scholarly journals Jared Diamond and Peter Turchin: Two contemporary theories of social collapse

2014 ◽  
pp. 85-104
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Gajic
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Theory Building ◽  
Complete Disappearance ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scientific Achievements

Theories of social collapse are not only the views that characterize ?societies deep in crisis?, but rather an expression of lack of belief in prosperity and central importance of the civilization in which we live. These theories follow processes of degradation of human societies, the decline of civilization`s powers and the loss of its cultural values resulting in their complete disappearance. This paper defines the subject of study and provides an overview of the history of these theories and their contemporary types by taking the main causes of collapse criteria as the basis for theory building. After the review of contemporary multi-factor analysis of collapse, mainly within the science of complex systems, full attention is focused on two atypical, yet very productive, contemporary theories of social collapse that are elaborated in detail: Jared Diamond`s theory, which studies social collapses by observing relations of other variables that can lead to collapse with environmental problems as central; and Peter Turchin`s theory which, revitalizing with modern scientific achievements Ibn Khaldun`s classical theory of ?asabia? (group feeling, spirit of community), sees social collapses as a consequence of the decline of cohesion provided by asabia. The final part of the work gives a critical review of these two theories and their relation with classical theories of social collapse (primarily those of Arnold Toynbee) and points to their mutual productive complementarity.

Interpretation of Material Cultural Heritage in the Context of Museum

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-2) ◽  
pp. 337-351
Author(s):  
Sergey Pilyak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Main Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cultural Heritage Objects ◽  
Creative Understanding ◽  
Cultural Heritage Preservation

Interpretation of cultural values and cultural heritage is one of the most common types of their development and creative understanding. However, the concept of ‘interpretation’ remains blurred among related processes, usually without getting much mention. In the field of cultural heritage preservation, interpretation is the main method of human development of cultural heritage objects. The process and results of interpretation, as shown by the long history of preservation of cultural heritage, also affect the preservation of cultural heritage. The proposed material is devoted to the consideration of a museum as an example of one of the most consistent built spaces and tools for the interpretation of cultural heritage. The subject of the research is the methods of museum work considered in the context of mechanisms of interpretation of material cultural heritage. Museum as an instrument of interpretation has been known since ancient times. Human interest in ancient artifacts that act as visible symbols of historical and cultural memory of the past, eventually led to the development of collecting, and then, with the publication of collections, to the emergence of museums. Museum and its activities occupy a special place in the methodology of interpretation. The museum space can set its own special rhythm of historical time and create conditions for comfortable perception of the presented artifacts. No other cultural institution has such a task, and if it is necessary to present an artifact, interested persons in one way or another turn to the method tested on museum sites. As a result of the research, the author identified five stages of museum activities, which are generally typical for the mechanism of interpretation of cultural heritage. Therefore, the main goal of museum activities should be recognized as an interpretation of cultural heritage. In accordance with this goal, the museum's tasks are also implemented, including the preservation, publication and promotion of the collection's artifacts. Thus, the role and place of the museum as a specific space created for the purpose of interpreting cultural heritage is proved. These provisions allow us to look at the theory and practice of museum activities in a different way, in the context of interpreting cultural identity.

scholarly journals Kildesikring og kaoskontroll – om bevaringsideologier og forvaltningsstrategier i en digital tidsalder

1970 ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Wenche Brun ◽  
Kristine Orestad Sørgaard
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Collection Management ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Improve Access

Norwegian museums have been the subject of a great deal of public attention in recent years. Unfortunately, this is not because of their interesting, compelling and thought-provoking exhibitions, but because of poor preservation practices and deteriorating collections. Previous reports have highlighted numerous failings in the management of these collections. A large portion of the collections has suffered through decades of poor storage. Some objects have even been damaged as a result of unacceptable storage conditions. Proper management of the collections has been hampered still further by the lack of common management systems. In the past ten to fifteen years, several projects have been launched in order to enhance collection management and to make the collections more accessible to the public. In this paper, we give a brief outline of the history of collections. We also provide a critical review of the projects and offer some suggestions as to what museums can do to further improve access to and the preservation of collections. 

