scholarly journals Microbial Contamination and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles Indicate Potential Risks of Infection at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Muller Giacon ◽  
Franciele Maboni Siqueira ◽  
Amanda De Souza Da Motta
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Susceptibility Test ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Strictly Aerobic ◽  
Medical Teaching ◽  
Treatment Room ◽  
Veterinary Hospital

Background: This study aimed to assess the level of bacterial contamination in the Small Animals Sector of the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (HCV) of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Firstly, a committee was invited to complete a questionnaire and to list critical sample sites for collection. With the identification of the places to be sampled, collections were made with sterile swabs on different surfaces of environments of the Veterinary Hospital. The identification of important bacteria in the veterinary area, in the different sampled environments, raises the concern for hygiene procedures in the veterinary hospital environment.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen samples were collected from these different areas, and microbiological analyses were performed. Standard counts of viable and strictly aerobic mesophilic microorganisms were realized. Collections were made to assess ambient air quality. With the microbiological analysis performed, bacteria of clinical importance were identified. To assess the resistance profile of the bacteria, the susceptibility test to antimicrobials was performed. MALDI-TOF/MS measurement identified 29 bacteria at the genus level and 10 bacteria at the species level and the antimicrobial susceptibility test was realized. Most of the isolates identified (60%) were bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus spp. Regarding antimicrobial susceptibility analysis the 10 bacteria identified at the species level were assessed. Test results showed that the isolates S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus - collected from treatment room 2 - and S. haemolyticus, which had been isolated from samples from treatment room 2 of the cattery, presented multiresistance. Pantoea ananatis isolates from room 5 also showed a multiresistant profile for erythromycin, cephalothin, vancomycin and ampicillin. Micrococcus luteus isolates from the x-ray room and the kennel showed resistance to ceftazidime. Staphylococcus equorum isolates from room 4 were sensitive to all tested antimicrobials. Discussion: In Brazilian legislation there are no official microbiological parameters for surfaces in a veterinary hospital environment. The microorganisms present in the air are transient and variable, and the number and types of airborne agents is determined by the various sources of contamination in the environment. These microorganisms can be found in suspension, particulate matter and water droplets. Veterinary medical care tables are potentially contaminated by the animals handling, including those that sometimes defecate or urinate during their medical visit. Frequent handwashing is also known to be an important means of personal protection and disease prevention, although it is estimated that only 40% of practitioners do so routinely. Based on these results, we recommend a plan of bacterial control and disinfection that should be implemented to ensure more effective sanitary conditions. Microorganism counts were high in some of the veterinary hospital environments tested, indicating that current disinfection and hygiene practices are not sufficient to control the establishment of these microorganisms at the study sites. In view of this, it is reasonable to conclude that permanent monitoring and assessment of the effectiveness of hygiene protocols is needed in different sectors of the hospital. This may be an essential tool in a preventive approach to stop the spread of selectively resistant microorganisms, as well as cases of hospital infections. In addition, continuous staff training and awareness of the importance of personal and environmental hygiene is vital for minimizing the presence of these microorganisms in hospitals and avoid their transmission to patients. Finally, a more systematic hygiene guideline should be implemented in areas that showed higher counts.

scholarly journals Outbreak of multidrug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium in calves at a veterinary hospital in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Pantuzza Ramos ◽  
Letícia Camêlo Vespasiano ◽  
Isabela Oliveira Melo ◽  
Rafael Gariglio Clark Xavier ◽  
Carlos Augusto Gomes Leal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Nosocomial Outbreak ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Veterinary Hospital

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to describe and characterize a nosocomial outbreak caused by a multidrug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium in hospitalized calves at a veterinary medical teaching hospital from Brazil. Sixty-three (96.9%) calves showed lethargy, hyperthermia and profuse diarrhea and despite treatment, 26 (41.2%) animals died. Five animals were necropsied and stool samples of six calves were collected. The isolated strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test by disc-difusion method and were fingerprinted by ERIC-PCR. Macroscopic lesions suggestive of salmonellosis, such as fibrinonecrotic enteritis and hepatosplenomegaly were observed. Salmonellosis was confirmed by isolation of S. Typhimurium from stool samples and organs from seven affected animals. Six out of seven isolates of S. Typhimurium, exhibited 100% of similarity at ERIC-PCR, suggesting occurrence of nosocomial transmission of S. Typhimurium among the hospitalized calves. All but one S. Typhimurium isolated were resistant to marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, antimicrobial agents largely used for humans and animal treatment. This is the first study of a nosocomial outbreak of multidrug resistant S. Typhimurium in a veterinary hospital in Brazil and highlighted the need for preventive measures to reduce the risks for inpatients and humans in contact with animals.

scholarly journals Fecal Shedding of Clostridium Difficile in Dogs: A Period Prevalence Survey in a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea L. Struble ◽  
Yajarayma J. Tang ◽  
Philip H. Kass ◽  
Paul H. Gumerlock ◽  
Bruce R. Madewell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Medical Teaching ◽  
Animal Shelters ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Veterinary Hospital

