG and G:F quadratically increased (P ≤ 0.02), with MED being greatest; VE did not affect d 0 to 14 or overall trial performance (P ≥ 0.14). Day 26 BVDV type 1 antibody titers and α-tocopherol concentrations (2.7, 3.4, 4.6, and 5.8 mg/L for CON, LOW, MED, and HIGH, respectively) linearly increased due to VE (P ≤ 0.04). Increasing supplemental VE improved circulating VE concentrations and antibody response to a booster vaccine. Performance benefits were observed when VE was supplemented at 500 IU·steer-1·d-1, the dose recommended by NASEM (2016) for stressed cattle.

Determining the Rate of Ergot-alkaloid Degradation in Toxic Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Hay and Haylage During Long Term Storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 22-22
Author(s):  
Charles A Zumbaugh ◽  
Susannah A Gonia ◽  
Kathryn M Payne ◽  
Thomas B Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Ergot Alkaloid ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Experimental Unit

Abstract The objectives of this experiment were to determine changes in the nutritive value and ergot alkaloid concentrations of endophyte-infected tall fescue hay and haylage during a 180-d storage period. Forage from a single field of Kentucky-31 tall fescue was cut for hay in late June and allowed to dry in the field. The dry matter (DM) of the windrow of cut forage was measured every 2 h after clipping. Forage was sampled from the windrow in 6 location blocks once forage DM reached target levels for haylage and hay treatments. Haylage and hay samples were taken when the DM of the windrow reached 50% and 80%, respectively. Seven subsamples of each treatment within block were chopped to 1.91 cm in length with a lettuce chopper and vacuum sealed in oxygen-excluding bags. Sample bags were stored indoors and opened at 30 d intervals over the 180-d storage period. Samples were analyzed for pH, nutritive value, and individual ergot alkaloid concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography. Within each storage day, treatment within block was considered the experimental unit. Data were analyzed in SAS using the MIXED procedure with fixed effects of treatment, day, and the treatment by day interaction. Location block was considered a random effect. As expected, pH was decreased for haylage compared to hay at all time points (P &lt; 0.01) and DM was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for hay compared to haylage. Neutral detergent fiber values were greater (P &lt; 0.01) for hay compared to haylage and declined during storage (P &lt; 0.01). Total ergot alkaloid concentrations did not differ by treatment (P = 0.61), but ergovaline concentrations declined (P &lt; 0.01) during storage. Collectively, these results indicate minimal differences in nutritive value and ergot alkaloid concentrations between hay and haylage during storage, and that ergovaline concentrations decline during storage.

scholarly journals Effect of drying and/or warming piglets at birth under warm farrowing room temperatures on piglet rectal temperature over the first 24 h after birth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine D Vande Pol ◽  
Andres F Tolosa ◽  
Caleb M Shull ◽  
Catherine B Brown ◽  
Stephan A S Alencar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Abstract Piglets experience a decline in body temperature immediately after birth, and both drying and warming piglets at birth reduces this. However, these interventions may have less effective at higher farrowing room temperatures. This study was carried out at a commercial facility to compare the effect of drying and/or warming piglets at birth on postnatal rectal temperature (RT) under relatively warm farrowing room temperatures (26.6 ± 2.09°C). Forty-five sows/litters were used in a completely randomized design to compare three Intervention Treatments (applied at birth): Control (no treatment); Warming (piglets placed in a plastic box under a heat lamp for 30 min); Drying+Warming (piglets dried with desiccant and warmed as above). Temperatures in the warming boxes over the study period averaged 37.7 ± 2.75°C. At birth, piglets were weighed; RT temperature was measured at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1440 min after birth. Blood samples were collected at 24 h after birth from a subsample of one piglet from each birth weight quartile within each litter to measure plasma immunocrit concentration. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with litter as the experimental unit; and piglet a subsample of litter. The model for analysis of piglet rectal temperature included fixed effects of treatment, measurement time (repeated measure), the interaction, and the random effect of sow. Compared to the Control, piglet RT were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for the Warming treatment between 10 and 60 min, and higher (P ≤ 0.05) for the Drying+Warming treatment between 10 and 120 min after birth. Rectal temperatures were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for the Drying+Warming than the Warming treatment between 20 and 120 min. Responses to drying and/or warming were greater for low birth weight piglets (&lt; 1.0 kg) than heavier littermates, but were generally less than observed in previous experiments with similar treatments carried out under cooler temperatures. Piglet immunocrit values were lower (P ≤ 0.05) for the Drying+Warming treatment compared to the other treatments, which were similar (P &gt; 0.05). Immunocrit values tended (P = 0.10) to be lower for light (&lt; 1.0 kg) compared to heavier birth weight piglets. In conclusion, drying and warming piglets at birth was more effective for reducing piglet RT decline after birth than warming alone, though the effect was less than observed in previous studies carried out under cooler farrowing room temperatures.

