scholarly journals Examination of localization of silymarin and fatty oil in Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. fruit

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zora Stoiljkovic ◽  
Slobodan Petrovic ◽  
Biljana Ilic
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
Fatty Oil ◽  
Lowered Pressure ◽  
Mechanical Procedure ◽  
Outer Cover ◽  
Different Origin

Physical characteristics and localization of flavonoids and fatty oil in Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. fruit of different origin were examined. Physical characteristics of the fruit were determined by its origin, and samples cultivated on plantations were, concerning their colour, shine, shape and size, very similar to those they originated from. By examination of the fruit size, we wanted to give our contribution to the choice of adequate equipment for picking, cleaning and packing of the fruit. Using a suitable mechanical procedure, the separation of the fruit into its inner part (endosperm) and outer cover (testa) was carried out. The Soxhlet extraction was carried out using petroleum ether (40-70?C) and methanol, The silymarin content (calculated as silibinin) was spectrophotometrically determined in the whole fruit (1.94-2.45%) and its respective parts: endosperm (0.19-0.33%) and testa (4.75-6.01%). By evaporation of petroleum ether extracts under the lowered pressure we determined the oil content in the whole fruit (19.38-24.08%), endosperm (27.85-34.19%) and testa (2.45-4.34%). We also established that more than 94% of silymarin was located in the testa more than 88% of fatty oil was localized in the fruit endosperm. The obtained results indicated that it was better to use testa, than whole fruit, when extracting silymarin.

Protective Effect of Silybum marianum and Nigella sativa Oil Extracts against Cisplatin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175
Author(s):  
Ashraf A. ◽  
Hassan F. ◽  
Batool S. ◽  
Nadeem M. ◽  
Irshad M. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
Elevated Blood Glucose

The objective of present study was to analyze and compare the nephroprotective effects of petroleum ether extracts of seeds of Nigella sativa and Silybum marianum in Swiss albino mice. Petroleum ether extracts of seeds of Nigella sativa and Silybum marianum were administered (200 mg kg–1) orally for 14 days following one dose of cisplatin injection (16 mg kg–1 i.p.) on 4th day. Cisplatin toxicity was identified in mice by loss of body weight, reduced triglycerides levels, elevated blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels (P < 0.05). Silybum marianum and Nigella sativa significantly enhanced the body weight (9%) of diabetic rats. Silybum marianum had significantly reduced the elevated blood glucose (–106%), and BUN levels (–9%) as compared to the Nigella sativa administration. Silybum marianum extract also significantly elevated the levels of triglycerides (257%) which were much reduced after the cisplatin injection. Histological study showed that the cisplatin treated group demonstrated the necrosis signs in the glomerulus of Bowman’s capsule, hyalinization and severe cellular damage. The animals administered with extracts showed nearly normal kidney architecture, however, the kidney tissues of Silybum marianum-treated animals showed some improvement with slight signs of cellular damages.

scholarly journals The phytochemical screenings and thin layer chromatography analysis of chemical compounds in ethanol extract of labu siam fruit (Sechium edule Jacq. Swartz.)

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOERYA DEWI MARLIANA ◽  
VENTY SURYANTI ◽  
SUYONO SUYONO
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Sechium Edule ◽  
Layer Chromatography

The phytochemical screenings and analysis of chemical compounds in ethanol extract of labu siam fruit (Sechium edule Jacq. Swartz.) with Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) has been carried out. Isolation was done by Soxhlet extraction for 6 hours with petroleum ether and the residue was extracted by maceration during 24 hours with ethanol.The isolated compounds in ethanol extract were identified by phytochemical screenings method and TLC. The result showed the presence of alkaloid, saponin, cardenolin/bufadienol and flavonoid.

scholarly journals Formulation development and evaluation of Silybum marianum tablets

Rodriguésia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Andrea Cianchino ◽  
Laura Silvina Favier ◽  
Claudia Alicia Ortega ◽  
Cecilia Peralta ◽  
Diego Alberto Cifuente
Keyword(s):  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Magnesium Stearate ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Active Principle ◽  
Formulation Development ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Popular Medicine

Abstract In popular medicine Silybum marianum is used as a hepatoprotective agent. Silymarin is the major constituent. The present work deals with the formulation and evaluation of S. marianum tablets from ethanolic extract by direct compression. The ethanolic extract was obtained from seeds by soxhlet extraction. Two pharmaceutical formulations were prepared using fluid extract as an active principle, and Aeroperl® 300 Pharma as a carrier. In order to improve flow ability and compressibility, co-processed excipients MicroceLac® 100 and FlowLac® 90 were employed. Pre-compression and post-compression parameters were evaluated according to USP 34-NF 29. Besides, silymarin was determined by NMR spectral data. Both formulations showed excellent rheological properties and the best biopharmaceutical parameters were observed in F2 (S. marianum ethanolic extract, aeroperl® 300 Pharma, flowLac® 90, glycolate starch and magnesium stearate) in terms of the friability (0.82 %) and the disintegration time (8.05 min).

scholarly journals Phytochemical analysis, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activity of Acalypha indica leaf extracts in different organic solvents

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chekuri Sudhakar ◽  
Narendar Vankudothu ◽  
Shivaprasad Panjala ◽  
Nirmala Babu Rao ◽  
Roja Rani Anupalli
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Acalypha Indica