The goal of this study was to determine the fecal prevalence of Clostridium difficile in dogs who were patients at a veterinary medical teaching hospital. Stool specimens collected from 152 dogs (in- and outpatients) were analyzed for the presence of C. difficile. An additional 42 stool specimens were collected and examined from dogs recently housed at local animal shelters. Following culture on selective medium, C. difficile was identified by a latex agglutination test, and the presence of the toxin A and B genes was determined individually by polymerase chain reaction. Clostridium difficile was isolated from the feces of 28 of the veterinary hospital patients (18.4%); isolates from 14 of these patients (50.0%) were toxigenic. Diarrhea was a clinical finding in 5 (35.7%) of the dogs carrying toxigenic isolates of C. difficile, whereas diarrhea was noted in only 2 of 14 dogs (14.3%) shedding nontoxigenic isolates. Three of 14 dogs (2 1.4%) shedding toxigenic isolates of C. difficile were receiving antibiotics at the time of stool collection, whereas 5 of 14 dogs (37.5%) shedding non-toxigenic strains of C. difficile were receiving antibiotics. The carriage rate of C. difficile was significantly higher for animals categorized as inpatients of the veterinary hospital. The carriage rate also provided evidence for an increased risk for fecal shedding with increasing age. Clostridium difficile was not isolated from any of the 42 dogs recently housed at local animal shelters. This study confirms the presence of toxigenic C. difficile in dogs at a veterinary teaching hospital. Additional studies will be required to determine whether prior antibiotic treatment increases the frequency of C. difficile fecal shedding from dogs and whether colonized dogs are a risk for transmission of the organism to susceptible human populations.

scholarly journals Detection of the main multiresistant microorganisms in the environment of a teaching veterinary hospital in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo A.P. Sfaciotte ◽  
Leandro Parussolo ◽  
Fernanda D. Melo ◽  
Giseli Bordignon ◽  
Naiara D. Israel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Workplace Safety ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
M Gene ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Multiresistant Pathogens ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Veterinary Hospital

ABSTRACT: Contamination of the veterinary hospital environment with multiresistant pathogens endangers not only hospitalized animals, but also the workplace safety of veterinarians and nurses, animal guardians and, when in case of a teaching hospital, veterinary students. The objective of this study was to map the main points of bacterial contamination of a veterinary teaching hospital in Brazil to identify multiresistant microorganisms and their antimicrobial resistance genes. Samples were collected from 39 different locations of a veterinary school hospital which comprised a pool according to each hospital environment. In certain environments, more than one pool has been collected. All samples were collected in quadruplicates for the selective isolation of the main multiresistant microorganisms: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), cephalosporinases and/or extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria (ESBL) and Carbapenemase-producing (CP). After isolation and identification of isolates, multiplex-PCR reactions were performed to detect the main genes for each microorganism and antimicrobial susceptibility tests with the main antibiotics used for each bacterial group according to CLSI. Of the 39 veterinary teaching hospital sites collected, all (100%) had at least one of the microorganisms surveyed, and 17.95% (n=7) of the sites were able to isolate the four pathogens. From the 94 pools collected, it was possible to isolate MRS in 81.91% (n=77), VRE in 12.77% (n=12), cephalosporinases and/or ESBL in 62.77% (n=59) and CP in 24.47%. (n=23). Regarding MRS, the mecA gene was detected in all isolates. All isolated VREs were identified as Enterococcus faecalis and presented the vanA gene. Regarding cephalosporinases and/or ESBL, 89.83% (n=53) of the isolates presented the blaTEM gene, 57.63% (n=34) the blaOXA-1 gene, 37.29% (n=22) blaCTX-M gene from some group (1, 2, 9 ou 8/25) and 20.34% (n=12) the blaSHV gene. It was possible to identify the main microorganisms responsible for causing nosocomial infections in humans (VRE, MRS, ESBL and CP) in the veterinary hospital environment, suggesting a source of infection for professionals and students of veterinary medicine, placing a high risk for public health.

Angka Kuman Pada Tempat Tidur di Rumah Sakit Daerah Madani Palu Bacterial numbers on ward beds in Rumah Sakit Daerah Madani Palu

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Monica Cecilia ◽  
Novarianti Novarianti ◽  
Christine Christine
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Regional Hospital ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Treatment Room ◽  
Study Population

The unhygienic environment of the hospital will allow the transmission of diseases that can affect public health in that hospital.  Therefore, hospital sanitation services need to be organized in order to create a comfortable and clean hospital environment, so that it can support efforts to cure and prevent the transmission of nosocomial infections in the hospital environment.  The purpose of this study was to determine the number of germs on the inpatient bed of District Madani Hospital of Palu.  The method of this study used descriptive with observational approach. The study population was all inpatient beds in Melon, Jambu, Rambutan, Nangka, Semangka, dan Markisa treatment rooms at Madani Regional Hospital of Palu.  The sample of this study was a part of the impatient bed in rooms of Melon 10, Jambu 10, Rambutan 10, Rambutan 9,  Semangka 7, and Markisa 4, which were taken by simple random sampling.  The results showed that the number of germs did not meet the requirements of> 10 colonies / cm².  So it can be concluded that the number of germs on the inpatient bed of the treatment room at the Palu Madani Regional Hospital does not meet the requirements.