305 Methane Emissions and Apparent Total Tract Nutrient Digestibility of Feedlot Beef Steers Under Intensive Management with or Without an Added Nutritional Packet

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
Andrea M Osorio ◽  
Kaue T Tonelli Nardi ◽  
Igor Gomes Fávero ◽  
Kaliu G Scaranto Silva ◽  
Kymberly D Coello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Period ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ch4 Production

Abstract The effects of a nutritional packet were evaluated on CH4 emissions and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility of feedlot beef steers. Thirty Angus-crossbred steers (BW = 542 ± 8.4 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design and allocated into pens equipped with SmartFeed (C-Lock; 15 steers/treatment). Steers were consuming a steam-flaked corn-based diet (88% concentrate DM basis) ad libitum for the last 65 d on feed, and received the following treatments: 1) control and 2) a nutritional packet [0.29% DM basis; live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 8.7 Log CFU/g); Vitamin C (5.4 g/kg); Vitamin B1 (13.33 g/kg); NaCl (80 g/kg); KCl (80 g/kg)]. Methane emissions and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility were measured during 3 periods with 5-d of collections each. Gas emissions from steers were measured utilizing the SF6 tracer technique. Feed and fecal samples were collected once and twice (0700 h and 1600 h) daily, respectively, to determine digestibility of nutrients using iNDF as an internal marker. Steer was considered the experimental unit. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effects of treatment, period, and their interaction, and the random effect of block. No treatment × period interactions (P ≥ 0.125) were observed for DMI and any of the CH4 production variables (g/day, g/kg BW0.75, g/nutrient intake, and g/nutrient digested). Moreover, treatments did not affect digestibility of DM, OM, or ADF (P ≥ 0.300); however, digestibility of NDF was increased for treated cattle (P = 0.013), which resulted in a tendency (P = 0.098) to decrease CH4 production in g per kg NDF intake and decreased (P = 0.020) grams CH4 per kg NDF digested. The nutritional packet may be altering ruminal fermentation on intensively managed steers and improving fiber digestibility, which can have benefits on CH4 emission intensity.

scholarly journals 409 Effects of essential oils on in vitro ruminal fermentation using a high-concentrate substrate

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 165-165
Author(s):  
Nadira J Espinoza-Rock ◽  
Andrea O Doblado ◽  
Sebastian E Mejia-Turcios ◽  
Evandro Dias ◽  
Michael Sandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cinnamic Aldehyde ◽  
Garlic Oil

Abstract A randomized complete block design was used to determine the effects of 4 concentrations of 4 essential oils (EO) on in vitro ruminal fermentation variables. In vitro fermentation consisted of 0.7 g of high concentrate substrate (86.7% DM) and 50 mL of 2:1 buffer:ruminal fluid inoculum incubated for 24 h for each batch (n = 3; separate days) Treatments were arranged as a 4 × 5 factorial. Factors included 4 EO (eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, anethole, and garlic oil) at 5 concentrations (0, 10, 75, 200, and 400 mg/L of inoculum). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effects of EO, concentration, and their interaction, and random effect of day (block). Batch was considered the experimental unit. There was an interaction (P &lt; 0.001) for total gas production, where a cubic effect (P ≤ 0.041) was observed for eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, and anethole, and a quadratic effect (P = 0.001) was observed for garlic oil. No interactions (P &gt; 0.05) were observed for in vitro OM digestibility (IVOMD) or CH4 production. There was an effect of EO (P &lt; 0.001) on IVOMD, where eugenol reduced (P ≤ 0.007) digestibility compared with anethole and garlic oil, which promoted the greatest (P ≤ 0.029) IVOMD. Methane production (mmol/g OM fermented) was affected by EO (P &lt; 0.001), where it was decreased (P ≤ 0.001) by garlic oil compared with all other EO. There was an interaction (P &lt; 0.001) for H2S production (µmol/g OM fermented), where it was linearly decreased (P = 0.003) and linearly increased (P &lt; 0.001) as concentrations of eugenol and garlic oil increased, respectively. These EO had contradictory impacts on in vitro ruminal fermentation, thus combining them could potentially improve multiple aspects of in vitro and in vivo fermentation.

