Diversity of Pods and Beans of Twelve Cocoa Clones (Theobroma cacao L.) in Rainy and Dry Seasons

Cocoa is a sensitive plant to availability of soil water. The availability of water affects the formation of cocoa pods and beans. The aim of this research was to determine the genetic diversity and the influence of season on the diversity of cocoa beans quality as well as determining the pattern of genotype and season interaction on the quality of physical physiology of cacao beans. The research was conducted in Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember during dry season (2015) and rainy season (2016). This study used a complete randomized block design 2 x 12 factorial and three replicates as blocks. The first factor was the season consisting of two levels namely, dry season and rainy season. The second factor was cocoa clones, TSH 858, KW 084, KEE 2, Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, BAL 209, KW 215, JTC 5A, JTC 5B, KC 2, KKM 22,and KJ 2. Observation variables included pod diameter, pod length, pod weight, dry bean weight, number of good beans/pod, number of empty beans/pod, numberof beans, and number of pods/tree/season. Data was analyzed using ANOVA fixedfactor. The bean dry weight characteristics possesed a low genetic diversity (0.27%) whereas the physical quality character of other beans, i.e bean count had moderategenetic diversity (14.20%). Meanwhile, the real difference was shown on the dry weight of bean characteristics. The best dry bean weight was observed during the dry season. Clones KW 215 and Sulawesi 1 in the dry season was catego-rized in grade A, while the lowest quality JTC 5A with grade D. The interaction of genotype (clone) with the environment (season) resulted in a significant effect onpod diameter character, pod weight, bean count, dry bean weight, and numberof pods/tree. Based on the biplot AMMI graph it was known that the TSH 858 clone showed genetic stability in bean count character. As for the character ofthe number of pods/tree, clones KKM 22, BAL 209, and KW 084 had the stability of the number of pods in rainy and dry seasons. Clones KJ 2 and Sulawesi 2 showed season-specific in the dry season for the number of pods/tree characters.

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The Effect of N in Organic + Inorganic Liquid Fertilizer on the Activity Ability and Antioxidant Properties of Tea Shoots (Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntze) in the Rainy and Dry Season

Agrologia ◽

10.30598/ajibt.v10i1.1294 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zakarias Frans Mores Hukom

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Active Ingredient ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Block Design ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Dry Season ◽

Liquid Fertilizer ◽

Nitrogen Levels ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Different Seasons

Antioxidant is a term related to the activity ability and properties of the active ingredient. The higher the ability of the antioxidant activity of an active ingredient, the stronger its antioxidant properties are to ward off various free radical compounds due to oxidative stress. The activity ability and antioxidant properties of tea shoots often fluctuate with changing seasons. This study investigated the effect giving nitrogen levels in organic + inorganic liquid fertilizers on the ability of activity and antioxidant properties of tea shoots in different seasons. The experimental design used was a over season complete randomized block design consisting of 5 levels of fertilization concentration in the rainy and dry seasons. The results showed that the application of organic + inorganic liquid fertilizers without the addition of N concentration in the dry season had a significant effect on the antioxidant activity of tea shoots by 88.14%, and 34.15% higher than control plants in the rainy season and 41.81% more. Height of control plants in the dry season. The IC50 value of tea shoots in the rainy season and dry season has very strong antioxidant properties where the order of the antioxidant properties of the control plants < all concentrations of adding N to organic + inorganic liquid fertilizers < concentration of organic + inorganic liquid fertilizers without the addition of N.Keywords: Ability Antioxidant Activity, Organic + Inorganic Liquid Fertilizer, Tea shoots, Antioxidant Properties.

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Genetic Divergence in Sunnhemp [Crotalaria juncea (L.)]

