scholarly journals A review of some important viral diseases of wild boars

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-254
Author(s):  
Jakov Nisavic ◽  
Andrea Radalj ◽  
Nenad Milic ◽  
Aleksandar Zivulj ◽  
Damir Benkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Prevalence Studies

Wild boars are one of the widest-ranging mammals worldwide and represent reservoirs for many important viruses. Disease outbreaks in domestic swine are often described as a consequence of contact with wild boars, and traditional rearing conditions are a particular risk factor. Examples of such diseases include classical swine fever (CSF), African swine fever (ASF), Aujeszky?s disease (AD), and diseases caused by porcine circoviruses and parvoviruses. Some viral infections causing high mortality rates are easily noticeable and thus reported, though many viruses infecting wildlife are insidious impacting survival rates and reproduction in wild animals. Samples from wild boars for laboratory testing are usually collected postmortem and include various tissues or blood sera. The recovery of viable viruses during virus isolation depends on the virus species and the condition of the sample. Since this method does not yield timely results, most diagnostic procedures are based on PCR or antigen detection methods. Serological surveys are inexpensive and appropriate for prevalence studies. When interpreting the results of diagnostic tests, both virus and host characteristics, and the epizootiological situation must be accounted for. Disease control techniques such as fencing or feeding wild boars cause animal aggregation and give rise to population density which favors pathogen maintenance in the environment. Hunting reduces the number of susceptible animals and is helpful as an additional control measure and for sampling. Available data on infectious disease dynamics in wild boars is scarce, and constant knowledge improvement on pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, risk factors, and adequate control measures are required.

scholarly journals African swine fever: A permanent threat to Indian pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2275-2285
Author(s):  
Sharanagouda S. Patil ◽  
Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh ◽  
Vikram Vashist ◽  
Awadhesh Prajapati ◽  
Bramhadev Pattnaik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Arunachal Pradesh ◽  
First Report ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern

India has 9 million pigs, of which 45% are in the North eastern (NE) states of India. Viral diseases affecting pigs are a major concern of mortality causing huge loss to the pig farmers. One such disease is African swine fever (ASF) that has already knocked the porous borders of NE states of India. ASF is a highly contagious devastating disease of pigs and wild boars causing 100% mortality. The causative agent African swine fever virus (ASFV) belongs to the genus Asfivirus, family Asfarviridae. Pig is the only species affected by this virus. Soft ticks (Ornithodoros genus) are shown to be reservoir and transmission vectors of ASFV. Transmission is very rapid and quickly engulfs the entire pig population. It is very difficult to differentiate classical swine fever from ASF since clinical symptoms overlap. Infected and in contact pigs should be culled immediately and buried deep, and sheds and premises be disinfected to control the disease. There is no vaccine available commercially. Since its first report in Kenya in 1921, the disease has been reported from the countries in Europe, Russian federation, China, and Myanmar. The disease is a threat to Indian pigs. OIE published the first report of ASF in India on May 21, 2020, wherein, a total of 3701 pigs died from 11 outbreaks (Morbidity - 38.45% and mortality - 33.89%) in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh states of India. ASF is non-zoonotic.

Development of a Promising Agglutination Based Diagnostic Kit for Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) Infection in Chickens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Manimaran ◽  
Adarsh Mishra ◽  
Parimal Roy ◽  
K. Kumanan
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Field Condition ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Nucleic Acid Detection ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Poultry Birds ◽  
Different Temperatures

