scholarly journals Non-Derivative and Derivative Homonyms in the Russian and Uzbek Languages

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 906-919
Author(s):  
Bakhram Sh. Kurbanov
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Main Criterion ◽  
Important Place

The article discusses questions regarding non-derivative and derivative homonyms by the example of verbs of the Russian and Uzbek languages. In sight are the problems of distinguishing polysemy and homonymy, the criteria for determining their boundaries. The basis of the study is the study of the internal structure of the word. The classification of non-derivative and derivative verbs-homonyms of the Russian and Uzbek languages is presented taking into account the ways of their formation, derivative and non-derivative lexemes depending on the place in the word-building nest. Examples of word-formation types, in particular, affix word-formation methods inherent in the formation of verbal homonyms in the comparable Russian and Uzbek languages are given. The article also deals with the features and distinctive properties of lexical, derivational homonyms, examples of reflected homonymy in the system of derivational nests are given. Word-building nests are considered as the main criterion for determining the production and non-production of verbal homonyms of the Russian and Uzbek languages. The classification of non-derivative and derivative homonyms of the Russian and Uzbek languages is developed. Examples of compiling word-formation nests of verbs in the Uzbek language are given, taking into account the possibility of the formation of the largest number of derivatives in the structure of nests. Consequently, fragments are shown regarding the organization of reflected homonymy in both Russian and Uzbek languages. The analysis results indicate that the phenomenon of homonymy in the Russian and Uzbek languages has regular and systemic character. The regularity of relationships and interactions of lexical paradigms of comparable languages in the formation of derivatives, in particular, reflected homonyms, is argued. An important place in this is given to homonymy, arising due to the homonymy of foundations and affixes.

Classification of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in the practice of a family doctor

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Aleksey Borisovich Petrukhin
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Family Doctor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Important Place ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Diagnosis Of Diseases

Gastroenterology belongs to one of the leading branches of therapy. In the structure of diseases of the internal organs, diseases of the digestive system occupy a particularly important place due to their high prevalence, which increases with age. As a rule, these diseases have a chronic, progressive, recurrent course, which ultimately leads to severe disorders of the activity of many organs and systems of the body. The article presents the basic requirements for the formation of a clinical diagnosis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, which are most common in the practice of a family doctor.

scholarly journals Achievements of the academic grammar school

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-29
Author(s):  
Kateryna Horodensʹka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Syntactic Theory ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Functional Syntax ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Ukrainian Society ◽  
Formation System

This study aims at investigating the development of grammatical theory at the Institute of the Ukrainian Language for the last 30 years. The paper summarizes achievements in grammar theory from applying the functional, i.e., semantic and grammatical, approach developed by I.R. Vykhovanetsʹ to differentiating units into word and nonword classes and distinguishing morphological categories of major word classes. This facilitated the establishment of the theoretical basis of functional and categorical morphology. The author analyses studies in formal grammatical, semantic, functional, categorical, deri vational, and anthropocentric syntax that attest to the multidimensional growth of a syntactic theory and main aspects of the Ukrainian word formation on the basis of semantic and categorical syntax and a formant- and stem-based derivatology. Some of the latest multi-pronged processes in word formation reflect dynamics of word formation rules, the replenishment of word formation resources, and the development of the word-formation system of Standard Ukrainian. The solving of a complex set of theoretical issues in the modern Ukrainian word-formation introduced the methodological foundations for the recent normative description of the word formation system of Standard Ukrainian. The article addresses issues in studies on applied grammar determined by the process of glo balization and democratization of the Ukrainian society and the needs of Modern Ukrainian language practice to be met. Particular importance is attached to the grammatical prescriptive norms in the professional use, the actualization of case forms appearing in the passive vocabulary, and the dynamics of morphological and syntactic norms in various functional and stylistic dimensions of Standard Ukrainian. Keywords: functional grammar, functional morphology, functional syntax, categorical grammar, categorical syntax, categorical word formation, classification of parts of speech, morphological categories.

scholarly journals СЛОВООБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ИМЕНИ СОБСТВЕННОГО И ЕГО РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ В РУССКОМ И ТАТАРСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guzel Faizullina ◽  
Elena Ermakova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Own Name