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr-4397 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Desai Tarjani B. ◽

Madhu Bala ◽

R.K. Patel

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Divergence ◽

Plant Root ◽

Root Nodules ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Cluster Distance

Background: Sunnhemp is a very important green manuring crop. The crop is utilized for various purposes like reducing soil erosion, improving soil properties and recycling plant nutrients. The knowledge regarding the crop is still not exploited, due to lack of research in this crop. So, the present study was conducted to know the extent of genetic diversity present in the crop. From the divergence analysis, it may be concluded that the genotypes belonging to different clusters separated by high estimated statistical distance may be used in the hybridization programme for developing high green biomass yielding sunnhemp varieties. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat with thirty sunnhemp genotypes to know the extent of genetic diversity by D2 analysis in a randomized block design during late Kharif 2017.Result: The analysis was conducted for D2 analysis and was concluded from D2 analysis that, the characters viz., days to 50% flowering, fresh weight of root nodules per plant, fresh weight of plant, root nodules per plant, leaf length, root length, dry weight of root nodules per plant, C: N ratio, internodes per plant, plant height and stem diameter contributed towards the genetic divergence. Traits like primary branches per plant and leaf area didn’t contribute towards genetic divergence. The thirty genotypes were grouped into seven clusters following Tocher’s method (Rao, 1952). The cluster III was largest having eleven genotypes. Cluster IV and cluster II was second largest which contained seven and five genotypes respectively. Cluster I and cluster V contained three and two genotypes respectively Cluster VI and VII had only one genotype. The intra cluster distance was more in cluster III and the inter cluster distance was maximum between cluster V and cluster VII.

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Carbon and carbon dioxide accumulation by marandu grass under nitrogen fertilization and irrigation

Revista CERES ◽

10.1590/0034-737x201663030016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 387-393

Author(s):

Elisângela Dupas ◽

Salatiér Buzetti ◽

Flávio Henrique Silveira Rabêlo ◽

André Luís Sarto

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Block Design ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Dry Season ◽

Organic Matter Production ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Matter Production ◽

N Rates

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient for growth of forage grasses, especially in conditions of low water availability. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effect of N fertilization and irrigation on the accumulation of carbon (C) and carbon dioxide (CO2) by marandu grass in the Cerrado Paulista, in the rainy and dry seasons. Experiments were conducted to evaluate N fertilization in each season, with and without irrigation. Five N rates were used (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 per cutting), using urea as N source, totaling 0, 300, 600, 900 and 1200 kg ha-1 in the rainy season and 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha-1 in the dry season. The experiments were arranged in a split-plot randomized block design. There was no significant interaction (p > 0.05) between N and time of fertilization in the irrigated experiment. However, N promoted a quadratic effect in organic matter production (OMP), accumulation of C and CO2 by marandu grass, while there was no influence of the seasons. In the non-irrigated experiment, the interaction between N rates and seasons was significant (p < 0.05) only for the rainy season. Organic matter production and C and CO2 accumulation was greater in the rainy season than in the dry season. Irrigation provided increases of approximately 20% in C and CO2 accumulation. The use of N and irrigation increases the accumulation of C and CO2 by marandu grass, and this increase is higher during the rainy season.

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GRAIN YIELD AND PATH ANALYSIS IN THE EVALUATION OF COWPEA LANDRACES

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252019v32n202rc ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 302-311

Author(s):

THAISY GARDÊNIA GURGEL DE FREITAS ◽

PAULO SÉRGIO LIMA E SILVA ◽

JÚLIO CÉSAR DOVALE ◽

ÍTALO NUNES SILVA ◽

EDICLEIDE MACEDO DA SILVA

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Direct Effect ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Genetic Improvement ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Season ◽

Staple Food ◽

Total Absence ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Cowpea Varieties

ABSTRACT Cowpea is a staple food in the Northeast of Brazil, thus, genetic improvement of this species is important. Samples of cowpea landraces were collected in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, and the most promising ones were evaluated in the present study. The objective was to identify the most productive varieties and the characteristics that have greater direct effect on grain yield, for breeding purposes. Twelve landraces were evaluated using a randomized block design with five replications, in two experiments-one in the dry season, and other in the rainy season. However, water irrigation was used in both experiments, due to the almost total absence of rainfall in the rainy season. The Baraúna, and Carnaubais cowpea varieties were the most productive in both experiments. Campo Grande was the best variety found in the experiment carried out in the dry season. José da Penha, Lagoa de Pedra, Umarizal, and Upanema were the best varieties in the experiment carried out in the rainy season. The number of pods per plant was the characteristic that had greater direct effect on grain yield.

