Political Hierarchies and Organizational Strategies in the Puebloan Southwest

2000 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary M. Feinman ◽  
Kent G. Lightfoot ◽  
Steadman Upham

This paper offers a new perspective for the study of prehistoric Pueblo political organization in the American Southwest. In reviewing salient developments in Puebloan archaeology over the last 20 years, we discuss shortcomings in previous studies that argued for either “simple” or “complex” societies without recognizing the potential for hierarchy and equality to coexist simultaneously in all human societies. An alternative approach is outlined that considers corporate and network strategies of political action as a continuum for examining the organizational structure of Southwestern societies. Consideration of the corporate-network dimension is not seen as a replacement for the dimension of hierarchy, but as an analog to it. We consider the utility of this approach in analyzing the community organization of historic Pueblos and argue that the corporate-network continuum may have “deep” time depth in the broader region of the Desert West. Our findings suggest that a diverse range of corporate and network strategies were employed among residents of pithouse villages (A.D. 200-900) and that the pithouse-to-pueblo transition (ca. A.D. 700-1000) marked a significant organizational shift to more corporate forms of political action that also characterize historic and modern Pueblos.

Author(s):  
Adam Seth Levine

Americans today face no shortage of threats to their financial well-being, such as job and retirement insecurity, health care costs, and spiraling college tuition. While one might expect that these concerns would motivate people to become more politically engaged on the issues, this often doesn't happen, and the resulting inaction carries consequences for political debates and public policy. Moving beyond previously studied barriers to political organization, this book sheds light on the public's inaction over economic insecurities by showing that the rhetoric surrounding these issues is actually self-undermining. By their nature, the very arguments intended to mobilize individuals—asking them to devote money or time to politics—remind citizens of their economic fears and personal constraints, leading to undermobilization and nonparticipation. The book explains why the set of people who become politically active on financial insecurity issues is therefore quite narrow. When money is needed, only those who care about the issues but are not personally affected become involved. When time is needed, participation is limited to those not personally affected or those who are personally affected but outside of the labor force with time to spare. The latter explains why it is relatively easy to mobilize retirees on topics that reflect personal financial concerns, such as Social Security and Medicare. In general, however, when political representation requires a large group to make their case, economic insecurity threats are uniquely disadvantaged. Scrutinizing the foundations of political behavior, the book offers a new perspective on collective participation.


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4275
Author(s):  
Tobias Sitz ◽  
Hendrik Domey ◽  
Judith Fischer ◽  
Sascha Rohn

Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) is a glycolipid ubiquitously found in photosynthetically active organisms. It has attracted much attention in recent years due to its biological activities. Similarly, the increasing demand for vegan and functional foods has led to a growing interest in micronutrients such as sulfolipids and their physiological influence on human health. To study this influence, reference materials are needed for developing new analytical methods and providing enough material for model studies on the biological activity. However, the availability of these materials is limited by the difficulty to isolate and purify sulfolipids from natural sources and the unavailability of chemical standards on the market. Consequently, an alternative synthetic route for the comprehensive preparation of sulfolipids was established. Here, the synthesis of a sulfolipid with two identical saturated fatty acids is described exemplarily. The method opens possibilities for the preparation of a diverse range of interesting derivatives with different saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.


2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-105
Author(s):  
Frédéric Goulet

In this article, we analyse the mechanisms by which family farming established itself in Argentina over the 2004–2016 period as a legitimate solution to the food security challenge. We show that this process has played a role in the emergence of an alternative sociotechnical imaginary built as a counter-model to the one associated with industrial agriculture. We highlight the importance of the processes of demarcation and detachment at the heart of this shift, in the political, techno-scientific and agricultural spheres. The actors involved in the promotion of family farming associate this alternative approach to the development of the agricultural sector with the implementation of an alternative practice and organisation of science and technology. These shifts correspond to a narrative and mode of political action that put the emphasis on the production of a national future liberated from the mistakes and injustices of the past, in which science and technology play a central role. By highlighting the tensions at the heart of this dynamic, between the establishment of new boundaries and the challenging of existing ones, the article contributes to the analysis of the formation of alternative sociotechnical imaginaries, and in particular the underlying mechanisms of co-production between science and politics.


2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Carter

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand why the quality markets are expanding in some areas of food production, while struggling in others. Across agricultural markets in advanced industrialized economies, there are movements toward quality production and consumption. The author argues that the quality turn in beer, coffee, wine and other transformed artisanal food production are fundamentally different from the quality movements in primary food products. The heart of that difference lies in the nature of the supply chain advantages of transformed versus primary agricultural products.Design/methodology/approachThe author applies convention theory to explain the dynamics within transformed agricultural quality markets. In these producer-dominant markets, networks of branded producers shape consumer notions of product quality, creating competitive quality feedback loops. The author contrasts this with the consumer-dominant markets for perishable foods such as produce, eggs, dairy and meat. Here, politically constructed short supply chains play a central role in building quality food systems.FindingsThe emergence of quality in primary food products is linked to the strength of local political organization, and consumers have a greater role in shaping quality in these markets.Originality/valueQuality beer, coffee, wine and other transformed products can emerge without active political intervention, whereas quality markets for perishable foods are the outcome of political action.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-01-2020-0001.