312 Effects of Bismuth Subsalicylate and Different Sulfate Concentrations on in vitro Ruminal Fermentation Using a Warm-season Perennial Hay Substrate

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 166-166
Author(s):  
Kenneth S Madrid ◽  
Andrea M Osorio ◽  
Francine M Ciriaco ◽  
Kymberly D Coello ◽  
Angel A Raudales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Bismuth Subsalicylate ◽  
H2s Production

Abstract A randomized complete block design was used to evaluate the effects of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) on in vitro ruminal fermentation with differing concentrations of sulfate. In vitro fermentation consisted of 50 mL of a 4:1 buffer:ruminal fluid inoculum and 0.7 g (pre-dehydrated) of substrate [WW-B Dahl bluestem hay (Bothriochloa bladhii)] incubated for 48 h (39oC). Treatments were arranged as a 3 × 4 factorial with concentration of sulfate (0.2, 2.9, or 5.6 g sulfate/L buffer) and BSS (0.0, 0.165, 0.330, or 0.495% substrate DM) as the main factors. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and CH4, H2S, and total gas production (TGP) were measured. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effects of BSS, sulfate, and their interaction. Incubation day (block) was considered a random effect. The average of 2 bottles within day was considered experimental unit. A BSS × sulfate interaction was observed for TGP (P = 0.040) and H2S production (P &lt; 0.001), where BSS had a larger negative impact on TGP and production of H2S with greater concentrations of sulfate. A linear effect (P &lt; 0.001) of sulfate was observed for CH4 production per gram of incubated OM, where CH4 was decreased as sulfate concentration increased. A quadratic effect of sulfate was observed for IVOMD (P = 0.010) and pH (P = 0.009). Production of H2S linearly decreased (P = 0.001) as BSS concentration increased. The addition of BSS to in vitro incubations did not affect (P &gt; 0.10) any other variables measured. Bismuth subsalicylate does not appear to have negative effects on in vitro fermentation parameters while decreasing H2S production; however, elevated concentrations of sulfate in the buffer appears to have negative impacts on fermentation. Further in vivo research is warranted to support BSS supplementation to cattle with high dietary sulfate.

scholarly journals PSIX-4 Concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy and digestibility of phosphorus in a new source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 187-188
Author(s):  
minoy A Cristobal Romero ◽  
Su A Lee ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Microbial Phytase

Abstract Concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy and digestibility of phosphorus in a new source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs Minoy Cristobal, Su A Lee, and Hans H. Stein The objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that concentrations of DE and ME and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles (HP-DDGS) are greater than in conventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-CV). In Exp. 1, twenty-four growing barrows (initial BW: 32.7 ± 3.1 kg) were fed a corn diet or 2 diets containing corn and HP-DDGS or corn and DDGS-CV. The statistical model included ingredient as a fixed effects and replicate as the random effect and the pig was the experimental unit. Results from Exp. 1 indicated that the concentrations of DE and ME of HP-DDGS were greater (P &lt; 0.05) compared with DDGS-CV (Table 1). In Exp. 2, thirty-two growing barrows (initial BW: 20.2 ± 0.9 kg) were allotted to 4 diets with 8 pigs per diet. The DDGS-CV or HP-DDGS were included in a diet without microbial phytase and in a diet with microbial phytase (500 units/kg diet). The statistical model included ingredient, phytase, and the interaction as fixed effects and replicate as the random effect. Results from Exp. 2 indicated that inclusion of phytase in the diet containing HP-DDGS increased (P &lt; 0.05) the STTD of P, but addition of phytase to the DDGS-CV diet did not increase STTD of P (interaction, P &lt; 0.001; Table 2). The value for the STTD of P was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in DDGS-CV compared with HP-DDGS. In conclusion, HP-DDGS has greater concentrations of DE and ME, but less STTD of P compared with DDGS-CV.

