An Experimental Investigation of the Interactions among Intentions, Reciprocity, and Control

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret H. Christ
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
Employee Behavior ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Formal Control ◽  
Employee Effort ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
And Control ◽  
Formal Controls ◽  
Firm Profit

ABSTRACT Prior academic research finds that formal controls can cause employees to engage in dysfunctional behaviors (e.g., decreased effort, fraud, or theft). This study investigates one specific aspect of formal control that contributes to employees' negative reactions—employees' beliefs about management's intentions signaled by the control. I use two interactive experiments to examine the effects on employee effort and firm profit of: (1) employees' beliefs regarding management's intentions when implementing control (i.e., perceived intentionality), and (2) employees' preferences for reciprocity. Consistent with prior literature, I find that formal control can cause employees to exert low effort, resulting in reduced firm profit. However, I find that the adverse consequences only occur when management clearly imposes the control and, therefore, employees interpret it as a signal of distrust. Further, employees respond negatively to controls that are unambiguously imposed by managers, even when managers have entrusted them with a large amount of resources. Thus, when employees are faced with simultaneous, conflicting signals regarding managers' trust, the distrust signaled by the control crowds out employees' positive reciprocity. Alternatively, when managers' intentions for imposing control are ambiguous or clearly do not signal distrust (i.e., it is exogenously imposed), the control does not cause such negative effects. I find that all of the observed effects persist over time. In supplemental analysis, I also find that managers accurately predict that employees' response to formal control is influenced by their beliefs regarding management's intentions, and entrust fewer resources to employees when they have imposed the control than when it is imposed exogenously. The results of this study suggest that organizations should carefully consider employees' beliefs about management's intentions when implementing formal controls, because these beliefs influence employee behavior.

The Effects of Corporate Ownership on Public Accountants' Professionalism and Ethics

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Shafer ◽  
D. Jordan Lowe ◽  
Timothy J. Fogarty
Keyword(s):  
Current Trend ◽  
Auditor Independence ◽  
Corporate Ownership ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Public Accounting ◽  
Corporate Acquisitions ◽  
Accounting Professionals ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Time

The current trend toward corporate acquisitions of CPA firms poses potential threats to the autonomy and ethical standards of public accounting professionals. This recent consolidation movement suggests that for the first time a significant number of public accounting professionals are subject to the supervision and control of nonprofessionals. In addition to acknowledging the potential threats to auditor independence and objectivity, this paper suggests that these new organizational arrangements for the provision of public accounting services have other negative effects on professionalism and ethics such as desensitizing CPAs to traditional professional values, and subverting professional institutions to the goals of corporate employers. This paper develops a framework that identifies several specific research questions related to the effects of corporate ownership on professionalism and ethics in public accounting.

The Combined Effect of Wages and Firm Profit on Employee Effort

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lynn Hannan
Keyword(s):  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Financial Reward ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Employee Effort ◽  
Profit Maximizing ◽  
Firm Profit ◽  
As If

This study investigates whether paying higher wages motivates employees to provide higher effort and whether firm profit moderates this relation. Consistent with gift exchange (Akerlof 1982) and reciprocity (Rabin 1993) models, my experimental results show that workers provided more effort when they were paid higher wages even though there was no ex post financial reward for doing so. Moreover, firm profit influenced the relation between wages and effort. Workers provided higher effort when firm profit decreased compared to when it increased. This suggests that the degree of reciprocity is affected by firm profit. However, workers' responded asymmetrically to firm profit, in that they behaved as if they expected to share in firm profit increases but not decreases. Although firms were fairly adept at predicting the profit-maximizing wage strategy, they apparently did not anticipate workers' reluctance to share in firm profit decreases.

scholarly journals ‘I’m not being paid for this conversation’: Uncovering the challenges of artist–academic collaborations in the neoliberal institution

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-333
Author(s):  
Alena Pfoser ◽  
Sara de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Knowledge Exchange ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
Institutional Pressures ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Collective Response ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
The Impact