Intizar ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Muhammadin Muhammadin

Hizbut Tahrir adalah organisasi politik Islam yang independen. Organisasinya memiliki kekhasan seperti; berasaskan syari’at Islam, ide dan aksi politiknya bukan politik praktis tetapi politik-ideologis, konseptual, rasionalis dan non-kekerasan. Hizbut Tahrir mengkonsepsikan politik sebagai al-ri’ayah al-syuuni al-ummah; tanggung jawab untuk menguasai kepentingan dan kemaslahatan umat. Sebab itu, pemikiran dan aktivitasnya dimantapkan pada tataran politik sebagai wujud pelaksanaan urusan umat. Dalam konteks gerakan pendirian khilafah menurut Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia ada dua. Pertama, gagasan-gagasan tentang sistem pemerintahan Islam harus berbentuk khilafah artinya bukan berbentuk republik, diktator, kekaisaran, monarkhi, federal atau sistem demokrasi; pilar-pilar pemerintahan Islam harus ditegakkan atas dasar kedaulatan di tangan syara’, kekuasaan hanyalah milik umat, mengangkat satu khalifah hukumnya wajib dan hanya Khalifah yang berhak mengadopsi terhadap hukum-hukum syara’; struktur lembaga negara Khilafah harus ada Khalifah, Muawin at Tafwidh, Mu’awin at Tanfidz, Wali, Amir al Jihad, Al Qadhi, Mashalih Daulah,  dan Majelis Umat; rancangan undang-undang dasar dan sistem Islam memiliki keunggulan-keunggulan di bidang politik, ekonomi, pendidikan, pergaulan dan pidana.  Kedua, strategi Hizbut Tahrir dalam upaya penegakan Khilafah berupa pembinaan intensif melalui halqah-halqah; pembinaan umum melalui pengajian-pengajian umum di masjid-masjid, gedung-gedung dan tempat-tempat umum, melalui media massa, buku-buku dan selebaran-selebaran dan penerbitan majalah bulanan dan bulletin mingguan; pergolakan pemikiran untuk menentang kepercayaan, aturan dan pemikiran-pemikiran kufur; perjuangan politik berbentuk berjuang menghadapi negara kafir imperialis yang menguasai dan mendominasi negara-negara Islam, mengadopsi kemaslahatan umat dan melayani seluruh urusannya sesuai dengan hukum-hukum syara’. Sistem khilafah tetap relevan dengan sistem negara Islam modern sehingga sangat rasional untuk diperjuangkan dan didukung oleh seluruh umat Islam.  Dalam melakukan aktivitasnya Hizbut Tahrir hanya membatasi aktivitasnya dalam dua aspek yaitu dakwah intelektual (fikriyah) dan dakwah politis (siyasiyah) serta tidak menggunakan kekuatan fisik (laa madiyah). Semua pemikiran dan aktivitasnya senantiasa muncul dan berlandaskan pada aqidah Islamiyah.Hizb ut-Tahrir is an independent Islamic political organization. His organization has its peculiarities such as; berasaskan Shari'ah, ideas and political action is not practical politics but political-ideological, conceptual, rationalists and non-violence. Hizb ut-Tahrir political conceived as al-ri'ayah al-syuuni al-umma; responsibility for the control of the interest and benefit of the people. Therefore, thinking and activity strengthened at political level in terms of carrying the affairs of the people. In the context of the establishment of Khilafat movement Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia by two. First, the ideas of the Islamic system of government must take the form of caliphate means not a republic, dictator, empire, monarchy, federal and democratic system; the pillars of the Islamic government must be established on the basis of sovereignty in the hands of Personality ', power belongs to the people, lifting the caliph is obligatory and only Khalifah has the right to adopt the laws Personality'; structure of the Khilafah state institutions there should be Caliph, Muawin at Tafwidh, Mu'awin at tanfidh, Wali, Amir al Jihad, al-Qadi, Mashalih Daulah, and the Assembly of the People; the draft constitution and Islamic system has advantages in the fields of politics, economics, education, and criminal association. Second, the strategy of the Hizb in efforts to uphold the Caliphate in the form of intensive training through halqah-halqah; general guidance through common study groups in mosques, buildings and public places, through the mass media, books and leaflets and publishing a monthly magazine and weekly newsletter; upheaval rationale for opposing beliefs, rules and ideas of kufr; political struggle shaped battling imperialist infidel countries who control and dominate the Islamic countries, adopted the benefit of the people and serving the whole affair in accordance with the laws of Personality'. Caliphate system remains relevant to modern Islamic state system so it is rational to be fought and supported by all Muslims. In conducting its activities Hizb just restrict its activities in two aspects: intellectual da'wah (fikriyah) and political propaganda (Siyasiyah) and do not use physical force (laa Muhammadiyah). All the thoughts and activities continue to emerge and be based on aqidah Islamiyah.