The Monetary Thought of Two Sixteenth-Century Muslim Scholars

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 46-60
Author(s):  
Abdul Azim Islahi
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Background Information ◽  
European Monetary ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Muslim Scholars

Muslim scholars of the sixteenth century continued the tradition of writing on economic issues. Their work, however, is characterized by the period’s overall feature of imitation and repetition and thus reflects hardly any advancement of monetary thought since the works of earlier Muslim scholars. This is clearly reflected in the two representative treatises on money: those of al-Suyuti (d. 1506), written at the beginning of the century, and of al-Tumurtashi (d. 1598), written at its end. The history of Islamic economic thought is a well-researched area of Islamic economics. To the best of our knowledge, however, all such research stopped at the end of the fifteenth century, the age of Ibn Khaldun and al-Maqrizi. The present paper seeks to advance this research and intends to investigate the monetary thought of Muslim scholars during the sixteenth century (corresponding to the hijr¥ years of 906 to 1009.) Beginning with an overview of earlier monetary thought in Islam to provide the necessary background information, it then goes on to note that particular century’s monetary problems in order to provide a perspective for the discussion of monetary thought among Muslim scholars. For the purpose of comparison, European monetary thought of the same period is also analyzed. Due to limitations of time and space, this paper concentrates on the relevant treatises and does not deal with the piecemeal opinions scattered throughout the voluminous corpus of Islamic literature. Thus, it focuses on al-Suyuti and al-Tumurtashi, as I could locate only their two exclusively monetary works. Hopefully this modest initiative will spur others to conduct more extensive research on the subject.

scholarly journals Scientific research of geography of Ukrainian rural settlements: the evolution of methodological approaches in context of actual challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
Iryna Dnistrianska
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
The Social ◽  
Settlement Geography ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic State ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Rural Locality ◽  
Scientific Achievements

In this article, the history of studying the geography of the Ukrainian rural settlements is reviewed. The stages of research in view the exploration level of the rural locality in human geography are highlighted within such time limits: XV – the first half XIX cent., the secondary half XIX – the beginning of XX cent., the beginning of XX – till 1991, from 1991. At each of the stages is characterized the main scientific paradigms and explorations which was dedicated to the subject of the rural settlements. Paradigms and methods of studying exactly rural settlements evolved and developed under the influence of historical conditions: from purposefully-descriptive, statistical-descriptive, sectoral-statistical, ethnographic, anthropogeographic, demogeographic to an integral socio-geographical. During the research, it was concluded that geographical exploring of the rural settlements actually was fragmentary until the XX century. Simultaneously, the scientific achievements of the previous periods laid down to definite some methodological basis and source base for further research in this area. Closer to the middle of the XX century, the biggest explorations of Ukrainian rural settlements were conducted by V. Kubiyovych. Later, for ideological reasons, the issue of rural settlement geography was not the focus of attention among Ukrainian geographers of that time until Ukraine gained independence. The topic of the research of the Ukrainian village in scientific circles has risen to a new level and it’s geography according to the scientific centres in Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Chernivtsi, Kharkiv and Ternopil since 1991. Modern crisis of the demographic, social, economic state of the rural areas causes the necessity of interdisciplinary further exploration of this problem. Despite the social development and nowadays challenges in this article the main tasks and directions for future research of Ukrainian village are highlighted. Key words: the history of Ukrainian geography, rural settlements, rural population, methodology of geographical research.

Textbook in Polyphony by Anatoly P. Milka: Achievements and Prospects of the Petersburg School

2020 ◽  
pp. 160-167
Author(s):  
Н.Б. Сербул
Keyword(s):  
School Of Music ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Scientific Schools ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Renaissance Polyphony ◽  
Rhythmic Organization ◽  
History Of Formation ◽  
Scientific Achievements

