scholarly journals Motivation of Word Formation in Russian and Arabic Languages and its Role in Achieving Translation Equivalence

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 652-668
Author(s):  
Raheem A. Al-Foadi ◽  
Victoria N. Zarytovskaya ◽  
Ragad H. Al-Roznamachi
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Formal Semantic ◽  
Semantic Equivalence ◽  
Arabic Translation ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Degree Of Equivalence

The article is devoted to the issue of word-formation motivation, which does not lose its relevance and plays a role not only in disclosing formal-semantic relations between words of one language and has not only theoretical, but also applied significance. The authors consider word-formation motivation consistently in its varieties in a comparative way on the materials of so different languages as Russian and Arabic and approach the mechanism of achieving semantic equivalence of translation. To the greatest extent, word-formation activity today, due to objective reasons, affects some special branch (technical, medical, etc.) vocabulary, which is increasing from year to year in national dictionaries. This extensive material, selected by the authors, not only illustrates the current trends in word formation in modern languages, but also provides an answer to the question about the degree of equivalence of this subgroup of words in Russian and Arabic. The goal to compare word-formation motivation according to a number of criteria in different-structured languages made possible not only to obtain theoretical information about what features each of the languages has in word formation and what derivational potential it has, but also to reveal an algorithm for translating derived words from one language to another. For this, the authors complete a number of such particular tasks as highlighting significant elements in the neologisms of the Russian and Arabic languages, establishing standards for the formation of scientific and terminological vocabulary in Arabic, searching for tools (transformation operations, specific word-formation formants) that will contribute to the achievement of translation equivalence from Russian to Arabic, etc. Also the analysis of differences in the mechanisms of the formation of new vocabulary in the Russian and Arabic languages provided an opportunity to supplement the relatively young and rapidly developing private methodology of Russian-Arabic translation.

scholarly journals Synonymous in word-formatting of compound nouns in the modern Russian language

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Hanh My Bui
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Formal Semantic ◽  
Compound Nouns ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Modern Russian

This article presents the results of the survey of synonymous in word-formation of compound nouns in the modern Russian language as a kind of formal-semantic relations between the components of compound nouns. Synonymous of Russian compound nouns can be found in subordinate components or in main components, or in both components of compound nouns. Synonymous of Russian compound nouns includes the following cases: synonymous of components in compound nouns and synonymous of compound nouns. In cases where compound nouns share the same main component and contain synonyms subordinate components, or which share the same subordinate component and contain synonymous main components, or contain both synonymous subordinate components and the synonymous main components, then the compound nouns themselves also become synonyms. Synonymous components have a distribution in the workplace of different meanings and productivity levels in the wordformation of compound nouns due to the influence of different factors such as semantics, style and morphology.

"Semantic modification and lexical neologization – a means of enriching the Bulgarian lexicon"

Lyuboslovie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 293-310
Author(s):  
Teodora G. Ilieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Foreign Word ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Media Texts ◽  
Formal Relations ◽  
Semantic Transformation

In this article the neo-semanticisms are presented by real neologisms and occasionalisms, excerpted in recent years from Bulgarian media texts with different thematic orientation and stylistic expression. Commens are also made on the lexicon that has emerged through tracing and borrowing, which builds formal relations of homonymy with words that already exist in our language. Each of the 44 lexical items is presented in a dictionary article, including its morphological and semantic characteristics; word formation parameters; the motivating foreign word (if any); distribution of the palette of semes registered in the lexicographic arrays; the new sememe – the result of semantic transformation, in a minimal context; classification of the free and/or stable word combination it forms; the formal and semantic relations in which it enters and its stylistic affiliation. The study finds that the enrichment of the vocabulary of the Bulgarian language is achieved as a result of democratization, colloquialization and internationalization of the language. Semantic modifications are realized mainly through: metaphorization, metonymization, personification and comparison.

From relational schemas to subject-specific semantic relations

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 235-259
Author(s):  
Ulrike Oster
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Relational Schemas ◽  
Subject Specific

Compounding is a major word-formation procedure in many languages, and even more so in specialised terminology. The classification of these compound words is a very complex issue due to the large number of semantic relations that can hold between the constituents of the compound. Typologies for different special languages differ considerably from each other and usually combine rather general with highly subject-specific relations. This paper presents a proposal for a two-step classification of these intraterm relations. First, a set of basic relational schemas is worked out, whose purpose is to serve as a tool for the interpretation of semantic relations. These schemas, which are potentially applicable to any domain, are then used to classify the actual compound terms that appear in a corpus of texts from a specific technical field.