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Forage yield of Urochloa brizantha [(Hochst. Ex A. Rich.) R.D.] cv. Insurgente at different cutting heights

RECUBRIMIENTO COMESTIBLE CON BASE DE PIÑON MEXICANO (Jatropha curcas) SOBRE LA CALIDAD DE CHAYOTE MINIMAMENTE PROCESADO ◽

10.32854/agrop.v14i2.1961 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Bertín Maurilio Joaquín-Torres ◽

Usiel Reyes-Campechano ◽

Jesús Alberto Ramos-Juárez ◽

Emilio Manuel Aranda-Ibañez ◽

Jorge Armando Villarreal-González ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rainy Season ◽

Block Design ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Leaf Yield ◽

Dry Seasons ◽

Urochloa Brizantha ◽

Cutting Height ◽

Season Interaction ◽

Forage Yields

Objective: Evaluate the forage yield of Urochloa brizantha cv. Insurgente at differentcutting heights.Design/ methodology/ approach: the experiment was carried out at the Universidaddel Papaloapan, Loma Bonita, Oaxaca, Mexico. Four cutting heights were evaluated (5,10, 15, and 20 cm) during the rainy, norther, and dry seasons. The experiment followeda randomized block design with four replicates. We evaluated plant height (PH), greenmatter yield (GMY), dry matter yield (DMY), growth rate (GR), and morphologicalcomponents, such as leaf yield (LY), sheath yield (SY), and stem yield (StY).Results: the cutting height and season interaction was significant for all the evaluatedvariables (P?0.01). The highest PH (42 cm) was obtained with a cutting height of 20 cmduring the rainy season. The highest GMY and DMY (2,484 and 606 kg ha -1 ,respectively) were obtained with cutting heights of 15 cm during the rainy season. Thesevalues were similar (P>0.05) to those obtained at 20 cm (2,410 and 582 kg ha -1 ,respectively). The highest LY, SY, and StY values were obtained with cutting heights of15 and 20 cm during the rainy season. The highest GR (31 kg MS ha -1 day -1 ) wasobserved during the rainy season, regardless of cutting height.Findings/ conclusions: for each of the evaluated seasons, cutting heights of 15 and 20cm resulted in the highest forage yields of U. brizantha cv. Insurgente.

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Effectiveness of nitrogen and bio-fertilizer choice for improving growth and yield of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) during dry season

ORYZA- An International Journal on Rice ◽

10.35709/ory.2020.57.4.6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 302-309

Author(s):

Sukanta Pal ◽

Megha Sana ◽

Hirak Banerjee ◽

Lhingneikim Lhungdim

Keyword(s):

Yield Components ◽

Hybrid Rice ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Block Design ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Combined Application ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

N Dose ◽

Dry Seasons

Effect of nitrogen and bio-fertilizer on growth and productivity of hybrid rice (cv. PHB 71) was assessed during dry seasons of 2017 and 2018 at Research Farm of BCKV under new alluvial zone of West Bengal. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with 12 treatment combinations having 4 levels of N and 3 types of bio-fertilizer replicated thrice. Application at 180 kg N/ha produced tallest plants at 90 DAT with maximum LAI (60 DAT), DMA (90 DAT), tillers/hill (90 DAT) and CGR (30-60 & 60-90 DAT). The same N rate resulted in highest panicles/m2, panicle length, panicle weight, filled grains/panicle and 1000-grain weight. A decrease in N dose from 180 to 150 kg/ha caused reduction in all those yield components; however, the variation was non-significant except for number of panicles/m2. Maximum grain yield, straw yield and harvest index was also achieved with 180 kg N/ha accounting 120.1, 34.9 and 32.8% more than the values obtained with zero-N; however, it was statistically at par with the yields and HI obtained with 150 kg N/ha. The Azospirillum application increased all the growth parameters, yield components and yield of hybrid rice over other tested bio-fertilizers (Azospirillum > PSB > K mobilizer), accounting 5.9 and 8.8% more than the yields obtained with PSB and K mobilizer. The interaction of N and bio-fertilizer exerted significant effect on growth attributes but failed to record any significant variations in yield components and yield of hybrid rice. The maximum economic benefit was achieved with combined application of 180 kg N/ha and Azospirillum.