scholarly journals S. pseudintermedius and S. aureus lineages with transmission ability circulate as causative agents of infections in pets for years

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Ruiz-Ripa ◽  
Carmen Simón ◽  
Sara Ceballos ◽  
Carmelo Ortega ◽  
Myriam Zarazaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Veterinary Hospital ◽  
Coagulase Positive Staphylococci

Abstract Background Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) are common colonizers of companion animals, but they are also considered opportunistic pathogens, causing diseases of diverse severity. This study focused on the identification and characterization of 33 coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from diseased pets (28 dogs and five cats) during 2009–2011 in a veterinary hospital in Spain in order to stablish the circulating lineages and their antimicrobial resistance profile. Results Twenty-eight isolates were identified as SP and five as SA. Nine methicillin-resistant (MR) isolates (27%) carrying the mecA gene were detected (eight MRSP and one MRSA). The 55% of SP and SA isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). MRSP strains were typed as ST71-agrIII-SCCmecII/III-(PFGE) A (n=5), ST68-agrIV-SCCmecV-B1/B2 (n=2), and ST258-agrII-SCCmecIV-C (n=1). SP isolates showed resistance to the following antimicrobials [percentage of resistant isolates/resistance genes]: penicillin [82/blaZ], oxacillin [29/mecA] erythromycin/clindamycin [43/erm(B)], aminoglycosides [18–46/aacA-aphD, aphA3, aadE], tetracycline [71/tet(M), tet(K)], ciprofloxacin [29], chloramphenicol [29/catpC221], and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [50/dfrG, dfrK]. The dfrK gene was revealed as part of the radC-integrated Tn559 in two SP isolates. Virulence genes detected among SP isolates were as follow [percentage of isolates]: siet [100], se-int [100], lukS/F-I [100], seccanine [7], and expB [7]. The single MRSA-mecA detected was typed as t011-ST398/CC398-agrI-SCCmecV and was MDR. The methicillin-susceptible SA isolates were typed as t045-ST5/CC5 (n=2), t10576-ST1660 (n=1), and t005-ST22/CC22 (n=1); the t005-ST22 feline isolate was PVL-positive and the two t045-ST45 isolates were ascribed to Immune Evasion Cluster (IEC) type F. Moreover, the t10576-ST1660 isolate, of potential equine origin, harbored the lukPQ and scneq genes. According to animal clinical history and data records, several strains seem to have been acquired from different sources of the hospital environment, while some SA strains appeared to have a human origin. Conclusions The frequent detection of MR and MDR isolates among clinical SP and SA strains with noticeable virulence traits is of veterinary concern, implying limited treatment options available. This is the first description of MRSA-ST398 and MRSP-ST68 in pets in Spain, as well the first report of the dfrK-carrying Tn559 in SP. This evidences that current transmissible lineages with mobilizable resistomes have been circulating as causative agents of infections among pets for years.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility and diarrheagenic diagnosis of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from feral pigeons (Columba livia) captured in Fortaleza, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 2150-2154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben V. Horn ◽  
Windleyanne G.A. Bezerra ◽  
Elisângela S. Lopes ◽  
Régis S.C. Teixeira ◽  
Isaac N.G. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Susceptibility Test ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Feral Pigeons

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to isolate Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica from captured feral pigeons in Fortaleza, Brazil, and, in addition to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and diagnose diarrheagenic E. coli strains. Pigeons were captured in four public locations in Fortaleza with three techniques. Individual cloacal swab samples were collected and submitted to bacterial isolation, biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test. Disk diffusion technique was used with twelve antibiotics. E. coli strains were submitted to DNA extraction followed by PCR to diagnose five diarrheagenic pathotypes. A total of 124 birds were captured. One bird was positive for Salmonella enterica (0.81%) and 121 (97.58%) were positive for E. coli. Among these, 110 isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility test and 28.18% (31/110) presented resistance to at least one antibiotic. Resistance to azithromycin was the most frequent (21.82%), followed by tetracycline (10.91%) and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (8.9%). Multidrug resistance, calculated as a resistance to at least 3 antimicrobial classes, was identified in 3.64% (4/110) of strains. The maximum number of antimicrobial classes to which one strain was resistant was seven. Results demonstrated nine different resistance profiles and the most frequent was tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (4 strains), followed by chloramphenicol, azithromycin, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (3 strains). Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and tobramycin presented lowest levels of antimicrobial resistance, to which none of the tested strains were resistant. A single strain was positive for the eltB gene, which is a diagnostic tool to identify the Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) pathotype. None of the other investigated genes (stx1, stx2, estA, eaeA, ipaH, aatA and aaiC) were identified. The single isolate of S. enterica was a rough strain of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, but serotype identification was not possible. However, this isolate presented resistance to amoxicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim. Therefore, captured feral pigeons of Fortaleza presented a low prevalence of S. enterica and diarrheagenic E. coli. Considering the investigated pathogens, our results suggest a good health status and a low public health risk. However, important antimicrobial resistance profiles were identified.

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