On twittizens and city residents

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-41
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Tarasova ◽  
Natalia Beliaeva
Keyword(s):  
Formation Mechanism ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Experimental Findings

Abstract The present study analyses native speaker perceptions of the differences in the semantic structure of compounds and blends to specify whether the formal differences between compounds and blends are reflected on the semantic level. Viewpoints on blending vary, with some researchers considering it to be an instance of compounding (Kubozono, 1990), while others identify blending as an interim word formation mechanism between compounding and shortening (López Rúa, 2004). The semantic characteristics of English determinative blends and N+N subordinative compounds are compared by evaluating the differences in native speakers’ perceptions of the semantic relationships between constituents of the analysed structures. The results of two web-based experiments demonstrate that readers’ interpretations of both compounds and blends differ in terms of lexical indicators of semantic relations between the elements of these units. The experimental findings indicate that language users’ interpretation of both compounds and blends includes information on semantic relationships. The differences in the effect of the semantic relations on interpretations is likely to be connected to the degree of formal transparency of these units.

Development of an Arabic Translation of the Cancer Behavior Inventory-Brief

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maaidah M. Algamdi ◽  
Sandra K. Hanneman
Keyword(s):  
Expert Panel ◽  
Psychometric Testing ◽  
Cognitive Interviewing ◽  
Word Choice ◽  
Arabic Version ◽  
Validity Index ◽  
Semantic Equivalence ◽  
Arabic Translation ◽  
Forward Translation ◽  
Back Translation

Purpose: The objective was to develop an Arabic version of the Cancer Behavior Inventory-Brief (CBI-B). Methods: The CBI-B was translated into Arabic using two forward and back translations. A translation validity index (TVI) was computed from review by an expert panel. Results: Both back translations had issues with word choice, grammar, and meaning, which were resolved by selecting items from each forward translation. Item TVI was 0.83–1.0, with an overall mean of 0.95. Conclusion: The Arabic version of the CBI-B (CBI-BA) has acceptable evidence of translation validity. Two rounds of forward and back translation of the CBI-BA were needed to ensure semantic equivalence of the CBI-BA with the original instrument. Further psychometric testing with cognitive interviewing is recommended.

scholarly journals Udviklingstendenser i orddannelsen i teknisk fransk i informatikterminologisk belysning

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Bernt Møller
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
General Technical

<p>This article outlines current trends in the word formation of French technical LSP. First, a brief review of a fairly traditional, exemplified word formation taxonomy is given also showing the multiplicity of <em>informatique</em> word formation models. The article goes on to survey recent studies in the terminology of information technology. Observations in these studies and in studies in general technical terminologies suggest an increasing trend in the word formation of technical LSP towards a large variety of (combinations of) traditional models, often coupled with brachygraphical techniques; the LSP of <em>informatique</em> further contains a high frequency of semantic neologisms. Finally, perspectivating questions are raised.</p>

scholarly journals Woordvormingsprocédé's Bij Verwijzing Naar Objecten in Tweede-Taalverwervingsprocessen van Volwassenen

1988 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 105-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Broeder ◽  
Guus Extra
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
First Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nominal Compounds ◽  
Acquisition Processes

The following questions are taken into account: . what types of word formation principles are used by language learners? . what lexemes are combined in nominal compounds (N+N) and nomi-nal circumscriptions (N+prep+N)? . what semantic relations are expressed in nominal compounds? . what binding principles are taken into account? . what suffixes are used in derivational processes? . what semantic roles do these suffixes refer to? Data analysis is based on the use of L2 Dutch by 2 Turkish and 2 Moroccan adult informants in 2 types of activities (film commenting and conversation), at 3 different moments in the course of language learning (Ntotal=4 informants χ 2 activities χ 3 moments = 24 transcribed texts). In accordance with findings on first language acquisition processes, compounds not only precede derivations, but at the same time they compensate for standard derivations, thus resulting in lexical innova-tions. All informants make a creative and innovative use of a variety of compounding principles. In addition, opposite principles in Arabic and Turkish seem to lead to different preferences of our learners: . the Turkish informants make more use of different types of nominal compounds than do the Moroccan informants; . only the Turkish informants make more use of left oriented com-pounds, based on a combination of more than two lexemes; . only the Moroccan informants make use of circumscriptions. Finally, the following preferences of our learners are in accordance with standard language preferences: nominal compounds, in comparison with other types of compounding; . specifier head compounds, in comparison with other nominal com-pounds; . goal relations in specifier head compounds, in comparison with other types of semantic relations; . zero marking as a binding principle within specifier head com-pounds, in comparison with other binding principles.