The herb <em>Acalypha indica </em>which belongs to Euphorbiaceae family has multiple medicinal properties which include anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anti-helmintic, anti-cancerous, anti-venom, and neuro-protective activity. The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical, antimicrobial and anti-oxidant activity of <em>Acalypha indica </em>leaves extracts in different solvent extractions like methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether. Fresh leaves of the plant were collected and shade dried. Dried leaves were milled to obtain powder. Powder was subjected to soxhlet extraction using solvents and extracts were successively obtained. Phytochemical analysis was conducted following standard methods.  Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of Alkaloids, Phenols, Saponins, Flavanoids and Amino acids. Leaf extract of methonal have shown the highest anti-oxidation capacity than hexane, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether. Anti-microbial activity has been performed on microbes like <em>Bacillus sps</em>, <em>E.coli,</em> <em>Psuedomonas sps</em> and <em>Streptococcus sps.</em> A highest value of zone of inhibition was found in methanol extract against <em>E.coli.</em> These results provide evidence that <em>Acalypha indica </em>leaf extract possesses vital phytochemicals, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Hence this plant can be studied further for drug analysis for finding potent medicines for diseases.

Determination of Chlorinated Pesticide Residues in Wheat by Electron Capture Gas Chromatography

1966 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 768-772
Author(s):  
J G Saha
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Electron Capture ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Cleanup Procedure ◽  
Ground Wheat

Abstract Electron capture gas chromatography has been used to measure the efficiency of an extraction and cleanup procedure for chlorinated pesticide residues in wheat. Soxhlet extraction of ground wheat with acetonitrile, followed by partition into petroleum ether and cleanup on a magnesia-Celite column has been found adequate for the determination of heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin in concentrations as low as 5 ppb. Recoveries of aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin ranged from 98 to 104%, while those of heptachlor were 84–92%.

scholarly journals Physical Characteristics of Mulches and Their Impact on Crop Response and Profitability in Muskmelon Production

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Brandenberger ◽  
Bob Wiedenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Commercial Products ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Base Selection

Using polyethylene mulches has increased earliness, yields, and fruit quality in muskmelon, resulting in their extensive use for melon production with numerous commercial products. However, two problems are associated with polyethylene use: removal and disposal following production. Organic mulches are potential alternatives but, in this study, resulted in significantly lower soil temperatures than all other treatments and generally had lower yields. Soil temperature, yield, fruit size and percent soluble solids were increased by polyethylene mulches compared to bare soil. Crop response differences between polyethylene mulches were not significant for most characteristics measured. There were significant differences in durability and ease of removal of polyethylene mulches. Based our results, durability and ease of removal are the main characteristics on which to base selection. Proper mulch selection can reduce removal costs and enable commercial producers to leave a mulch in place for the production of a second crop.

scholarly journals Study on the Effect of Dual Solvent Proportions on Composition of Rosa x damascena Concrete Oil Obtained using Soxhlet Extraction Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-84
Author(s):  
K. Sofiya ◽  
G. Bharath Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pure Ethanol ◽  
Phenylethyl Alcohol ◽  
Extraction Study ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Rotary Vacuum

Concrete oil was extracted from Rosa x damascena using different percentage ratios of solvents (petroleum ether and ethanol) by the Soxhlet extraction method. The extraction was carried out using petroleum ether and ethanol in five different percentage ratios of (v/v) (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) (petroleum ether:ethanol). The rotary vacuum evaporator was used to separate concrete oil and the solvents. The extracted concrete oil was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The obtained results show that many new compounds were identified, at two different solvents and its ratios. Phenylethyl alcohol in the percentages of (61.71%), (10.07%) and (25.92%) was obtained as a major compound with the solvent percentages of (100:0), (50:50) and (75:25) (PE:E), respectively. Hexacosane (37.2%) was identified as a major compound when pure ethanol is used as a solvent. The highest number of components were identified (totally 93 components) when an equal percentage (50:50) of petroleum ether and ethanol were mixed. The usual monoterpenes components, e.g. geraniol, nerol, citronellol and linalool, were not found in the present extraction study. This study concludes that the compositions of concrete oil were mainly influenced by the type of solvents and its ratios used for the extraction

Phytochemical Examination of Oils Obtained from the Fruit of Mille Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertner) by Supercritical Fluid Extraction

1998 ◽  
Vol 53 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 779-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klára Szentmihályi ◽  
Mária Then ◽  
Vendel Illés ◽  
Sándor Perneczky ◽  
Zoltán Sándor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Supercritical Fluid Extraction ◽  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Behenic Acid ◽  
Tocopherol Content ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
Fluid Extraction ◽  
Significant Difference

Supercritical fluid extraction (solvent: CO2 and propane) was used for mild recovery of fatty oil of mille thistle fruit (Silybum marianum L. Gaertner). Fatty acid compounds (palmic acid, oleic acid, linolic acid, linolenic acid, behenic acid), coloring content (expressed in pheophytin and carotene), tocopherol content and concentrations of some metals (Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd,Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, S, Ti, V, Zn), boron and sulfur were determined from oils and compared with oil obtained by Soxhlet extraction. There is significant difference between supercritical oil and traditional oil in the quantity of bioactive compounds and elements. The ratio of bioactive components and elements of oils changed during the extraction. Supercritical oils have higher concentration of C18:1 oleic acid, C18:3 linolenic acid, C20:0 and C22:0 behenic acid than the oil gained by Soxhlet extraction. The oil obtained by supercritical fluid extraction at 80 bar and 25 °C with propane has the highest coloring content. Our paper is the first report to be published on element concentrations of mille thistle oils. Accumulation of some heavy metals can be observed in almost each oil sample.

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