The Origin of a New Kind of Science From the Life Sciences

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-158
Keyword(s):  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Dominican Order ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Theoretical Morphology ◽  
Living Nature

Science in the modern era began with a process of synthesis; the natural sciences in particular emerged through a coalescence of several cultural traditions. Scientific knowledge arose in a series of several separate events as mathematics, philology, physics and biology emerged independently. Scientific ideas about natural life developed via a synthesis of three types of knowledge. (1) There was the tradition of herbalism as a type of knowledge of nature, and this approach remained close to the Aristotelian tradition of describing nature with a bookish method centered on descriptive practice. (2) The scholastic tradition clarified existing concepts and formed new ones. Its role was crucial in supplying nascent science with its set of cognitive tools. (3) The alchemical tradition provided experimental knowledge of nature as applied to human life. It was particularly important in building the skills needed to connect theoretical systems with reality. This synthesis in natural philosophy was the basis of Linnaean reforms. However, theoretical morphology was cen¬tral to Linnaeus’ thinking and, its features were responsible for the success of his system. Theoretical morphology offered ways to decide how a natural phenomenon should be reduced and divided into parts in order to serve as an object of scientific cognition. Essential theoretical precepts for this morphology were formulated by Andrea Cesalpino in De plantis libri XVI (1583). Hence, the origin of the natural sciences as a study of living nature should properly be traced to the 16th century. This strand in the development of the new scientific approach in Europe through studying living things should also be connected with earlier (medieval) efforts of the Dominican Order (promoting purer versions of Aristotelianism), while another strand which led to the appearance of physics and other more mathematically expressed branches of the natural sciences belongs to the Franciscan orders (more influenced by Neoplatonism). Science emerged then as profound and experimentally verifiable theoretical knowledge based on ideation through the construction of the objects of experimental research.

Humanism in the Americas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Wayne White
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Religious Orientations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
English Speaking World

This chapter provides an overview of select trends, ideas, themes, and figures associated with humanism in the Americas, which comprises a diversified set of peoples, cultural traditions, religious orientations, and socio-economic groups. In acknowledging this rich tapestry of human life, the chapter emphasizes the impressive variety of developments in philosophy, the natural sciences, literature, religion, art, social science, and political thought that have contributed to the development of humanism in the Americas. The chapter also features modern usages of humanism that originated in the English-speaking world in the nineteenth century. In this context, humanism is best viewed as a contested site in which its meanings, usages, and rhetorical power reflect a wide range of ideological allegiances that include positive and negative connotations. The complex, layered processes of colonization that are a part of the history of the Americas will also inflect the varied usages and connotations of humanism.

scholarly journals Sexuality and Affection in the Time of Technological Innovation: Artificial Partners in the Japanese Context

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
Beatriz Yumi Aoki ◽  
Takeshi Kimura
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human Sexuality ◽  
Sexual Intimacy ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Recent years have witnessed an increase in the number of academic studies on the impact of technological advancements on human life, including possible transformations and changes in human sexuality following the development of sex-related devices, such as sex robots. In this context, terms such as posthuman sexuality, digisexuality, and techno-sexuality have emerged, signaling possible new understandings of sexual, intimacy, and emotional practices. It is important to note that ancient history shows that humankind has for a long time been fascinated with their relationship to non-living things, mostly human-like figures, such as dolls. The Ningyo (人形, the Japanese term for doll) has a long history of usage, and has deep religious and animistic significance in the Japanese context—there are records of sexual use as early as the 18th century. With this context in mind, this paper focuses on three Japanese examples, aiming to shine a light on beyond-human relationships, which include a Japanese man’s marriage to a digital character, sex dolls, and communicative robots, from both a sexual and emotional perspective. In a new horizon of sexual and romantic possibilities, how will humans respond, and what can emerge from these interactions?

scholarly journals Socially-oriented economy as part of the macroeconomic development system

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 01021
Author(s):  
Fatima Dakhaeva ◽  
Azalea Amirova
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
Qualified Personnel ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
Stable Economy ◽  
Economic Tools ◽  
Favorable Conditions

This article analyzes the current situation in the world economy, which includes socio-economic tools, innovative and technical mechanisms. The stable economy of the region is based on social sustainability and a favorable economic climate to attract investment and highly qualified personnel. Develop human resources, investment in the educational sphere, and the development of a "knowledge-based economy" is a priority for the Chechen Republic. Social and economic policy is a set of measures to create favorable conditions for the development of society, taking into account the provision of an appropriate level of economic efficiency and social justice in all spheres of human life. In conditions of geopolitical rivalry, it is necessary to increase the competitiveness of the economy also through new technologies.

scholarly journals Mekanisme Transmisi Pengetahuan dengan Modus Imperatif Kesiapan dan Kemampuan Penerapan Pembelajaran dalam Perspektif Pendidikan Islam