В рецензии отражены важнейшие аспекты сложного и многогранного труда автора. Систематизируется понятийный аппарат, в частности, обсуждаются проблемы терминологии в области обратимого контрапункта. Предпринята попытка рассмотреть и объяснить позицию автора по этому вопросу в контексте истории формирования других точек зрения. Анализируются инновации в области методики преподавания полифонии, особенности сочетания исторического и технологического подходов к изучению предмета, новизна и практическая актуальность научных положений. Отмечаются инновационные разработки автора в области теории малых и больших имитационных форм. Универсальность и последовательность применения этой теории придает цельность и логическую стройность всему труду автора. Особое внимание привлекается к приемам, способствующим детальному освоению и реконструкции в учебных работах стиля ренессансной полифонии. Подробно рассматриваются новые формулировки правил метроритмической организации, типы работы над мелодией строгого письма, предложенные автором учебника. Отмечается важность рецензируемого издания как этапа развития петербургской музыковедческой школы, обобщения ее научных достижений и методических разработок. Выявляется ряд направлений, объединяющих исследования А. П. Милки с ведущими отечественными научными школами. The review specifies the most important aspects of the complex and multifaceted work of the author, systematizing and discussing the conceptual apparatus, in particular, the problems of terminology in the field of reversible counterpoint. An attempt is made to consider and explain the author's position on this issue in the context of the history of formation of other points of view. The author analyzes innovations in the field of polyphony teaching methods, the peculiarities of the combination of historical and technological approaches in the study of the subject, the novelty and practical relevance of scientific provisions. The author's innovative developments in the field of the theory of small and large imitation forms are noted. The versatility and consistency of the application of this theory gives integrity and logical harmony to the entire work of the author. Particular attention is drawn to techniques that contribute to the detailed development and reconstruction of the Renaissance polyphony style in educational works. The new formulations of the rules of metro-rhythmic organization, new types of work on the melody of strict writing, proposed by the author of the textbook, are considered in detail. The importance of the peer-reviewed publication is noted as a new stage in the development of the St. Petersburg school of music, as a generalization of its scientific achievements and methodological developments. A number of areas are identified that connect the research of Anatoly P. Milka with the leading Russian scientific schools.

Історія українського народу та його національна ідентичність у мовознавчих міркуваннях (до 85-річчя доктора філологічних наук, професора А. М. Поповського)

2021 ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
Irina Serebryanska
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
State Level ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Negative Phenomena ◽  
Scientific Achievements

The article deals with the figure of famous Ukrainian linguist, doctor of philology, professor, poet, Honored Worker of Education of Ukraine, Anatoliy Popovsky and his scientific achievements, in particular the monograph “A little bit about Ukrainian surnames” (2020) is devoted to the problem of the origin and creation of Ukrainian surnames, their functioning in business, works of art and journalism. It is an encyclopedia about the ancestral memory and destiny of Ukraine, national identity and self-respect. It provides a detailed analysis of the semantics of Ukrainian surnames with interesting lexical components, highlights the issue of their deformation in the Russian Empire and in Soviet times, resulting in the substitution of cultural values and ideology. A. Popovsky’s scientific work is a “life hack” on the revival of “Cossacks’ power and beauty”. The monograph is a history of the Ukrainian people in surnames, starting from family traditions and ending with positive and negative phenomena at the state level. The issue of studying surnames, as well as nominations of villages, settlements, cities, and districts to reproduce the geography and history of the Ukrainian anthroponymy in synchrony and diachrony needs to be comprehensively proceeded and popularized in the educational process and contemporary mass media as important sources of the formation of public opinion.

Contributions to the History of Southern Aeolis

1881 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 271-308
Author(s):  
W. M. Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
The Arts ◽  
French School ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
School Of Athens

Asia Minor, interposed like a bridge between Europe and Asia, has been from time immemorial a battlefield between the Eastern and Western races. Across this bridge the arts, civilisation, and religion of the East had passed into Greece; and back over the same bridge they strove to pass beautified and elevated from Greece into Asia. The progress of the world has had its centre and motive power in the never-ceasing collision of Eastern and Western thought, which was thus produced in Asia Minor. One episode in the long conflict has been chosen by Herodotus as the subject of his prose epic: but the struggle did not stop at the point he thought. It has not yet ended, though it has long ceased to be of central importance in the world's history. For centuries after he wrote Greek influence continued to spread, unhindered, further and further into Asia: but as the Roman empire decayed, the East again became the stronger, and Asia Minor has continued under its undisputed influence almost up to the present day. Now the tide has again turned, and one can trace along the western coast the gradual extinction of the Oriental element. It does not retreat, it is not driven back by war: it simply dies out by a slow yet sure decay. It is the aim of this set of papers to throw some light on one stage in this contest, a stage probably the least known of all, the first attempts of the Greek element to establish itself in the country round the Hermus. Tradition has preserved to us little information about the first Greek settlements. The customary division into Aeolic, Ionic, and Doric colonists is not a sufficient one. Strabo clearly implies that there was a double Aeolic immigration when he says (p. 622) that Cyme founded thirty cities, and that it was not the first Aeolic settlement; in another passage (p. 582) he makes the northern colonists proceed by land through Thrace, the southern direct by sea to Cyme. I hope by an examination of the country and the situations, never as yet determined, of the minor towns, to add a little to the history of this Southern Aeolic immigration, in its first burst of prosperity, through the time when it was almost overwhelmed in the Lydian and Persian empires and was barely maintained by the strength of the Athenian confederacy, till it was finally merged in the stronger tide of Greek influence that set in with the victory of Alexander. More is known of Myrina, and still more of Cyme, than of any of the other towns: but both are omitted here, because it may be expected that considerable light will be thrown on the history of both by the excavations conducted on their sites by the French School of Athens. Till their results are published, it would be a waste of time to write of either city.