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Heterobeltiosis in French Marigold (Tagetes patula L.)

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v8n8p182 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 182

Author(s):

Kanwar Priyanaka ◽

Y. C. Gupta ◽

S. R. Dhiman ◽

R. K. Dogra ◽

Sharma Madhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rainy Season ◽

Quantitative Traits ◽

Block Design ◽

Tagetes Patula ◽

Male Sterile ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Parental Material ◽

The Mean ◽

Parental Lines ◽

Better Than

The studies on heterosis were carried with four male sterile lines namely; ms7, ms8, ms9, ms10 and 18 diverse pollinators as tester by using line × tester crossing programme. The 72 F1 hybrids were produced and evaluated along with 22 parental lines during summer 2009 and rainy season 2009 in Randomized Block Design. Observations were recorded on nine quantitative traits during both the seasons. Highly significant variances for all the traits indicated the sufficient variability in the parental material for all the characters under study. The performance of F1 hybrids was much better than the mean performance of parents during both the crop seasons. Appreciable heterosis was observed in all the characters, except flower weight in summer and plant height in rainy season.

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Agronomic performances of Pak Choi grown with different soil cover

Horticultura Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-053620150000200020 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 261-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Márcia M Echer ◽

Graciela M Dalastra ◽

Tiago L Hachmann ◽

Elcio S Klosowski ◽

Vandeir F Guimarães

Keyword(s):

Soil Cover ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Production Traits ◽

Pak Choi ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Black Plastic ◽

Growing Conditions ◽

Set Up

An important aspect in the cultivation of vegetables is the quality of the product to be marketed, free from dirt and damage and the practice of mulching could be an option, but there is scarse information. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of mulching on the production traits of three cultivars of Pak Choi. The experiment was set up during March to May 2013 using a split plot randomized block design, with four replications. Soil cover treatments (white agrotextile, black agrotextile, black plastic, silver plastic, tifton straw and bare soil) were arranged in the plots, and three cultivars of Pak Choi (Green Pak Choi, White Pak Choi and Chingensai Natsu Shomi) in subplots. Height and diameter of shoots, number of leaves, fresh weight of the head and petiole, base diameter, dry weight of stem, petiole, and leaf were evaluated thirty-five days after transplantation. The total dry weight and leaf area were measured, and then we estimated the yield. There was a significant effect of soil cover and cultivar. In general, the cover with synthetic materials showed higher values on production of Pak Choi. The cultivar White Pak Choi was better adapted to the growing conditions, with an average yield of 57.78 t/ha.

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PENGARUH JARAK TANAM DAN DOSIS PUPUK NPK MAJEMUK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN, PRODUKSI BUNGA, DAN ANALISIS USAHA TANI ROSELA MERAH

Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri ◽

10.21082/jlittri.v18n1.2012.17-23 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

BUDI SANTOSO ◽

UNTUNG SETYO-BUDI ◽

ELDA NURNASARI

Keyword(s):

Production Cost ◽

Block Design ◽

Market Price ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Hibiscus Sabdariffa ◽

Plant Spacing ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Compound Fertilizer ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Growth Production

