scholarly journals Depressive Behavior of Rats Consuming Cocoa Powder and Cocoa Extract

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-94
Author(s):  
Ariza Budi Tunjung Sari ◽  
Misnawi Misnawi ◽  
Pratiwi Pudjiastuti ◽  
Afaf Baktir
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Estradiol Valerate ◽  
Depressive Behavior ◽  
Cocoa Powder ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Significant Difference

Chocolate is associated with calm and happy feelings. However little is found to demonstrate if this effect is induced by active ingredient in cocoa ratherthan the sweetness of chocolate. In this study we tested the effect of cocoa on the depressive behavior of female rats suffering from estrogen deficiency. Twentyfemale rats aged seven weeks old were ovariectomized to remove the estrogen source. The rats were distributed into four groups and undergoing three dayoral administration of 1g/kg body weight (bw) cocoa powder, 1g/kg bw cocoa extract, 1 mg/kg bw estradiol valerate and 1 mL/kg bw vehicle (olive oil). Anothergroup of rats having intact ovaries received 1 mL/kg bw drinking water. The rats were undergoing forced swimming test (FST) one day before treatment and after treatment and the immobility time was recorded. No significant difference was found on the after-treatment immobility time across groups. However, all the rats in the vehicle group developed longer immobility time after-treatment compared with the result from before-treatment test, suggesting that depression had occurred in ovariectomized rats receiving no active substances. In the other hand, very few rats had greater after-treatment immobility time in the cocoa powder and estradiol valerate groups. In the cocoa extract group, all the rats had shorter immobility time after treatment when it is compared with before treatment time. We conclude that compounds in cocoa have certain extent of estrogenic activity that affects emotional state.

scholarly journals Uterus Weight of Ovariectomized Rats Given Cocoa Powder and Extract

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Ariza Budi Tunjung ◽  
Misnawi Jati ◽  
Pratiwi Pudjiastuti ◽  
Afaf Baktir
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Estradiol Valerate ◽  
Cocoa Powder ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Intact Rats

Estrogen is a hormone that influences the growth of uterus. Ovariectomized rats lose their ovaries as the main source of estrogen so their uterus tends to shrink. The objective of thise study was to evaluate the potency of cocoa as an estrogen substitute, which was done through an experiment that tested the influence of cocoa products on the uterus weight of ovariectomized rats. There were five treatments and in each of the treatments, six wistar rats were given the substance for three days. Four groups of treatment consisted of ovariectomized rats given cocoa extract (875.2 ppm of polyphenols, 1 g/kg of body weight, BW), cocoa powder (369.8 ppm of polyphenols, 1 g/kg BW), olive oil (10 mL/kg BW), or estradiol valerate (1 mg/kg BW). The fifth group consisted of intact (non-ovariectomized) rats given 10 mL/kg BW of water. The finding showed that the ovariectomized rats given olive oil had lower uterus weight than that of intact rats, while the ovariectomized rats given estradiol valerate had higher uterus weight compared to the intact and olive oil groups. The ovariectomized rats given cocoa powder and extract had higher uterus weight compared to those given only olive oil; although they were not significantly different. Correlation between the body weight and uterus weight varied across treatment groups. The rats given olive oil showed significant, positive correlation, while the intact rats showed moderate, positive correlation. The rats given estradiol valerate and cocoa powder showed non-significant correlation. Since the polyphenol content in cocoa powder was at lower concentration than that in the cocoa extract, it was predicted that cocoa polyphenols are more potential in the lower concentration. This study concludes that even though consumption of cocoa powder and extract did not significantly induced uterus growth, cocoa is still considered having estrogenic activity by lowering the correlation between the body weight and uterus weight in ovariectomized rats.

scholarly journals Angiotensin 1-7 Administration Increases Renal Blood Flow in the Absence of Bradykinin B2 Receptor in Ovariectomized Estradiol Treated Rats: The Role of Mas Receptor

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadan Saberi ◽  
Aghdas Dehghani ◽  
Mehdi Nematbakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Renal Blood Flow ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Estradiol Valerate ◽  
Bradykinin B2 Receptor ◽  
Hoe 140 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Renal Vascular