scholarly journals Structural and Semantic Peculiarities of Verbal Derivatives of Onomasiological Categories

2020 ◽  
pp. 175-185
Author(s):  
Olga Migorian ◽  
Tetiana Pavlovych
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
English Language Development ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Lexical Study ◽  
Derivatives Of

During the last century, the development of word-forming issues has been investigated so intensely that today it is possible to state the existance of a number of approaches and its versatile study both in synchrony and diachrony. Some linguists have studied the issues of word formation within etymology, while others have considered the problems of word formation in the context of grammar, focusing on structural analysis. Representatives of the lexical study described predominantly semantic relations between different structural units. Confirmation of the theory of interaction of different linguistic levels was the study of structural and semantic relations in oppositional pairs of "forming lexical unit – derivative". The main task of historical and onomasiological research, which is the basis of our research is to reveal the nature of the semantic structure of the concept; to trace the basic tendencies of the historical development of the prefixal way of word formation in English, the change of its semantic boundaries and the basic structures from epoch to epoch. The linguistic form of content is a word in general and a derivative in particular. The article presents an attempt to investigate the dynamics of efficiency of structural and semantic patterns of verbal prefixal derivatives within onomasiological categories during four periods of the English language development.

scholarly journals Liwāṭ : « agir comme le peuple de Loth… », Formation et interprétation lexicales en arabe classique

1970 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 213-227
Author(s):  
Pierre Larcher
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Proper Nouns ◽  
Classical Arabic

According to early Arab lexicographers, the Koranic personage of Lūṭ (the biblical Loth) is at the origin of a lexical family of Classical Arabic. The object of the present article is to reflect, as a linguist, on the formation and interpretation of each member of this rather large family, whose core is liwāṭ. Besides two nouns directly derived from Lūṭ, it includes several verbs formed thereon as well as a number of nominal forms associated with such verbs. The scope of this case study lies in calling into question the formal and semantic relations currently regarded as the best established in the field of lexical derivation in Classical Arabic.Key-words: Classical Arabic ; lexicology ; derivation from proper nouns ; word-formation ; lexical semantics

scholarly journals ТЕРМІНИ ГАЛУЗІ ДОРОГОБУДІВНИЦТВА, СТВОРЕНІ ШЛЯХОМ СКЛАДАННЯ ОСНОВ І ЦІЛИХ СЛІВ

2019 ◽  
pp. 232-236
Author(s):  
Н. П. Книшенко
Keyword(s):  
Structural Organization ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Road Building ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Lexical Composition ◽  
Complex Formations

The relevance of the article is due to the consideration of current trends in the development of Ukrainian road-building terminology (URBT), in particular in the context of structural organization. The purpose of the investigation is analyzing road-building terms formed by compounding words or stems. Since URBT is part of the lexical composition of the Ukrainian language, it is quite reasonable to analyze the formation of terms as lexical units. We have classified single-word terms into simple and complex ones by identifying the word-forming stems. The concept “simple” denotes terms with a single stem. The notion “complex” concerns composite terms, which are formed by combining stems using interfixes and in some cases suffixes, and juxtaposite terms, which express one concept but are formed by combining several words into a complex one. According to the lexical and grammatical characteristics of word-forming stems and word-forming means, the methods of word-formation are divided into several types, among which we have chosen one of the most common — the morphological one. At the present stage of the development of RBT, the methods of juxtaposition and composition play an extremely important role, providing the formation of terms satisfactory in their parameters. The actualization of these methods is conditioned by the fact that striving for completeness of a certain scientific concept can be sufficiently supported by multi-stem or multi-word nominates represented as one word. The carried out analysis of composite terms of the RB industry has shown that two-stem complex formations predominate among them, but terms with several stems are also present.

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