Background: Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) an important respiratory tract pathogen is responsible for morbidity in poultry flocks. It affects poultry birds of various age groups of layers as well as broiler, especially in younger ones. The diagnosis of such ailment is highly sought for adopting suitable control measures. In this regard, classical procedure of culture and isolation of mycoplasmas is cumbersome, tedious and time-taking. In an earlier study, it was found that serology was more sensitive than bacteriology in MG infection. The serum plate agglutination test was used in many of the earlier sero-prevalence studies. It is recommended to use the serology based detection methods for screening the poultry flocks rather than testing individual poultry birds. For field based rapid diagnosis, agglutination based serology methods are best comparison to nucleic acid detection methods, more so in remote areas.In view of the difficulties in the diagnosis of MG infection in field condition, the study was undertaken to develop a user-friendly agglutination kit, which can be used as screening test for an early diagnosis of MG infection in the poultry flocks.Methods: Mycoplasma coloured antigen kit was developed and standardized using Mycoplasma gallisepticum F strain available at the Central University Laboratory. The prepared coloured antigen kit was stored at different temperatures such as 37°C, room temperature (22-28°C) and at 4-8°C at different period of time such as three months, six months and one year to know the shelf life of the kit.Result: The sensitivity of the coloured antigen kit was found to be 92.25% and specificity as 100%. The kit was found promising in the field condition for an early diagnosis of the ailment among the poultry flocks.

scholarly journals Results of Serological and Molecular Analysis of African and Classical Swine Fever in the Population of Wild Boars in Ukraine

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Oleg Mychailovich Nevolko ◽  
Mykola Petrovich Sytiuk ◽  
Serhiy Anatolievich Nychyk ◽  
Nataliia Viktorivna Hudz
Keyword(s):  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
Hunting Season ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Serological Examination ◽  
Virus Rna

Abstract The results of the study of lymphoid organs and sera of wild boars for the presence of DNA of African swine fever (ASF) virus and RNA of classical swine fever (CSF) virus are presented, as well as the results of a serological examination for the presence of ASF and CSF virus antibodies. The study was conducted in Ukraine between 2008 and 2013. Biological samples were obtained from wild boars shot during the hunting season, and were examined by real-time PCR and ELISA. In total, 5759 sera were tested for CSF virus antibodies and 4856 for ASF virus antibodies by ELISA. Samples of lymphoid organs totalling 1129 were examined by PCR for the detection of CSF virus RNA and 8102 such samples were examined for the detection of ASF virus DNA. CSF virus antibodies were detected in 6.56% of wild boar sera. RNA of CSF virus was also identified in 1 out of 1129 samples tested. ASF virus antibodies or DNA in lymphoid organ samples were not detected.

scholarly journals The Antiviral Activity of Kaempferol Against Pseudorabies Virus in Mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Wang ◽  
Huaiyue Hu ◽  
Xu Chen ◽  
Zhongqiong Yin ◽  
Xiaoxia Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Gene Copies ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background: Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the neurotrophic Alphaherpesviruses, is one of the most important pathogens that harm the global pig industry. Accumulated evidence indicated that PRV could infect humans under certain circumstances, inducing severe clinical symptoms such as acute human encephalitis. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs to treat PRV infections, and vaccines available only for swine could not provide full protections. Thus, new control measures are urgently needed. Results: In the present study, kaempferol exhibited anti-PRV activity in mice through improving survival rate by 22.22% at 6 days post infection (dpi) which is higher than acyclovir (Positive control) with the survival rate of 16.67%, and in the infected-untreated group the survival rate was 0%. Kaempferol could inhibit the virus replication in the brain, lung, kidney, heart and spleen, especially in the brain the viral gene copies were reduced by over 700-fold, which is further confirmed by immunohistochemical examination. The tissue lesions induced by PRV infection in these organs were also alleviated. The expressions of the early genes EPO and TK in the brain were significantly inhibited by kaempferol. The expression of latency-associated transcript (LAT) were also inhibited in the brain, which suggested kaempferol could inhibit the PRV latency. Kaempferol-treatment could induce higher levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the serum at 3 dpi which were then declined to normal levels at 5 dpi, suggesting that kaempferol could exert anti-PRV activity through regulation of the immune function.Conclusions: These results suggest that kaempferol is expected to be a new alternative control measure for PRV infections.

scholarly journals African swine fever virus infection in Classical swine fever subclinically infected wild boars