В статье рассматриваются словообразовательные возможности антропонимики русского и татарского языков. Наименования человека (личные имена, отчества, фамилии, прозвища) являются частью лексической системы языка, а значит, появляются, формируются и развиваются в соответствии с общеязыковыми законами. В дальнейшем эти наименования становятся деривационной базой для появления новых антропонимов и отантропонимных топонимов. Анализ и сопоставление аналогичных и уникальных наименований человека и их производных, способов и средств словотворчества в разных языках позволяют определить особенности менталитета, выявить межэтнические контакты, результаты взаимодействия и взаимовлияния разных наций и народов. Материалом для наблюдения послужили данные толковых и этимологических словарей разносистемных языков, словарей русских и татарских имен и фамилий. В качестве иллюстративного материала представлены данные архивных документов, хранящиеся в ГБУТО «Государственный архив в г. Тобольске»; полевой материал, который был собран во время диалектологических экспедиций в сельские населенные пункты Тюменской области (2014–2018 гг.). Несмотря на то, что вторичные наименования рассматриваются в разносистемных языках, наблюдения над материалом позволяют сделать выводы о наличии универсальных концептов, об общих культурных ценностях. В силу культурно-исторических связей формирование татарских фамилий проходило позднее по тем словообразовательным моделям, которые сложились в русском языке, и с помощью таких же формантов, как и в русском языке, от одной мотивирующей основы (имени собственного) могут образовываться дериваты – две и более фамилий; в обоих языках деривационной базой служат не только имена, но и их квалитативы; широко распространены фонетические варианты фамилий. Нередко трудно, а порой практически невозможно определить происхождение фамилий разных народов в силу их фонетического созвучия. Производные единицы сами становятся базой для появления новообразований – антропонимных топонимов. Для анализа ономастикона, представленного в статье, использовался описательный метод с применением его основных приемов: наблюдения, обобщения и классификации материала. Для семантической реконструкции был использован метод этимологического анализа с учетом фонетического и словообразовательного аспектов. Анализ формирования и становления топонимов в регионе позднего заселения, каким является Западная Сибирь, представляется актуальным, поскольку в научный оборот вводятся новые антропонимические данные, которые подтверждают общие закономерности формирования русской и татарской ономастики. Тождественность лексических и деривационных процессов формирования ономастикона в разносистемных языках обусловлена общностью территории, на которой в тесном взаимодействии проживают разные народы.The article considers derivational possibilities of anthroponymy of Russian and Tatar languages. Names person (personal names, middle names, surnames, nicknames) are part of the lexical system of the language, and therefore appear, are formed and developed in accordance with the common language laws. In the future, these names become a derivation base for the emergence of new anthroponyms and from the antroponimnykh of toponyms… Analysis comparison of similar and unique names of the person and their derivatives, ways and means word creation in different languages allow you to determine the features mentality, identify enter-ethnic contacts. The results of the interaction and mutual influence of different Nations and peoples. Material for observation based on data from sensible and etymological dictionaries of different languages, dictionaries Russian and Tatar names, names. As illustrative material presented archival documents stored in the GUTO «State archive in Tobolsk»; field material that was collected during the dialectological expeditions in rural settlements of the Tyumen regions (2014–2018). Despite the fact that the secondary names are considered in multi-system languages, observations on the material allow you to make conclusions on the existence of universal concepts and General cultural values: due to cultural and historical ties, later formation Tatar surnames passed on those word- formation models, which have developed in the Russian language, and with the help of the same formants; Russian language, from one motivating basis (own name ) can to form the derivatives two and further the names in both languages the derivation base is not only the names, and their qualitative; widely common phonetic variants of the names. Often difficult, and sometimes it is almost impossible to determine the origin of the names of different peoples because of their phonetic harmony. Derived units themselves become the basis for the emergence of tumors – the phenomenon affected not only the surname of different peoples, but also atastrophic names. For the analysis of onomasticon presented in the article, we used descriptive method: observation, generalization and classification of the material. In semantic reconstruction the etymological method was used analysis taking into account phonetic and word-formative aspects. Identity lexical derivation processes formations the onomasticon dissimilar languages is due to community territory. On which they live in close cooperation Russians and Tatars.

scholarly journals Terms of morphemic and word-formation in the East Slavic grammars of the 16th century

2017 ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Olga Ariskina
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
Special Area ◽  
Transfer Of Information ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Logical Semantic