scholarly journals 46 Novel creep area heat source impact on pre-wean mortality occurrence

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Benjamin Smith ◽  
Brett Ramirez ◽  
Laura L Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Heat Source ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Pre-wean mortality (PWM) is a multifaceted problem facing the US swine industry. The objective of this study was to compare the occurrence of mortality and age of piglets between a novel heat source (HS; semi-enclosed heated microclimate; SEHM) and a conventional heat lamp setup. This study was conducted in two rooms at a 1,000 head commercial sow farm. Treatments were blocked by sow parity group (SPG; young, prime, and geriatric) over six farrowing cycles. Litters were cross fostered within HS treatment at 1 day of age. PWM, was the experimental unit, data were collected from the farm’s farrowing records and production accounting system. Age of the mortalities was categorized into four phases of lactation (PL) over the 20 d lactation (d0 to d3, d4 to d7, d8 to d11, and d12 to d20). Overall, there were 220 recorded instances of mortality. Data were analyzed in a CRBD using a PROC MIXED model in SAS (v9.4, SAS Inst., Cary, NC) and reported as LSMEANS with standard errors. The model included farrowing cycle as a random effect and the following fixed effects: HS, SPG, PL, HS*SPG, and HS*PL. Overall average PWM was 8.60%±0.80 for SEHM and 10.0%±0.70 for the heat lamps. There was no effect (P &gt;0.05) of HS or HS*PL on PWM occurrence. There were significant effects of SPG (P=0.026), PL (P=0.05), and HS*SPG (P=0.036) on PWM occurrence. These data suggest that the HS type did not have an impact on the mortality rate or the timing of the mortality, indicating the mortalities that occurred had no relationship to HS. A limitation of this data set is the low sample size, thereby limiting the detection ability for this interaction. Further research into the impact of the HS is needed to expand the data set and to explore other popular HS effects on PWM.

279 Evaluation of Green Grass Inclusion on Digestibility and Fatty Acid Flow in Finishing Diets of Beef Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 129-130
Author(s):  
Aksel Wiseman ◽  
Tyler Spore ◽  
Mitch Norman ◽  
Hannah Wilson ◽  
James C MacDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Giant Kelp ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Trans Fa

Abstract Six ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers were utilized in a 3 × 3 replicated Latin square experiment to determine duodenal fatty acid (FA) flow. Treatments consisted of 3 levels of Green Grass (GG, Sunseo Omega 3; Chungcheong Duk-Do, South Korea), a feed comprised of sesame meal, giant kelp, cassava, and sorghum, at 0, 15, and 30% of diet DM. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment and period as fixed effects and animal as a random effect. There were no differences in DMI, organic matter (OM) intake, total tract DM or OM digestibility (P ≥ 0.16). Intake of NDF and ADF increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) from 0 to 30% GG inclusion. Total tract digestibility of NDF was the poorest (P ≤ 0.02) for GG0 with no differences between GG30 and GG15 (P = 0.33). Total tract ADF digestibility was poorest for GG30 (P &lt; 0.01) while GG0 and GG15 were not different (P = 0.17). Fatty Acid values were reported as relative abundance of the total FA present in duodenal samples. The lowest (P &lt; 0.01) concentration of saturated FA was GG30 (70.3%) while GG0 and GG15 were not different (P = 0.83; 78.2%). The concentration of unsaturated, mono-unsaturated, poly-unsaturated, and trans FA responded quadratically (P &lt; 0.01) with no difference between GG0 and GG15 and increasing to GG30. Omega-6 FA tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.06) from 0 to 30% GG inclusion (4.91 and 3.85 g/d, respectively). Omega-3 FA increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) from 0 to 30% GG inclusion (1.84 and 10.78 g/d, respectively). These data suggest increasing inclusion of GG up to 30% of diet DM does not affect DM or OM digestibility. Greater inclusions of GG resulted in more unsaturated and omega-3 FA concentrations in the duodenum.

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