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Cabezón ◽  
Sara Muñoz-González ◽  
Andreu Colom-Cadena ◽  
Marta Pérez-Simó ◽  
Rosa Rosell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Wild Boars

scholarly journals Predicting spread and effective control measures for African swine fever– should we blame the boars?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Taylor ◽  
Tomasz Podgórski ◽  
Robin R. L. Simons ◽  
Sophie Ip ◽  
Paul Gale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Baltic Countries

SummaryAfrican swine fever (ASF) has been causing multiple outbreaks in Russia, Poland and the Baltic countries in recent years and is currently spreading westwards throughout Europe and eastwards into China, with cases occurring in wild boar and domestic pigs. Curtailing further spread of ASF requires full understanding of the transmission pathways of the disease. Wild boars have been implicated as a potential reservoir for the disease and one of the main modes of transmission within Europe. We developed a spatially explicit model to estimate the risk of infection with ASF in boar and pigs due to the natural movement of wild boar that is applicable across the whole of Europe. We demonstrate the model by using it to predict the probability that early cases of ASF in Poland were caused by wild boar dispersion. The risk of infection in 2015 is computed due to wild boar cases in Poland in 2014, compared against the reported cases in 2015 and then the procedure is repeated for 2015-2016. We find that long- and medium-distance spread of ASF (i.e. >30km) is very unlikely to have occurred due to boar dispersal, due in part to the generally short distances boar will travel (<20km on average). We also predict what the relative success of different control strategies would have been in 2015, if they were implemented in 2014. Results suggest that hunting of boar reduces the number of new cases, but a larger region is at risk of ASF compared to no control measure. Alternatively, introducing boar-proof fencing reduces the size of the region at risk in 2015, but not the total number of cases. Overall, our model suggests wild boar movement is only responsible for local transmission of disease, thus other pathways are more dominant in medium and long distance spread of the disease.

scholarly journals The antiviral activity of kaempferol against pseudorabies virus in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixia Li ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Huaiyue Hu ◽  
Xu Chen ◽  
Zhongqiong Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Gene Copies ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the Alphaherpesviruses, is one of the most important pathogens that harm the global pig industry. Accumulated evidence indicated that PRV could infect humans under certain circumstances, inducing severe clinical symptoms such as acute human encephalitis. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs to treat PRV infections, and vaccines available only for swine could not provide full protection. Thus, new control measures are urgently needed. Results In the present study, kaempferol exhibited anti-PRV activity in mice through improving survival rate by 22.22 %, which was higher than acyclovir (Positive control) with the survival rate of 16.67 % at 6 days post infection (dpi); meanwhile, the survival rate was 0 % at 6 dpi in the infected-untreated group. Kaempferol could inhibit the virus replication in the brain, lung, kidney, heart and spleen, especially the viral gene copies were reduced by over 700-fold in the brain, which was further confirmed by immunohistochemical examination. The pathogenic changes induced by PRV infection in these organs were also alleviated. The transcription of the only immediate-early gene IE180 in the brain was significantly inhibited by kaempferol, leading to the decreased transcriptional levels of the early genes (EPO and TK). The expression of latency-associated transcript (LAT) was also inhibited in the brain, which suggested that kaempferol could inhibit PRV latency. Kaempferol-treatment could induce higher levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the serum at 3 dpi which were then declined to normal levels at 5 dpi. Conclusions These results suggested that kaempferol was expected to be a new alternative control measure for PRV infection.

scholarly journals General Review on Hog Cholera (Classical Swine Fever), African Swine Fever, and Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1105-1114
Author(s):  
Sumio Shinoda ◽  
Tamaki Mizuno ◽  
Shin-ichi Miyoshi ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Hog Cholera ◽  
Viral Infectious Disease ◽  
Causative Agents