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122
Author(s):  
Sudar Kajin
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
Transmission Of Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Readiness To Learn

Grounding the transmission of knowledge by simplifying the learning process on real-world problems helps students maintain what is taught and remembers lessons learned when and when needed will have benefits and can be achieved using a variety of student-friendly teaching and learning methods that take into account interests, needs, and levels students. This article was written with the aim of studying the mechanism of knowledge transmission with the Readiness and Ability to Apply Learning Mode in the Islamic Education Perspective. The results of the discussion conclude that: 1) The concept of learning from teacher to student is popularly referred to as the 'Transmission' paradigm in learning and the process as a 'Transmission mechanism' with a different hierarchical Imperative mode; 2. In Islam, education is based on what Islamic ideals once held about educating all human beings rather than the narrow transmission of discursive knowledge. Islamic knowledge is the knowledge contained in the human body and the ways in which Muslims use it to archive, transmit, decode, and actualize religious knowledge based on a combination of imperative modes; 3) Islamic education aims to develop humans holistically, contrary to western education which focuses primarily on intellectual development. The main purpose of Islamic education is to reform and build human life and develop balanced relationships between individuals, communities and the world based on ethical concepts; 4) regardless of the frame of 'readiness to learn' or 'readiness for school', there is far more preparedness than this and far more that we can do to help everyone become more prepared to learn and overcome life.

scholarly journals Axiological Evaluation as the Base of Knowledge and Cultural Research of Spanish and Uzbek Languages

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S11) ◽  
pp. 3755-3759 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Successful Communication ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Mutual Relations

Language and speech are the main factors in human life. Language is a spiritual wealth which connects all generations, preserves and saves cultural and scientific property created by humanity, furnishing them for the next generation. Developing mutual relations in various spheres among the nations of the world needs new scientific researches in modern spheres and the field of linguistics, such as culture-oriented linguistics, ethno linguistics. All nations in the world have their own national-cultural traditions and customs which is worth studying in order to have successful communication between nations and understanding them.

scholarly journals FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENYEBAB TERJADINYA PENCEMARAN AIR DI SUNGAI BINDU

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-135
Author(s):  
I Wayan Eka Artajaya, Ni Kadek Felyanita Purnama Putri
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Renewable Natural Resources

Indonesia is a very large and wide country, consisting of many islands and abundant natural resources. Natural resources in Indonesia are everything that comes from nature that is used to meet the needs of human life. Generally, natural resources in Indonesia can be classified based on their nature, namely renewable natural resources and non-renewable natural resources. Humans are very dependent on natural resources and the sustainability of natural resources is strongly influenced by human activities. Watershed is one of the natural resources that is very complex and consists of various components that make it up. The functions and benefits of water resources themselves, including rivers, require various efforts to improve and protect water so that it is efficient and effective for living things and the surrounding environment. One of them is the Bindu river in the Kesiman Traditional Village. The Bindu River is widely used by the community, causing water pollution in the Bindu river, such as the Kesiman Traditional Village which has an important role in suppressing the occurrence of water pollution that occurs in the Bindu river.   Negara Indonesia merupakan negara yang sangat besar dan luas, terdiri dari banyak pulau dan sumber daya alam yang melimpah. Sumber daya alam di Indonesia merupakan segala sesuatu yang berasal dari alam yang digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup manusia. Umumnya sumber daya alam di Indonesia dapat digolongkan berdasarkan sifatnya yaitu sumber daya alam yang dapat diperbaharui dan sumber daya alam yang tidak dapat diperbaharui. Manusia sangat bergantung pada sumber daya alam dan kelestarian sumber daya alam sangat dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas manusia. Daerah aliran sungai merupakan salah satu sumber daya alam yang sangat kompleks dan terdiri dari berbagai komponen yang menyusunnya. Fungsi dan manfaat sumber daya air sendiri termasuk sungai memerlukan berbagai upaya untuk peningkatan dan perlindungan air agar berdaya guna dan berhasil guna bagi makhluk hidup dan lingkungan sekitar. Salah satunya adalah sungai Bindu yang berada di Desa Adat Kesiman. Sungai Bindu banyak dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sehingga menyebabkan terjadinya pencemaran air di sungai Bindu, seperti Desa Adat Kesiman memiliki peranan penting dalam menekan terjadinya pencemaran air yang terjadi di sungai Bindu.