Abstract- Renin angiotensin (RAS), kallikrein kinin (KKS), and sex hormonal systems demonstrate a complex contribution in kidney circulation. This study was designed to investigate the role of angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) receptor (MasR) and of bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) in renal blood flow (RBF) response to Ang 1-7 infusion in ovariectomized estradiol treated rats. The ovariectomized rats received intramuscular vehicle (group 1, OV) or estradiol valerate (500 µg/Kg/week) (group 2, OVE) for two weeks. Then each group was divided into two subgroups subjected to receive B2R antagonist (HOE-140, subgroup A), or MasR antagonist (A779) plus HOE-140 (subgroup B). RBF and renal vascular resistance (RVR) responses to graded Ang 1-7 infusion were determined. In condition of B2R alone blocking, RBF response to Ang 1-7 in OVE group was significantly greater than that of OV group (P=0.05), however this response difference was failed by co-blockades of MasR and B2R. Estradiol could promote RBF response to graded Ang 1-7 infusion in the absence of B2R alone, however when both receptors (MasR and B2R) were blocked the role of estradiol was limited.

scholarly journals Estrogenic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Papaya Peels (Carica Papaya L.) on Uterine Weight and Mammae Gland Proliferation on Ovariectomy Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhania Novitasari ◽  
Devyanto Hadi Triutomo ◽  
Fitriana Hayyu Arifah ◽  
Anselma Ivanawati ◽  
Zahrotul Ulum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Female Reproductive Health ◽  
Agnor Staining

Papaya bark is one of Indonesia's natural wealth that contains flavonoid compounds such as myricetin and kaempferol that included in the phytoestrogen compounds. The aim of this study is to examine the estrogenic effects of ethanolic extract of papaya peels (EEPP), on the development of mammae gland and the increasing of uterine weight. The in vivo test was performed with ovariectomy in Sprague Dawley female rats that caused the rats to be in an estrogen deficiency state. After 30 days of treatment, animals are sacrificed to take the uterus and mammae glands. Measurement of uterine weight and mammae gland are observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining method to know the lobulus development and AgNOR staining to determine the proliferation level of mammae gland epithelial cells. The test results showed that EEPP concentration of 500 and 1000 mg/kgBW were able to increase uterine weight and proliferation of mammae gland. From the results of this study, papaya bark has the potential to be one of the phytoestrogens compound to maintain female reproductive health and woman beauty.Keyword: ethanolic extract of papaya peels (EEPP), phytoestrogen, ovariectomized rats, uterine weight, mammae proliferation

scholarly journals The Effect of Tomato Juice in Increasing Ki-67 Expression and Epithelial Thickness on The Vaginal Wall of Menopausal Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-8
Author(s):  
Juminten Saimin ◽  
Hendy Hendarto ◽  
Soetjipto Soetjipto
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Vaginal Wall ◽  
Tomato Juice ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Epithelial Thickness ◽  
Significant Difference

BACKGROUND: Dyspareunia and pain due to the decrease of vaginal wall thickness usually happen in menopausal women. The reduction of estrogen levels cause the decreasing of cell proliferation and the thinning of vaginal wall epithelium. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a source of phytoestrogens, which produce estrogenic effects. This study aims to assess the effect of tomato juice on Ki-67 expression and epithelial thickness of the vaginal wall in menopausal rats.METHODS: This was an experimental study using Sprague-Dawley rats. Twenty-four female rats, aged 4 months and weighing 150-200 grams, were divided into 4 groups. Each group consisted of 6 rats. Negative control (NC) group was group of rats with sham procedure and performed by distilled water for 28 days. Positive control (PC) group was group of bilateral ovariectomized rats and performed by distilled water for 28 days. The first treatment (T1) group was group of bilateral ovariectomized rats, given tomato juice at dose of 11g/200g body weight (BW)/day. The second treatment (T2) group was group of bilateral ovariectomized rats, given tomato juice at dose of 15g/200g BW/day. Data analysis was done with Anova, multiple comparisons and regression test.RESULTS: The group with lowest Ki-67 expression was PC group (2.52±0.60). The expression of Ki-67 in treatment groups (T1 and T2) was higher than PC group, but lower than NC group. There was no significant difference between groups (p=0.771). The lowest epithelial thickness was found in PC group (21.19±3.96) and the highest was found in the treatment groups (38.73±12.43). There was positive correlation between tomato juice and epithelial thickness (p=0.647).CONCLUSION: Tomato juice increases Ki-67 expression and epithelial thickness on the vaginal wall of menopausal rats. The increase of epithelial thickness follows the administration dose, but Ki-67 expression does not exceed in the control rats. Tomato juice increases the cell proliferation of vaginal wall on menopausal rats, however the increase is still within normal limits.KEYWORDS: epithelial thickness, Ki-67, menopause, tomato juice