scholarly journals Hannah Arendt and Marxist Theories of Totalitarianism

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Nicholas Devlin
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Hannah Arendt ◽  
Theory Building ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Relationship

This article offers a new reading of the place of Hannah Arendt's The Origins of Totalitarianism in the history of totalitarianism theory. Building on a novel genealogy of Marxist theories of totalitarianism, the article traces this inheritance into Arendt's early work on the subject, demonstrating that her “languages” (in the Pocockian sense) were basically continuous with those of interwar Marxism. The article proceeds in three stages. First, it reconstructs two core languages of interwar Marxism (imperialism and Bonapartism). Second, it shows how these languages underpinned a central controversy in Marxist theories of totalitarianism during World War II, a debate conducted in the languages of imperialism and Bonapartism and turning on the relationship between the political and the economic. Third, it shows that Arendt wrote in these languages and contributed to the same debate. In conclusion, this striking affinity with Marxism in Arendt's early work is contrasted with the emergence of classical totalitarianism theory—a project with which Arendt was soon eager to associate herself and which makes a unified and consistent reading of The Origins of Totalitarianism so difficult.

scholarly journals Zarys dziejów matematyki w siedemdziesięcioleciu Politechniki Krakowskiej

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 99-115
Author(s):  
Jan Koroński ◽  
Keyword(s):  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scientific Achievements

The subject of the paper is the history of Mathematics at the Krakow University of Technology since 1945 up to 2015. It presents profiles of the most famous mathematicians in the history of the Krakow University of Technology (M. Krzyżański, J. Bochenek, F. Barański, I. Łojczyk-Królikiewicz) and some information about their scientific achievements.

The Monetary Thought of Two Sixteenth-Century Muslim Scholars

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 46-60
Author(s):  
Abdul Azim Islahi
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Background Information ◽  
European Monetary ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Muslim Scholars

Muslim scholars of the sixteenth century continued the tradition of writing on economic issues. Their work, however, is characterized by the period’s overall feature of imitation and repetition and thus reflects hardly any advancement of monetary thought since the works of earlier Muslim scholars. This is clearly reflected in the two representative treatises on money: those of al-Suyuti (d. 1506), written at the beginning of the century, and of al-Tumurtashi (d. 1598), written at its end. The history of Islamic economic thought is a well-researched area of Islamic economics. To the best of our knowledge, however, all such research stopped at the end of the fifteenth century, the age of Ibn Khaldun and al-Maqrizi. The present paper seeks to advance this research and intends to investigate the monetary thought of Muslim scholars during the sixteenth century (corresponding to the hijr¥ years of 906 to 1009.) Beginning with an overview of earlier monetary thought in Islam to provide the necessary background information, it then goes on to note that particular century’s monetary problems in order to provide a perspective for the discussion of monetary thought among Muslim scholars. For the purpose of comparison, European monetary thought of the same period is also analyzed. Due to limitations of time and space, this paper concentrates on the relevant treatises and does not deal with the piecemeal opinions scattered throughout the voluminous corpus of Islamic literature. Thus, it focuses on al-Suyuti and al-Tumurtashi, as I could locate only their two exclusively monetary works. Hopefully this modest initiative will spur others to conduct more extensive research on the subject.

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