scholarly journals Industrial Property Protection Throughout the World

1937 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 722
Author(s):  
James L. Brown
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (Vol 19, No 2 (2020)) ◽  
pp. 265-282
Author(s):  
Stanisław SZMITKA

Over the years, the franchise has become an attractive model for the sale of products and services, as well as a means of developing the franchisor’s business. Franchising systems around the world have become very popular among franchisees, who receive an already proven cost-effective business model in exchange for payments, purchases and other services from the franchisor. These systems also bring intangible benefits in the form of encouraging the promotion of entrepreneurship in society. Polish franchise legislation has systematic nature and is based on the Civil Code, the Law on Industrial Property, the Law on Combating Unfair Competition, the Law on Protection of Competition and Consumer Rights, the Law on Copyright and Related Rights, European Code of Ethics for Franchising. Taking into account the legal regulations, the mechanism of the Polish model of franchising is revealed and the newest forms of its use in business activity are distinguished.


Ergo ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Kučera ◽  
Tomáš Vondrák

Abstract The Czech Republic is at the forefront of the EU in the contribution of the manufacturing to the total gross value added. The Czech industry contributes significantly to the positive balance of trade of the country. The overall international competitiveness of the Czech Republic will depend upon the innovation performance of the manufacturing sector and its competitiveness on the foreign markets. A necessary condition for extending the share on the foreign markets is the effective harnessing of the national R&D capacity and a strong qualified local workforce. This contribution uses a bibliometric and a patent analysis for the assessment of the R&D carried out by the Czech higher education institutions (HEIs) oriented towards the engineering fields, and selected more general universities, and compares them with similar HEIs in a selected group of developed countries. The analysis indicates that the Czech publication activity in the field of engineering grows. The Czech publications in engineering are cited below the world average which indicates that their impact (and to some extent the quality of the underlying R&D) lags behind the world. The patent activity of the Czech HEIs is on the international scale rather weak. The patenting activity of the Czech HEIs strongly grows since the middle of the last decade. This may by a side effect of the new evaluation methodology which takes into account also the patents. The number of patents registered with the Czech Industrial Property Office increases but on the other hand the international patenting activities tend to stagnate. This gives rise to questions about the real value of the produced patents from the point of their importance for the export competitiveness of the Czech industry.


Percurso ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (31) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Lucena BRITO ◽  
André Luís Fregapani LEITE ◽  
Valmir César POZZETTI