ABSTRAK Penelitian mengenai jarak tanam dan pemupukan untuk tanaman rosela merah (Hibiscus sabdariffa var. sabdariffa) belum banyak dilakukan. Suatu penelitian, yang dilakukan di Desa Kanyoran, Kecamatan Semen, Kabupaten Kediri pada tahun 2010, bertujuan untuk mendapatkan jarak tanam dan dosis pupuk NPK majemuk yang tepat bagi pertumbuhan serta produksi kelopak bunga rosela merah dan analisis usaha tani. Perlakuan disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok faktorial dengan 3 ulangan. Sebagai faktor pertama adalah 3 ukuran jarak tanam yang terdiri atas 1) 80 x 50 cm; 2) 100 x 50 cm; dan 3) 120 x 50 cm; dan sebagai faktor kedua adalah 5 dosis pupuk NPK majemuk yang terdiri atas a) 30 kg NPK/ha; b) 37,50 kg NPK/ha; c) 45 kg NPK/ha; d) 52,50 kg NPK/ha; dan e) 60 kg NPK/ha. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi interaksi antara jarak tanam (100 x 50 cm) dengan dosis pupuk (45 kg NPK/ha) yang memberikan pertumbuhan tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang produktif, jumlah buah, bobot kelopak bunga berbiji, bobot biji, bobot basah kelopak bunga tanpa biji, dan bobot kelopak bunga kering maksimal, masing- masing sebesar 186,63 cm; 16,33 cabang; 117,00 buah; 41,33 kg/petak; 16,17 kg/petak; 26,67 kg/petak; dan 2,35 kg/petak (652,75 kg/ha). Usaha tani rosela merah memberikan keuntungan sebesar Rp 10.420.000/ha dengan B/C = 1,49. Harga pokok kelopak bunga kering sebesar Rp13.031/kg lebih kecil dibanding harga pasar (Rp 40.000/kg), dan dapat dijamin tidak akan terjadi kerugian bagi petani Kata kunci : Hibiscus sabdariffa var. sabdariffa, jarak tanam, pupuk NPK majemuk, pertumbuhan, produksiABSTRACT There has been no research program on plant spacing and fertilization on red roselle plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa var. sabdariffa) up to 2010. A study conducted in Desa Kanyoran, Kecamatan Semen, Kediri in 2010, aimed at getting appropriate plant spacing and NPK compound fertilizer dosage for growth and calyx production of red roselle, as well as its farm analysis. The experiment was arranged in a factorial randomized block design with three replicates. As the first factor were 3 dimensions of plant spacing consisting of 1) 80 x 50, 2) 100 x 50, and 3) 120 x 50 cm, and the second factor were 5 doses of NPK compound fertilizer consisting of a) 30, b) 37.50, c) 45, d) 52.50, and e) 60 kg NPK/ha. The results showed that there was an interaction between plant spacing (100 x 50 cm) with fertilizer dosage (45 kg NPK/ha), which resulted in plant height, number of productive branches, number of fruits, weight calyx with seed, seed weight, fresh weight of seedless calyx, and maximum dry weight of calyx, each amounting to 186.63 cm; 16.33 branches; 117.00 fruits; 41.33 kg/plot; 16.17 kg/plot; 26.67 kg/plot; and 2.35 kg/plot (652.75 kg/ha), respectively. Red roselle farm provided a gain of Rp10,420,000/ha with a B/C of 1.49. Production cost of dried calyx was Rp13,031/kg, lower than market price (Rp 40,000/kg), and was guaranteed to be no loss to farmers. Key words: Hibiscus sabdariffa var. sabdariffa, plant spacing, NPK compound fertilizer, growth, production

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Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Dioscorea sansibarensis Pax pada Perlakuan Panjang lanjaran dan Waktu Batang Membelit*

Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) ◽

10.24831/jai.v45i3.13078 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 249

Author(s):

Solikin ,

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Botanic Garden ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Two Factors ◽

Main Plot ◽

Total Plant ◽

Total Dry Weight

Dioscorea is potentially used as staple food to support food security. The research was aimed to determine the effect of stake length and time of stem twining on the growth of Dioscorea sansibarensis Pax. The experiment was conducted in Purwodadi Botanic Garden from December 2014 until May 2015 using split plot randomized block design consisted of two factors, i.e. the stake length and time of stem twining. The stake length was the main plot consisted of 150 cm, 100 cm and 50 cm above soil surface and without stake (control). The time of stem twining as subplots, i.e. stem twined early, twined at the time of 4 leaves stage, and twined at 8 leaves stage. Each combination of the treatments was replicated three times. The results showed that there was significant effect on the stake length and the time of stem twining treatments on the plant growth and yield. The stake length of 150 cm treatment produced the highest fresh tuber and total plant dry weight, i.e., 257.24 g and 132.77 g per plant, respectively. On the contrary, the plant without stake produced the lowest fresh tuber and total dry weight of plant, i.e., 112.10 g and 48.65 g per plant, respectively. Keywords: biomass,leaf area, photosyntesis, tuber weight

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