The work is devoted to a multidimensional consideration of the terminology of morphology and word-formation in the East Slavic grammars of the 16th century. (The Grammar of 1586, The Grammar "Adelfotis" in 1591, The Grammar of Lavrеntii Zizanii in 1596) The term is a linguistic unit for special purposes, which is the verbalized result of professional thinking, which denotes the concept of a certain scientific theory and serves to coding (concentration, fixation, storage), transmission (transfer of information), communicate, transmutation of knowledge (cognition: comprehension, processing, augmentation) and orientation in a certain special area, therefore an important place in describing the terminology of the past is assigned to the orientational aspect, which allows us to analyze the terms not only from the perspective of origin, word-formation, functioning, but also from the perspective of the explanation of the rationality of the author's nomination and the appropriateness of the perception of it by the addressee. Terminology is explored through the prism of the linguistic persona of grammarians by using the method of logical-semantic analysis. At the stage of generation of the terminology of the doctrine of morphemic and word formation, the large number of calquing terms (almost 50% of the total number) was used. The Russian basis of the calquing was found out, which consists in the existence in the Russian language of the lexical-semantic method of derivation. Also for this stage, the functioning of terms formed by substantivation is characterized. Dynamics of the exponent of terms of morphology and word-formation of the XVI century is due to the variation and synonymy, the dynamics of significatum – the reality (changes in language) and the development of scientific knowledge. In the XVI century the terminological system in the field of word-formation is formed as a system, with enough clearly appeared hypo-hyperonical relations.

"Semantic modification and lexical neologization – a means of enriching the Bulgarian lexicon"

Lyuboslovie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 293-310
Author(s):  
Teodora G. Ilieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Foreign Word ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Media Texts ◽  
Formal Relations ◽  
Semantic Transformation

In this article the neo-semanticisms are presented by real neologisms and occasionalisms, excerpted in recent years from Bulgarian media texts with different thematic orientation and stylistic expression. Commens are also made on the lexicon that has emerged through tracing and borrowing, which builds formal relations of homonymy with words that already exist in our language. Each of the 44 lexical items is presented in a dictionary article, including its morphological and semantic characteristics; word formation parameters; the motivating foreign word (if any); distribution of the palette of semes registered in the lexicographic arrays; the new sememe – the result of semantic transformation, in a minimal context; classification of the free and/or stable word combination it forms; the formal and semantic relations in which it enters and its stylistic affiliation. The study finds that the enrichment of the vocabulary of the Bulgarian language is achieved as a result of democratization, colloquialization and internationalization of the language. Semantic modifications are realized mainly through: metaphorization, metonymization, personification and comparison.

ADJECTIVE NEOLOGISMS DERIVED FROM LOAN-WORDSTEMS IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (99) ◽  
pp. 117-129
Author(s):  
NATALIA V. KOZLOVSKAYA ◽  
ALINA S. PAVLOVA
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Loan Word ◽  
Semantic Adaptation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lexical Data ◽  
Modern Russian

The article deals with the semantic analysis and reveals the peculiarities of the adaptation and functioning of the adjective neologismsderived from a borrowed stemby adding a Russian derivational affix.In the course of the first-stage researchthe thematic classification of the above-mentioned “hybrid” adjectivesis made (the current samplecomprises approximately 200 lexical units).The investigation of the lexical data has shown that the majority of “hybrid” adjectives are derived from English stems and mainly consist of relative adjectives. The article analyses the main derivational patterns in the word-formation of adjectives derived from borrowed nouns and adjectives, and the most productive suffixes are revealed. It is stated that the tendency for adjective derivation from the English stems ending in -ing (the trend which was first observed in the 1990s) has been growing rapidly at the beginning of the 21st century.The analysis of variedlexical data has shown that the functioning of “hybrid” adjectives in the texts different in genre and styleis connected with the phenomenon of variationwhich consists in the difference in root spelling, as well as in the competition between the adjective suffixes. In the concluding part of the article, the authors describe peculiar properties of semantic adaptation which are typical of adjective neologisms derived from loan-word stems.

Classification of obligations and the impact of constructivist epistemologies

Legal Studies ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Legal Knowledge ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Epistemological Point ◽  
Legal Classification

In December 1996 Classification of Obligations formed the topic of one of a series of SPTL seminars under the general title of Pressing Problems in the Law. It may, perhaps, be asked quite why classification is a pressing problem, for it is by no means clear from the papers themselves that common lawyers have suddenly become more concerned about the internal structure of the ‘seamless web’. Nevertheless the seminar was a valuable opportunity to reflect upon a subject that is at least a useful vehicle for thinking about legal knowledge. Legal classification, in other words, raises questions of an epistemological nature. The purpose of this present paper is to pursue this epistemological point in an attempt to reveal how classification of symbolic knowledge (legal propositions or rules) hides much deeper issues about the role of non-symbolic knowledge (symmetries, images and isomorphs) in the formulation of legal solutions in the law of obligations.