Effects of estrogen on thermoregulatory tail vasomotion and heat-escape behavior in freely moving female rats

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (5) ◽  
pp. R1341-R1347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayoshi Hosono ◽  
Xiao-Ming Chen ◽  
Aya Miyatsuji ◽  
Tamae Yoda ◽  
Kyoko Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Escape Behavior ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Thermoregulatory Behavior ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vasomotor Activity ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
Escape Behaviors

Effects of estrogen on thermoregulatory vasomotion and heat-escape behavior were investigated in ovariectomized female rats supplemented with estrogen (replaced estrogen rats) or control saline (low estrogen rats). First, we measured tail temperature of freely moving rats at ambient temperatures (Ta) between 13 and 31°C. Tail temperature of the low estrogen rats was higher than that of the replaced estrogen rats at Ta between 19 and 25°C, indicating that the low estrogen rats exhibit more skin vasodilation than the replaced estrogen rats. There was no significant difference in oxygen consumption and core temperature between the two groups. Second, we analyzed heat-escape behaviors in a hot chamber where rats could obtain cold air by moving in and out of a reward area. The low estrogen rats kept Ta at a lower level than did the replaced estrogen rats. These results imply that the lack of estrogen facilitates heat dissipation both by skin vasodilation and by heat-escape behavior. Ovariectomized rats may mimic climacteric hot flushes not only for autonomic skin vasomotor activity but also for thermoregulatory behavior.

scholarly journals Serum lipid profiles of ovariectomized rats following short-term administration of cocoa powder and ethanolic extract.

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-130
Author(s):  
Ariza Budi Tunjung Sari ◽  
Misnawi Misnawi ◽  
Pratiwi Pudjiastuti ◽  
Afaf Baktir
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Serum Lipid ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Serum Lipid Profile ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Estradiol Valerate ◽  
Cocoa Powder ◽  
Intact Group ◽  
Veterinary Faculty

Estrogen depletion increases the risk of dyslipidemia by triggering higher levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) besides depressed level of high density lipoprotein (HDL). This study was conducted to investigate the potential of cocoa products to affect serum lipid profile in the estrogen-deficient rats. Thirty adult female wistar rats were divided into five groups i.e. four groups contained ovariectomized rats, and one group consisted of intact rats. The test articles were all dissolved in olive oil and administered orally, comprising of 1 g/kg body weight (BW) cocoa powder, 1 g/kg BW cocoa extract, 1 mg/kg BW estradiol valerate, 10 ml/kg BW olive oil as carrier. Intact group was given drinking water. After three-day administration, the rats were terminated and serum lipid profile was observed. The trial obtained ethical approval from the Animal Care and Use Committee, Veterinary Faculty, Airlangga University (Certificate No. 620-KE). The result showed that carrier group developed higher LDL and lower HDL levels, as well as greater LDL/HDL ratio compared to that of intact group. Estradiol valerate group had significantly elevated TG level. Cocoa powder and cocoa extract groups showed small and non-significant changes in TC, TG and HDL. Surprisingly, consumption of cocoa extract that is rich in polyphenols had resulted highest mean of LDL levels among other groups. It was hypothesized that polyphenol in cocoa extract had affected expression of LDL receptors (LDLR) due to an antagonistic activity against estrogen receptor alpha (ERá). To conclude, neither cocoa powder nor cocoa extract exhibits significant estrogenic effect on the serum lipid profile of estrogen-deficient rats.