RESUMOO objetivo desta pesquisa foi o analisar a relação contratual que se forma entre as empresas de biotecnologia e os povos tradicionais, quando as primeiras utilizam-se dos conhecimentos dos segundos para reduzir custo e tempo gasto com pesquisas, obtendo lucro, sendo a devida remuneração aos povos tradicionais em virtude dos conhecimentos por eles oferecidos. Ressaltou-se a relevância jurídica da proteção do direito da propriedade intelectual e industrial, perpassando por uma análise da evolução histórica dos instrumentos jurídicos no cenário mundial, podendo-se citar a Convenção da União de Paris, em 1883, seguida da criação da Organização Mundial do Comércio através do Acordo de Marrakesh, em 1994, que teve como seu mais importante instrumento o TRIPS. O TRIPS é um marco pelo qual muitos países regularam suas normas internas acerca da propriedade intelectual, incluindo o Brasil que é consignatário no Acordo. Já no Brasil, este âmbito sofreu modificações após a Constituição Federal, de 1988, garantindo como direito fundamental a propriedade intelectual, até se obter a legislação vigente no país acerca do tema, a Lei nº 9.279/96. A lei por fim regulamentou o registro de patentes e as obrigações inerentes, dentre outras disposições. Sobre tais, destacam-se as patentes verdes que visam tutelar conhecimentos de inovação biotecnológica, a fim de propagar o desenvolvimento sustentável na produção industrial. Todavia, verificou-se que no ramo houve graves violações aos direitos dos povos indígenas e tradicionais, no momento que as empresas utilizavam seus conhecimentos milenares e os patenteavam como se donos fossem. Desse modo, após intensos debates e novas concepções, entendeu-se que tais saberes não podem ser objetos de patentes. Ao fim, concluiu-se que o programa “Patente Verde” pode concorrer para grandes avanços tecnológicos e econômicos no Brasil; mas deve sempre respeitar às diretrizes do desenvolvimento sustentável, no qual se encontram direitos sociais e ambientais, garantindo a razoabilidade dos direitos e assegurando a inviolabilidade dos mesmos.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Patentes; conhecimentos tradicionais; desenvolvimento sustentável. ABSTRACTThe objective of this research is to analyze the contractual relationship that is formed between biotechnology companies and traditional peoples, when the former use the knowledge of the second to reduce cost and time spent with research, obtaining profit, due to the remuneration to the people their knowledge. The legal relevance of the protection of the right to intellectual and industrial property was emphasized, as well as an analysis of the historical evolution of the legal instruments on the world scene, including the Paris Convention of 1883, followed by the creation of the World Organization through the Marrakesh Agreement in 1994, which had as its most important instrument TRIPS. TRIPS is a milestone for many countries to regulate their internal rules on intellectual property, including Brazil that is a signatory to the Agreement. In Brazil, this scope was modified after the Federal Constitution of 1988, to guarantee as fundamental right the intellectual property, until obtaining the legislation in force in the country on the subject, Law 9.279 / 96. The law finally regulated the registration of patents and the inherent obligations, among other provisions. These include green patents aimed at protecting knowledge of biotechnological innovation in order to promote sustainable development in industrial production. However, it was found that there were serious violations of the rights of indigenous and traditional peoples, as companies used their millennial knowledge and patented them as owners. Thus, after intense debates and new conceptions, it was understood that such knowledge can not be objects of patents. Finally, it was concluded that the green patent program can contribute to major technological and economic advances in Brazil, but should always respect the guidelines of sustainable development, which include social and environmental rights, guaranteeing the reasonableness of rights and ensuring the their inviolability.KEYWORDS: Patents; traditional knowledge; sustainable development. 


Author(s):  
Marine M. Manukyan ◽  
Sergey N. Yashin

The problem of innovation is a key one for most of the industrialized countries of the world. Scientific and technical products resulting from intellectual activity need to create a system of protection of industrial property rights, which is a mandatory attribute of developed countries. The efficiency of modern Russian national economy is based on the scientific and technical potential of the country, along with natural and labor resources. The transition of the economy to a new qualitative state increases the importance of innovation and the development of high-tech industries, which, ultimately, are the most important factor in overcoming the economic crisis and providing conditions for economic growth. The innovative development of the Russian oil and gas sector depends on the state of the world market. It is necessary to look for other sources directly related to the main issues of scientific and technological development, including: improving the efficiency of exploration; increase of efficiency of development of oil and gasoline in remote areas; improving the efficiency of exploration in the floodplains of the remaining oil reserves; the increase in the average and low production of dense and high-quality construction of wells to a depth of more than 4 km; increasing the productivity of reservoir wells with low permeability. Therefore, scientific foundations of the development of oil and gas complex and the law of the development of innovative technologies are very relevant and have important theoretical and practical significance. The relevance of the topic of the article is expressed in the fact that the world's largest oil and gas companies are constantly looking for ways to improve efficiency, including through the use of innovative methods of oil search, exploration and production. In this case, the competitiveness and long-term survival of an oil company depends on the effectiveness of its innovation activities. The article considers the main innovative technologies in oil production in Russia and their features.


2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Lidia Audrey Rocha Valadas ◽  
Rosueti Diógenes de Oliveira-Filho ◽  
Marcelo Bruno Lemos de Oliveira ◽  
Ana Cristina de Mello Fiallos ◽  
Mara Assef Leitão Lotif ◽  
...  