Classical swine fever (CSF, hog cholera) has reemerged in Japan after 26 years and affected domestic pigs and wild boars. CSF was reported in Gifu prefecture on September 2018. Approximately 90,000 breeding domestic pigs were sacrificed by farmers of Gifu and Aichi prefectures to prevent expansion of CSF outbreak. In mid September 2019, CSF outbreaks have occurred in 8 prefectures in central Japan. African swine fever (ASF) is another viral infectious disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boars, although the etiologic agent is different from that of CSF. Both CSF and ASF affect pig farmers because of their intense infectivity to domesticated pigs. Fortunately, the causative agents are not pathogenic to human. However, an enteric bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis is pathogenic to pigs and humans. As Salmonella Choleraesuis causes food poisoning in humans, the infection is monitored by “Food Sanitation Law” in Japan. CSF, ASF, and Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis salmonellosis are translated in Japanese as “ton-korera,” “afurika ton-korera,” and “buta-korera,” respectively, wherein “ton” and “buta” both mean pig or hog. Therefore the above Japanese words mean hog cholera.

scholarly journals Foodborne Zoonoses Common in Hunted Wild Boars

EcoHealth ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa ◽  
Laura London ◽  
Teresa Skrzypczak ◽  
Tuija Kantala ◽  
Ilona Laamanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Visceral Organs ◽  
Animal Pathogens

AbstractThe northern European wild boar population has increased during the last decade. Highest wild boar numbers in Finland have been reported in the southeastern part near the Russian border. Wild boars may be infected with several human and animal pathogens. In this study, we investigated the presence of important foodborne pathogens in wild boars hunted in 2016 in Finland using serology, PCR and culturing. Seroprevalence of Salmonella (38%) and Yersinia (56%) infections was high in wild boars. Antibodies to hepatitis E virus, Toxoplasma gondii and Brucella were found in 18%, 9% and 9% of the wild boars, respectively. Trichinella antibodies were detected in 1% of the animals. We recorded no differences in the seroprevalence between males and females. However, Yersinia and T. gondii antibodies were detected significantly more often in adults than in young individuals. Listeria monocytogenes (48%) and stx-positive Escherichia coli (33%) determinants were frequently detected in the visceral organs (spleen and kidneys) by PCR. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:1 and L. monocytogenes 2a and 4b were identified by culturing from the PCR-positive samples. Brucella suis biovar 2 was isolated from visceral organs. No African swine fever, classical swine fever or Aujeszky’s disease were detected in the wild boars. Our study shows that wild boars are important reservoirs of foodborne pathogens.

scholarly journals Comparison of different control strategies for classical swine fever using emergency vaccination and rapid PCR testing by using a Monte-Carlo simulation model

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 988-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Brosig ◽  
I. Traulsen ◽  
S. Blome ◽  
K. Depner ◽  
J. Krieter
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation Model

Abstract. Whenever an outbreak of classical swine fever has occurred in the European Union (EU), the basic control measures have usually been supplemented by preventive culling. This strategy has led to a great number of culled pigs and is discussed by general public and politics from both ethical and economic points of view. Emergency vaccination has been deemed to be an alternative control measure for some time now. PCR testing also provides a possible future strategy, since this method would allow a rapid and reliable testing of pigs in the vicinity of an outbreak farm. In this study, a spatial and temporal Monte-Carlo simulation model was used to compare alternative control strategies based upon these two measures (»Emergency Vaccination«, »Test To Slaughter«, »Test To Control« and »Vaccination in conjunction with Rapid Testing«) with the current control strategy. Two regions for investigation with different farm densities were used in the model. In a region with a low farm density, the basic EU control measures seemed to be sufficient to control an epidemic. In a region with a high farm density, additional measures would be necessary. »Emergency Vaccination« in a 3 km application zone and »Traditional Control« reached the same level of infected farms. Both »Test To Slaughter« and »Test To Control« combined with preventive culling led to a lower number of infected farms compared to the sole preventive culling strategy. The alternative control measures can reduce the number of culled farms significantly compared to »Traditional Control«.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document