From relational schemas to subject-specific semantic relations

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 235-259
Author(s):  
Ulrike Oster
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Relational Schemas ◽  
Subject Specific

Compounding is a major word-formation procedure in many languages, and even more so in specialised terminology. The classification of these compound words is a very complex issue due to the large number of semantic relations that can hold between the constituents of the compound. Typologies for different special languages differ considerably from each other and usually combine rather general with highly subject-specific relations. This paper presents a proposal for a two-step classification of these intraterm relations. First, a set of basic relational schemas is worked out, whose purpose is to serve as a tool for the interpretation of semantic relations. These schemas, which are potentially applicable to any domain, are then used to classify the actual compound terms that appear in a corpus of texts from a specific technical field.

The Uses of Association: Hands and Feasts in Beowulf

PMLA ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Rosier
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
High Degree

The Beowulf Poet's extraordinary facility in using a vast and diverse word-hoard has long excited students of the poem. Among the critical studies, discussions of vocabulary rank high in number, and almost every conceivable approach to the subject has been investigated either in part or with a high degree of thoroughness. Single words, such as ealuscerwen, and groups of related words, such as rime-words, kennings, and words of Christian content or reference, have received close attention, as well as larger lexical patterns, such as variation and the formulaic texture, while further studies have compared the vocabulary with that of other Old English poems or Nordic literatures. Aside from purely lexicographical or etymological inquiries, there are three perspectives to which these many discussions generally belong: 1) descriptive: usually statistical observations about the number of compounds relative to simplices or of formulas relative to the whole vocabulary of the poem, or a comparison of the frequency of certain lexical types with other poems, or a classification of the habits of word-formation; 2) figurative and appellative: the types of verbal figures and their analogues elsewhere in Old English and Old Norse; and 3) usage: the use of words in particular contexts or for specific effects, and the structural use of synonymic substitution and variation. The first emphasis is important because it reveals the composition and its formative strata of the poem's total vocabulary, and also the lexical relationships with other poetry or poetic traditions. The second serves to isolate a lexical stratum which is by nature exclusively poetic and to observe how much of this stratum is probably original and how much traditional. But it is the third perspective which is interested most essentially in the poet, since here the attempt is made to discern the many ways by which he has used language significantly to dramatize, emphasize, elucidate, intimate, and so on. Much that has been written in this category has concerned itself with the larger patterns of variation as a characterizing, describing, or structural device, rather than with smaller, more confined, strokes of verbal association and verbal play. A well-known instance of the latter is the epithet for Grendel, healoegn (142) which, in its context, wherein a bona fide hall-thane anxiously seeks out a hiding place as protection against the intruder, may with complete justification be termed ironic, and the same thing may be said of a similar appellation used later for both Grendel and Beowulf, renweardas (770), There are also hints here and there that the poet may have been influenced by learned Latin figures. Many years ago Albert Cook compared flod blode weol (1422; Exodus 463, flod blod gewod) to Aldhelm's fluenta cruenta (De Virginitate, 2600), and more recently H. D. Meritt called attention to the similarity between Hrothgar's warning that in death “eagena bearhtm / forsiteo ond forsworces” (1766b-67a) and Aldhelm's “ferreus leti somnus palpebrarum conuolatus non tricaverit” (De Virg. Prose, 321.7, ed. Ewald). It is in the smaller strokes, I think, that the poet's acumen and craft are most incisively contained, and it is to some of these that the present discussion is devoted.

scholarly journals Traditional Buryat Beliefs About Birds

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
A. A. Badmaev
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Main Criterion ◽  
Folk Classification ◽  
Eagle Owl ◽  
Lexical Data ◽  
Negative Connotation ◽  
Natural Cycles ◽  
Ritual Practices

This study, based on ethnographic, linguistic, and folk materials, describes and interprets Buryat ideas of birds. The analysis of lexical data reveals the principal groups of birds according to the Buryat folk classification. The bat’s status is indistinct, since bats are not subordinate to the kings of the animal world. Diagnostic criteria underlying the classification of birds are outlined. The main criterion was whether a bird was beneficial or harmful. Ornithomorphic images in Buryat mythology, folklore, and ritual are described. Cult birds and bird totems are listed, and relics of local bird cults (those relating to swan, goose, duck, pigeon, and eagle) are revealed. Birds with positive connotations are the swan, crane, swallow, pigeon, eagle, and eagle-owl. Those with negative connotation are the kite, raven, crow, quail, cuckoo, and hoopoe). The attitude toward ducks, hawks, magpies, and jackdaws is ambivalent. Certain birds (ducks and ravens) were related to cosmogonic ideas; others (swan, goose, eagle, etc.) were endowed with a werewolf capability. The raven, the cuckoo, and the hoopoe symbolized natural cycles, whereas the magpie and the quail were associated with the soul. The role of bird images in the mytho-ritual practices is discussed. The Buryat mythological ideas reflected not only specific ethnic views of certain birds, but also universal ones.

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