Dialog ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
W A H I D K H O Z I N

Conflicts among religion adherents have been never really overcome until now. Otherwise, the escalation of conflicts highly increased. To solve the problem, some approaches applied. More than ever today, the approach to the formulation of religious harmony has come from The Ministry of Religious Affairs to the elite of religious leaders. In the fact, the top-down approach has not really met to the grass root (common people).  In line with the advance of civil society awareness such as mutual tolerance, respect, peace building, and egalitarian values at the level of community organization, it is worthy to apply a new approach of community-based religious harmony. This article proposes civil society as alternative approach to manage community-based religious harmony.


2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
Lourdes Andrade

In the field of speech pathology and therapy, perception-based models are central, both as explanatory tools for pathological speech conditions and as the basis to the development and implementation of therapeutic procedures. Such approach is submitted to critical discussion and an alternative perspective is put forward. The first step towards the alternative approach proposed involves a discussion on the nature of linguistic materiality and the drawing of a distinction between hearing (an organic ability) and listening (involving the unique relationship between speaker and language). In order to explore this subject I discuss the ways Linguistics and Psychoanalysis can provide the field of speech therapy with a theoretical framework which allows for a new perspective on the relationship speaker-language. This discussion is conducted in accordance with the reflections on child language developed by Cláudia Lemos.


2019 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Lyudmyla Belinska ◽  
Semen Kukurudza

Anatole Vakhnyanin is one of the most representative of the Galician intellectuals, who in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the conditions of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy selflessly worked on the field of awareness of Ukrainians as a separate nation. Scientific and pedagogical, public-political, musical and cultural activities contributed significantly not only to the formation of the cultural and educational level of the population of Galicia, but also to the close unity of the entire Ukrainian people. In his student years, he started the activity of the student community structures “Hromada” (Przemysl) and “Sich” (Vienna), with whom the memory of Taras Shevchenko for the first time was honored. In Lviv, together with the like-minded people, A. Vakhnyanin initiated the cultural and educational organization “Prosvita” and lead its work in the years 1868–70. He also edited the daily “Pravda” newspaper in Lviv, initiated with the assistance of P. Kulish and O. Konysky and collaborated with other publications, including the “Dilo” Lviv newspaper, in which he published historical and pedagogical explorations, organized the work of music societies “Torban” and “Boyan”, for which he prepared a lot of his own compositions and arrangements of folk songs, and later made a lot of effort in the case of opening of the Higher Institute of Music named after M. Lysenko in Lviv. After graduation from Lviv and later the Przemysl Theological Seminary, A. Vakhnyanin received his first pedagogical experience, teaching rus'ka (Ukrainian), Old-Slavic, Old-Polish and Latin languages in the Przemysl High School for two years. However, he became a real teacher after graduating from the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Vienna in Lviv Academic High School with the Ukrainian language of teaching, where he became a professor. During this period (1873) A. Vakhnyanin prepared a “A Short Sketch of the Geography for the Junior Classes of Secondary Schools”, and later, in 1884, he wrote an original Ukrainian-language textbook on geography “Geography textbook for secondary schools”, which for many years was an important source of geographical knowledge for high school students. A. Vakhnyanin throughout his adult life wrote music, although he did not consider himself a professional. The opera “Kupala”, which was set in Kharkiv in 21 years after the death of the composer, became the peak of his composer's art. Extremely diverse range of public-political activities of Anatol Vakhnyanin, who, with the circle of like-minded people, managed to organize the work of several public-cultural structures, in particular Prosvita, and subsequently the political organization “People's Council”, which made his name in Galicia widely popular among Rusyn-Ukrainians, so they repeatedly elected him as a deputy to the Galician Sejm and the Vienna Parliament (1894–1900). Key words: teacher, Professor, author of the textbook on geography, composer, public figure, “Prosvita”, politician, deputy.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Betzel ◽  
Maxwell A. Bertolero ◽  
Danielle S. Bassett

Brain networks exhibit community structure that reconfigures during cognitively demanding tasks. Extant work has emphasized a single class of communities: those that are assortative, or internally dense and externally sparse. Other classes that may play key functional roles in brain function have largely been ignored, leading to an impoverished view in the best case and a mischaracterization in the worst case. Here, we leverage weighted stochastic blockmodeling, a community detection method capable of detecting diverse classes of communities, to study the community structure of functional brain networks while subjects either rest or perform cognitively demanding tasks. We find evidence that the resting brain is largely assortative, although higher order association areas exhibit non-assortative organization, forming cores and peripheries. Surprisingly, this assortative structure breaks down during tasks and is supplanted by core, periphery, and disassortative communities. Using measures derived from the community structure, we show that it is possible to classify an individual’s task state with an accuracy that is well above average. Finally, we show that inter-individual differences in the composition of assortative and non-assortative communities is correlated with subject performance on in-scanner cognitive tasks. These findings offer a new perspective on the community organization of functional brain networks and its relation to cognition.


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