Hugh of St Victor, Dominicus Gundissalinus and the Place of the Mechanical Arts in Medieval Architectures of Knowledge

2021 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-318
Author(s):  
Alexander Fidora ◽  
Nicola Polloni
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The One ◽  
Mechanical Arts

This contribution engages with the problematic position of the mechanical arts within medieval systems of knowledge. Superseding the secondary position assigned to the mechanical arts in the Early Middle Ages, the solutions proposed by Hugh of St Victor and Gundissalinus were highly influential during the thirteenth century. While Hugh’s integration of the mechanical arts into his system of knowledge betrays their still ancillary position as regards consideration of the liberal arts, Gundissalinus’s theory proposes two main novelties. On the one hand, he sets the mechanical arts alongside alchemy and the arts of prognostication and magic. On the other, however, using the theory put forward by Avicenna, he subordinates these “natural sciences” to natural philosophy itself, thereby establishing a broader architecture of knowledge hierarchically ordered. Our contribution examines the implications of such developments and their reception afforded at Paris during the thirteenth century, emphasising the relevance that the solutions offered by Gundissalinus enjoyed in terms of the ensuing discussions concerning the structure of human knowledge.

Transforming Ethnomusicology Volume II

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Engagement ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Musical Knowledge ◽  
Indigenous Perspectives ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Historical Practices ◽  
Structure Of Knowledge

Transforming Ethnomusicology aims to deepen and broaden the dialogue about social engagement within the discipline of ethnomusicology. It draws upon a wide array of perspectives that stem from different ethnocultural contexts, philosophical histories, and cultural situations. Volume I begins with overviews of ethical praxis and collaboration in different countries and institutions. Some of the following studies reflect on the challenges that ethnomusicologists have faced and the strategies they have adopted when working in situations as diverse and challenging as the courtrooms of America, the refugee camps of Kenya, the post-earthquake urban context of Haiti, and war-torn South Sudan. Other studies reflect on community activism and the complexities of sustaining and reviving cultural traditions. The final chapter offers a new perspective on disciplinary practice and methodology by examining the power relations implicit in ethnography and the potential of shifting our position to “witnessing.” Volume II focuses on social and ecological issues and includes Indigenous perspectives from America, Australia, and South Africa. The volume as a whole recognizes the interlinking of colonial and environmental damage as institutions that failed to respect the land and its peoples. As in Volume I, the authors deal with the challenging circumstances of the present day where historical practices and modern neoliberal institutions threaten the creation and sustaining of musical knowledge, the memory of the land (both urban and rural), and the dignity of human life. As in Volume I, the second volume ends with a model for change, a radical rethinking of the structure of knowledge already underway in Brazil.

Unique Ethical Issues in Chemistry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Kovac
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Chemical Systems ◽  
Fundamental Knowledge ◽  
The Right

What makes chemistry unique? And how does this uniqueness reflect on chemistry’s unique concerns with ethics? As Roald Hoffmann (1995) argues, it is because chemistry is in the “tense middle,” occupying a space between several pairs of extremes. Perhaps most important, chemistry has always inhabited a frontier between science and technology, the pure and the applied, the theoretical and the practical (Bensaude-Vincent and Simon 2008). Unlike the other natural sciences, chemistry traces its origins both to philosophy and the craft tradition. Chemists are discoverers of knowledge and creators of new substances. The objects of study in chemistry, molecules and the macroscopic systems made up of molecules, are intermediate between the very small, the elementary particles, and the very large, the cosmos. Chemical systems are the right size to affect humans directly, for better or worse. They are the building blocks of biological organisms, they are the substances we eat and drink, they are the drugs that have improved human health dramatically over the past century, they comprise the materials we use to construct the products we use daily, but they are also the environmental pollutants that can plague our world. Chemicals can also be used as weapons. Being in the middle means that chemists face a unique set of ethical issues that I try to explicate in this chapter. These issues derive, in part, from the nature of chemistry as a science, a science that does not fit the neat picture drawn in the first chapter of textbooks. They also derive from the fact that ethics is an inquiry into right human conduct: What is a good life? Chemistry has perhaps contributed more to the betterment of human life than any other science, but at the same time has also contributed significantly to the deterioration of the environment. As explained in Chapter 3, much of chemistry is conducted in Pasteur’s quadrant, where both the search for fundamental knowledge and considerations of use are important. Chemical synthesis is perhaps the central activity of chemistry.

Interroga virtutes naturales: Nature in Giles of Rome’s On Ecclesiastical Power

Vivarium ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 22-50
Author(s):  
Peter Adamson
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
Marsilius Of Padua

AbstractGiles of Rome’s On Ecclesiastical Power (De ecclesiastica potestate), a polemical work arguing for the political supremacy of the pope, claims that the papacy holds a ‘plenitude of power’ and has direct or indirect authority over all aspects of human life. This paper shows how Giles uses themes from natural philosophy in developing his argument. He compares cosmic and human ordering and draws an analogy between the relations of soul to body and of Church to state. He also understands the pope’s power to be ‘universal’ in nature, another idea taken from Aristotelian physics. Further, Giles views the pope’s right to intervene arbitrarily in the affairs of the Christian community as mirroring God’s ability to work miracles. We thus see that Giles, no less than intellectuals on the other side of this debate such as Dante and Marsilius of Padua, believed that Aristotelian natural philosophy could be enlisted in the service of political thought.

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