Artist–academic collaborations are fuelled by increasing institutional pressures to show the impact of academic research. This article departs from the celebratory accounts of collaborative work and pragmatic toolkits for successful partnerships, which are dominant in existing scholarship, arguing for the need to critically interrogate the structural conditions under which collaborations take place. Based on a reflexive case study of a project developed in the context of Tate Exchange, one of the UK’s highest-profile platforms for knowledge exchange, we reveal three sets of (unequal) pressures, which mark artist–academic collaborations in the contemporary neoliberal academy: asymmetric funding and remuneration structures; uneven pressures of audit cultures; acceleration and temporal asymmetries. Innovations at the level of individual projects or partners can only mitigate the negative effects to a limited extent. Instead this article offers a systemic critique of the political economy of artist–academic collaborations and shifts the research agenda to developing a collective response.

scholarly journals Impact of dams and irrigation schemes in Anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) bionomics and malaria epidemiology

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Sanchez-Ribas ◽  
Gabriel Parra-Henao ◽  
Anthony Érico Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
And Control ◽  
Anopheline Mosquitoes

Irrigation schemes and dams have posed a great concern on public health systems of several countries, mainly in the tropics. The focus of the present review is to elucidate the different ways how these human interventions may have an effect on population dynamics of anopheline mosquitoes and hence, how local malaria transmission patterns may be changed. We discuss different studies within the three main tropical and sub-tropical regions (namely Africa, Asia and the Pacific and the Americas). Factors such as pre-human impact malaria epidemiological patterns, control measures, demographic movements, human behaviour and local Anopheles bionomics would determine if the implementation of an irrigation scheme or a dam will have negative effects on human health. Some examples of successful implementation of control measures in such settings are presented. The use of Geographic Information System as a powerful tool to assist on the study and control of malaria in these scenarios is also highlighted.

scholarly journals Sustainable governance in forestry and nature protection

2014 ◽  
pp. 113-140
Author(s):  
Dragan Nonic ◽  
Mersudin Avdibegovic ◽  
Jelena Nedeljkovic ◽  
Aleksandar Radosavljevic ◽  
Nenad Rankovic
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Countries In Transition ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
And Control

At the global level, due to the negative effects of over-exploitation of natural resources, numerous processes and initiatives for their conservation and sustainable governance have started. The beginning of the transition process, as well as political and economic changes that followed in the countries in transition, were in line with the new orientation of the international forest and nature protection policy. The transition process has caused, among other things, a redefinition of the role of government in managing natural resources. This meant a shift from ?government? to ?governance? concept. This concept refers to the change from the classical approach of ?command and control? to active participation of all involved parties and establishing rules for the division of responsibilities and benefits. The aim of the paper is to identify, analyze and systematise the current concepts of sustainable governance in forestry and nature protection, their characteristics and the principles on which they are based, with a main purpose of preparation of a research platform for more detailed research in this area. The paper gives recommendations for the application of the principles of governance in forestry and nature protection, as well as recommendations for future research in this area.

scholarly journals Novel Antibiofilm Non-Biocidal Strategies

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-136
Author(s):  
Francesca Cappitelli ◽  
Federica Villa
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Biofilm Model ◽  
Biocidal Products ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Cultural Heritage Objects ◽  
And Control ◽  
By Products

AbstractSubaerial biofilm (SAB) formation on cultural heritage objects is often considered an undesirable process in which microorganisms and their by-products, e.g., enzymes and pigments, cause damage or alteration to a surface. Since biofilms are widespread phenomena, there has been a high demand for preventive and control strategies that resist their formation or reduce their negative effects once formed. Up to date, the main strategy to control biofilms has been the use of biocides. Because of their intrinsic properties, biocidal products can pose risks to humans, animals, and the environment. In this chapter, the authors call “green” only those alternative strategies to biocides able to prevent/control biofilms but that do not kill microorganisms, i.e., irrespective of the use of natural compounds. Here, we describe some of the methods that are most commonly used to test the effectiveness of antibiofilm compounds with multiple-species biofilm model systems. A unified terminology and well described protocols and guidelines are still required to compare and test the effectiveness of traditional or novel compounds against biofilms retrieved on heritage surfaces.

The Information Content of Publicly Accessible Federal Court Documents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Carrizosa ◽  
Richard A. Cazier
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Federal Court ◽  
Market Response ◽  
Securities Litigation ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Litigation Process ◽  
Stock Price Reaction ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
And Control

Prior literature documents a negative stock price reaction to initial securities lawsuit filings, on average. Securities litigation produces a host of publicly accessible court documents, however, and prior research provides no evidence regarding whether or how the market prices information generated by the litigation process. We shed light on the information content of federal court filings by examining the market response to a large sample of initial plaintiff complaints and subsequent docket events. We find the market response to the initial lawsuit filing varies significantly with information about governance and control problems signaled by details of the plaintiff’s complaint. We also find a significant market response to subsequent court filings that increases with measures of litigation severity and decreases as the litigation progresses over time. Overall, our results highlight the role of federally accessible court filings in facilitating the market’s pricing of defendant firms.