scholarly journals Effects of estrogen-like plant compounds on the vaginal epithelium pituitary, adrenal glands, and uterus of rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 243 (15-16) ◽  
pp. 1173-1184
Author(s):  
Gismar MC Rodrigues ◽  
Bruno DB Borges ◽  
Leticia Gabriela Q Moreira ◽  
Érica Aparecida G Rossete ◽  
Suzelei de Castro Franca
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Colocasia Esculenta ◽  
Vaginal Epithelium ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Prolonged Treatment

Plant species with recognized estrogenic activity and widely used by Brazil’s female population to prevent the unpleasant symptoms of menopause were investigated in this work to demonstrate if constituents of taro-inhame ( Colocasia esculenta), cumaru ( Dipteryx odorata), and camapu ( Physalis angulata) have the ability to mimic or interfere with the action of estrogens. Moreover, their potential use as natural sources of estrogen-like substances for hormone replacement therapy was evaluated. (a) In vivo pharmacological assays were conducted to determine the estrogenic effects of D. odorata isoflavone-rich extract, P. angulata physalin-rich extract, and C. esculenta flavonoid glycoside-rich fraction (FG) on endocrine glands and reproductive organs of female rats at three different stages of the life cycle. The protocols consisted of uterotrophic assays and cytological evaluation of vaginal smears to detect mucosa cell alterations correlated with changes in hormone levels in each phase of the estrous cycle of female rats. The results indicated that C. esculenta FG exhibited estrogenic activity in prepubescent, pubescent, and adult ovariectomized female rats, while D. odorata isoflavones only promoted a weight increase in the pituitary gland of prepubescent rats after prolonged treatment and P. angulata physalins induced a weight increment in the adrenal glands of ovariectomized rats. Additionally, C. esculenta exerted a significant effect on the opening of the vaginal canal in prepubescent rats and on vaginal epithelium. Prolonged treatment of ovariectomized rats with FG altered the proportion of different types of vaginal epithelial cells in these animals, suggesting an interference of FG with estrogen levels. Colocasia esculenta FG induced hypertrophy of the uterus and pituitary in ovariectomized rats similar to estradiol. To elucidate the mechanism of action of FG, its effects were compared to those of estradiol and of the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene. The results suggest that the efficacy of C. esculenta FG is mediated by binding to selective estrogen receptors present in each organ and that raloxifene inhibits the mechanism of action of FG in the same way as it inhibits the effects of estradiol. The overall findings indicate that C. esculenta FG mimics the action of estrogens, with reduced harmful effects on specific tissues. Impact statement The results of this work provide preliminary evidence that ovariectomized rats display the vaginal smear cells typical of the estrous phase of mature rats after long-term ingestion of Colocasia esculenta flavonoid glycosides. Moreover, the treatment caused beneficial effects on endocrine and reproductive organs compared to estradiol. The animals did not exhibit significant body weight alterations among the groups, demonstrating the maintenance of standard metabolism and energy balance. The overall findings obtained with the rat model of menopause highlight the importance of dietary consumption of C. esculenta constituents as potential selective estrogen receptor modulators and suggest that they may prevent some of the metabolic disorders related to estrogen deficiency.

scholarly journals Estrogenic Activity of Mahoni Seed Ethanolic Extract [Swietenia mahogany (L.) Jacq] on Uterus Weight, Bone Density and Mamae Gland Proliferation on Ovariectomized Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Poppy Anjelisa Zaitun Hasibuan ◽  
Rosa Gloria Sitanggang ◽  
Robbani Syahfitri Angkat
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Post Hoc