Background: Copaiba oil-resin has been widely used and is especially found in neotropical regions, for which several pharmacological activities have been documented over the years. Prospective studies in intellectual property banks are important to increase competitiveness and thus generate new products in various research areas. Objective: A prospective study was carried out on patents of products containing copaiba oil-resin for dental use in intellectual property banks. Methods: The research was conducted with patent searches in six intellectual property banks of the world. Relevant information about the invention in the patent document was collected, processed and described. Results: The search found 9 patents using copaiba resin oil-resin in dental products. The National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI-Brazil) had the highest number of deposits (5), followed by Espacenet (2) and Free Patents (2). C. Langsdorffii was highlighted as the most widely used species in the products and deposits of vehicles in formulations (3). All the patents in the search are A61K code for medical, dental or hygienic purposes. Conclusion: Most of the found patents are related to the area of Microbiology, specifically with application in Cariology. Brazil is represented by the INPI and presented the highest number of patent applications when compared to other intellectual property banks.


2017 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyghia Maria Araújo Meirelles ◽  
Fernanda Nervo Raffin

There has been a growing trend in recent years for the development of hybrid materials, called composites, based on clay and polymers, whose innovative properties render them attractive for drug release. The objective of this manuscript was to conduct a review of original articles on this topic published over the last decade and of the body of patents related to these carriers. A scientific prospection was carried out spanning the period from 2005 to 2015 on the Web of Science database. The technological prospection encompassed the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the European Patent Office, the World International Patent Office and the National Institute of Industrial Property databases, filtering patents with the code A61K. The survey revealed a rise in the number of publications over the past decade, confirming the potential of these hybrids for use in pharmaceutical technology. Through interaction between polymer and clay, the mechanical and thermal properties of composites are enhanced, promoting stable, controlled drugs release in biological media. The most cited clays analyzed in the articles was montmorillonite, owing to its high surface area and capacity for ion exchange. The polymeric part is commonly obtained by copolymerization, particularly using acrylate derivatives. The hybrid materials are obtained mainly in particulate form on a nanometric scale, attaining a modified release profile often sensitive to stimuli in the media. A low number of patents related to the topic were found. The World International Patent Office had the highest number of lodged patents, while Japan was the country which published the most patents. A need to broaden the application of this technology to include more therapeutic classes was identified. Moreover, the absence of regulation of nanomaterials might explain the disparity between scientific and technological output. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.


Author(s):  
Jan Busche

The use of the patented invention in the construction or operation of aircraft or land vehicles or other means of transport of countries of the International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property (Paris Union) or members of the World Trade Organisation, other than those Contracting Member States in which that patent has effect, or of accessories to such aircraft or land vehicles, when these temporarily or accidentally enter the territory of a Contracting Member State in which that patent has effect;


1960 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-603

At the 1097th meeting the Council approved the report of the Council Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, which recommended that hearings be granted to four nongovernmental organizations: the International Chamber of Commerce, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions, and the World Federation of United Nations Associations. At the 1108th meeting, the draft resolution contained in a report of the same committee on the subject of applications and re-applications for consultative status was adopted unanimously, granting the request for category B consultative status to the Association for the Study of the World Refugee Problem, the European Alliance of Press Agencies, and the International Association for the Protection of Industrial Property, and granting the request for inclusion on the register of the International Association of Electrical Contractors.


2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (29) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
Eduardo Vinicio Mejía Chávez

Today humanity is immersed in the knowledge society, so that intangibles have acquired great value throughout the world. This has contributed to globalization and the emergence of economies founded on knowledge and technological development, which have led to the emergence of new intellectual products that generate industrial property rights. The ownership of these industrial property rights has determined the development and economic advancement of countries, but also an absolutely heterogeneous growth between them, as a differentiating element is contemplated, the science and technology they possess. It is therefore in permanent debate whether industrial property is a mechanism of technological development, based on economic recognition of the institutions and their inventors for the science and technology they generate, or whether it is a form of privatization of knowledge and a new Technological colonialism.


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