The Design of an IEEE 1588 End-to-End Transparent Ethernet Switch

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Caleb Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Packet Delay ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Path Delay ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ieee 1588 ◽  
Precision Time ◽  
End To End ◽  
And Control ◽  
Measurement And Control ◽  
Ethernet Switch

<p>In measurement and control systems there is often a need to synchronise distributed clocks. Traditionally, synchronisation has been achieved using a dedicated medium to convey time information, typically using the IRIG-B serial protocol. The precision time protocol (IEEE 1588) has been designed as an improvement to current methods of synchronisation within a distributed network of devices. IEEE 1588 is a message based protocol that can be implemented across packet based networks including, but not limited to, Ethernet. Standard Ethernet switches introduce a variable delay to packets that inhibits path delay measurements. Transparent switches have been introduced to measure and adjust for packet delay, thus removing the negative effects that these variations cause.  This thesis describes the hardware and firmware design of an IEEE 1588 transparent end-to-end Ethernet switch for Tekron International Ltd based in Lower Hutt, New Zealand. This switch has the ability to monitor all Ethernet traffic, identify IEEE 1588 timing packets, measure the delay that these packets experience while passing through the switch, and account for this delay by adjusting a time-interval field of the packet as it is leaving the switch. This process takes place at the operational speed of the port, and without introducing significant delay. Time-interval measurements can be made using a high-precision timestamp unit with a resolution of 1 ns. The total jitter introduced by this measurement process is just 4.5 ns through a single switch.</p>

scholarly journals Kontrol Informal dan Formal Terhadap Yakuza di Jepang

IZUMI ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Zaki Ainul Fadli ◽  
Femiga Salsa Nabila
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Japanese Society ◽  
Informal Social Control ◽  
Literary Research ◽  
Formal Control ◽  
Control Section ◽  
The Media ◽  
National Police ◽  
Formal Controls

 (Title: Informal and Formal Controls Against Yakuza in Japan) This research explores how far yakuza's development in Japan and to find social factors which affecting its change. The methods used are literary research. This paper discusses the implementation of formal and informal social control in Japanese society and its ties to yakuza. The fact that yakuza, as Japanese mafia, have been intervening its society for decades, is a strange phenomenon since Japan is known for its low crimes as portrayed on most of the media. The formal control section will be focused on the National Police Agency of Japan, while the informal control section will be focused on Japanese society, emphasizing on its culture. Both controls leave the door open for yakuza to establish power in society. This may lead to the conclusion that Japan’s social control is relatively weak.

Managing Corporate E-Mail Systems

2011 ◽  
pp. 254-281
Author(s):  
Aidan Duane ◽  
Patrick Finnegan
Keyword(s):  
Major Elements ◽  
Electronic Business ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
And Control ◽  
Mail System ◽  
E Mail

As the criticality of e-mail for electronic business activity increases, adhoc e-mail implementation, prolonged management neglect and user abuse of e-mail systems have generated negative effects. However, management’s ability to rectify problems with e-mail systems is hindered by our understanding of its organisational use. Research on e-mail systems is often dated and based on quantitative methodologies that cannot explain the interaction between various controls in organisational settings. Updating our understanding of the organisational aspects of e-mail systems utilizing qualitative methods is necessary. This chapter presents a multiple case study investigation of e-mail system monitoring and control. The study examines the interaction between key elements of e-mail control identified by previous researchers and considers the role of such controls at various implementation phases. The findings reveal eight major elements to be particularly important in monitoring and controlling e-mail systems within the organisations studied. These are: (1) form a cross-functional e-mail system management team; (2) implement and regularly update e-mail management software; (3) formulate a detailed and legally sound e-mail policy; (4) engage in structured e-mail system training; (5) create and maintain ongoing awareness of e-mail policy; (6) engage in a process of hybrid feedback and control-based e-mail monitoring; (7) firmly enforce discipline in accordance with the e-mail policy; and (8) conduct regular reviews and updates of the e-mail management programme.

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