Menopause is a hypoestrogenic condition due to decreased function of the ovary. During menopause there is no reserved ovum in the ovary, as a result the synthesis of estrogen by the follicles does not take place. Deficiency of estrogen can lead to discomfort and decrease in the women quality of life. Therefore, supplements from natural resources to reduce menopausal symptoms will be needed. The objectives of the study were to determine the effect of mahogany seeds ethanolic extract (MSEE) on the development of uterus, bone density, and mammae gland proliferation on ovariectomized rats. Extract was made by maceration using 96% ethanol as the solvent, then the study of estrogenic effect was carried out on 30 female rats which were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 (normal control), group 2 (positive control) given estradiol dose of 0.18 mg/kg body weight (BW), group 3 (negative control) given Na-CMC 1% and group 4, 5, 6 given MSEE orally for 14 consecutive days with doses of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg BW. Data were analysed using ANOVA then continued with Tukey HSD Post Hoc test to see the differences between the treatments. The results of the study showed that MSEE was able to increase the weight of the uterus, the length of estrus phase in the estrus cycle, bone density and the mammae gland proliferation of rats. The results concluded that MSEE has phytoestrogenic effect on ovariectomized rats.Keywords: phytoestrogen, ovariectomy, uterus weight, bone density, mammae proliferation

Estrogenic Activity Produced by Aqueous Extracts of Silkworm (Bombyx mori) Pupae in Ovariectomized Rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyo-Jung Yang ◽  
Jeong-Woong Lee ◽  
So-Hyun Lee ◽  
Jae-Sung Ryu ◽  
Dong-Hoon Kwak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Ovx Rats ◽  
Silkworm Pupae ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Silkworm Bombyx Mori

This study examined the estrogenic activity produced by aqueous extracts of silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The components of silkworm pupae were extracted in distilled water at room temperature for 6 hours. The ovaries of six-week old female rats were then bilaterally removed. One week after OVX, the animals were treated with 200, 400 or 600 mg/kg/day of silkworm pupae extracts. The body weights of the OVX rats increased remarkably compared to the control rats, however their relative uterus weights to body weights decreased significantly. Treatment with the aqueous extracts of silkworm pupae dramatically improved the decreased uterus weights of OVX rats, with the highest increase observed in treatment with 200 mg/kg/day of the aqueous extracts. Additionally, treatment with aqueous extracts (200 mg/kg/day) of silkworm pupae significantly elevated the serum 17β-estradiol contents of OVX rats when compared to the control animals. To examine the toxic effects of silkworm pupae on the hepatic functions of OVX rats, the levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were measured. The serum GOT and GPT levels did not change in response to the administration of aqueous extracts (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/day) for 4-weeks. Taken together, these results suggest that the aqueous extracts of silkworm pupae may have estrogenic activity, which suggests that silkworm pupae may be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of menopausal disorders caused by deficiencies in female sexual hormones, including estrogen.

Effect Of Bangun-Bangun Leaves Ethanol Extract On Lipid Profile Ovariectomized Female Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
Suharyanisa ◽  
Poppy Anjelisa Zaitun Hasibuan ◽  
Pandapotan Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Post Hoc

Menopause was a condition of the body when ovaries stopped producing ovum; ovum is the main producer of estrogen hormone. Menopause can increasing lipid profile in blood; it causes any problems in the cardiovascular system. People of North Sumatra have long used Bangun-Bangun leaves as a breastfeeding agent; it contains flavonoid bioactive compounds, which are be expected to replace lost estrogen hormone. This study determined the estrogenic activity of Bangun-Bangun leaves ethanol extract (BBLEE) on lipid levels of ovariectomized female rats as a menopausal model. BBLEE has obtained by maceration techniques with 96% ethanol and extract used on 24 ovariectomized rats which were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 (normal), group 2 (positive) was treated by estradiol at dose of 0.18 mg/kg BW, group 3 (negative) was treated by 0.5% Na-CMC and group 4, 5, 6 were treated by BBLEE at dose of 30, 60, 90 mg/kg BW given orally for 14 days. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey HSD test. The result showed that effective dose of BBLEE was 90 mg/kg BW which improved lipid profile (TC = 55.75±0.47; TG = 63.00±0.40; HDL = 37.00±0.81; LDL = 30.50±0.86) in blood of ovariectomized female rats as a menopausal model. BBLEE at the dose of 90 mg/kg BW can ameliorate the lipid profile in the blood of ovariectomized female rats as a menopausal model.

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