The Combined Effect of Wages and Firm Profit on Employee Effort

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lynn Hannan
Keyword(s):  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Financial Reward ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Employee Effort ◽  
Profit Maximizing ◽  
Firm Profit ◽  
As If

This study investigates whether paying higher wages motivates employees to provide higher effort and whether firm profit moderates this relation. Consistent with gift exchange (Akerlof 1982) and reciprocity (Rabin 1993) models, my experimental results show that workers provided more effort when they were paid higher wages even though there was no ex post financial reward for doing so. Moreover, firm profit influenced the relation between wages and effort. Workers provided higher effort when firm profit decreased compared to when it increased. This suggests that the degree of reciprocity is affected by firm profit. However, workers' responded asymmetrically to firm profit, in that they behaved as if they expected to share in firm profit increases but not decreases. Although firms were fairly adept at predicting the profit-maximizing wage strategy, they apparently did not anticipate workers' reluctance to share in firm profit decreases.

scholarly journals Failure of diplodiatoxin to induce diplodiosis in juvenile goats

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christo J. Botha ◽  
Louis G.J. Ackerman ◽  
Mxolisi G. Masango ◽  
Luke F. Arnot
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Dosage Regimen ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Major Metabolite ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Culture Material ◽  
As If

Diplodiosis is an important neuromycotoxicosis of ruminants in South Africa when grazing on harvested maize fields in winter. It is believed to be caused by mycotoxin(s) synthesised by Stenocarpella (Diplodia) maydis. Although several metabolites have been isolated from S. maydis culture material, none of these have been administered to ruminants to reproduce the disease. The objectives of this study were to isolate diplodiatoxin and to administer it to juvenile goats. Diplodiatoxin, considered as a major metabolite, was purified from S. maydis-infected maize cultures (Coligny 2007 isolate). Following intravenous administration of 2 mg and 4 mg diplodiatoxin/kg body weight for five consecutive days to two juvenile goats, no clinical signs reminiscent of diplodiosis were observed. Based on previous experimental results and if diplodiatoxin was the causative compound, the dosage regimen employed was seemingly appropriate to induce diplodiosis. In addition, intraruminal administration of 2 mg/kg diplodiatoxin to one goat for three consecutive days also did not induce clinical signs. It appears as if diplodiatoxin alone is not the causative compound. Other metabolites and/or mixtures of diplodiatoxin and other mycotoxins, when available in sufficient quantities, should also be evaluated.

scholarly journals On the Interaction of Gestural and Linguistic Perspective Taking

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Hinterwimmer ◽  
Umesh Patil ◽  
Cornelia Ebert
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Test Item ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clear Preference ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Linguistic Level ◽  
As If

In this paper, we investigate the question of whether and how perspective taking at the linguistic level interacts with perspective taking at the level of co-speech gestures. In an experimental rating study, we compared test items clearly expressing the perspective of an individual participating in the event described by the sentence with test items which clearly express the speaker’s or narrator’s perspective. Each test item was videotaped in two different versions: In one version, the speaker performed a co-speech gesture in which she enacted the event described by the sentence from a participant’s point of view (i.e. with a character viewpoint gesture). In the other version, she performed a co-speech gesture depicting the event described by the sentence as if it was observed from a distance (i.e. with an observer viewpoint gesture). Both versions of each test item were shown to participants who then had to decide which of the two versions they find more natural. Based on the experimental results we argue that there is no general need for perspective taking on the linguistic level to be aligned with perspective taking on the gestural level. Rather, there is clear preference for the more informative gesture.

Experiment and numerical simulation of the combined effect of winding, cool-down, and screening current induced stresses in REBCO coils

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ueda ◽  
Hideaki Maeda ◽  
Yu Suetomi ◽  
Yoshinori Yanagisawa
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Circumferential Stress ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Modification Effect ◽  
Operating Current ◽  
Induced Stresses ◽  
Coil Winding

Abstract This paper overviews the combined effect of winding, cool-down, and screening current-induced stresses in REBCO coils. First, a simulation method to model the circumferential stress modification effect due to the screening-current is overviewed. The simulation includes coil winding, cooling down, and coil charge up to the operating current. Second, we will compare the numerical simulation results with the experimental results. The numerical simulations for a dry coil and an epoxy impregnated coil agree well with the experimental results. Third, the enhanced circumferential stress did not degrade the performance of a dry winding REBCO coil, but. the improved increased compressive stress buckled the coil structure. Finally, it is demonstrated that epoxy impregnation has beneficial effects in reducing the stress modification effect. However, the circumferential stress is enormously enhanced at the coil ends, sometimes resulting in degradation of the coil performance.

A Method for Liquid Level Detection Under Complicated Boundary Conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank May ◽  
Jürg Dual
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Liquid Surface ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Liquid Level ◽  
Longitudinal Vibrations ◽  
Resonant Vibrations ◽  
Vibrating System ◽  
As If ◽  
Liquid Level Detection

In this paper a method of liquid level detection by mechanical resonant vibrations is presented which is based on longitudinal vibrations of a steel capillary and is able to detect a liquid surface even if covered with foam, as well as if the fluid container is shut by a cap. The behavior of the vibrating system is calculated by a simple model and compared with experimental results.

Theoretical and experimental results of the elastic—plastic response of a circular rod subjected to non-proportional combined torque and tension loadings

1999 ◽  
Vol 213 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. M. Ali ◽  
M. S. J. Hashmi
Keyword(s):  
Axial Load ◽  
Biaxial Loading ◽  
Axial Displacement ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Axial Loads ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Rotating Shafts ◽  
Elastoplastic Torsion ◽  
As If

Experimental and theoretical results concerning the elastoplastic response of a circular steel rod subjected to non-proportional biaxial loadings are reported. The following loading paths were studied: elastoplastic torsion followed by tension, keeping the initial angle of twist constant, and elastoplastic tension followed by torsion, holding the initial axial displacement constant. Experimental results show that when the rod is initially subjected to a torque and then, keeping the corresponding angle of twist constant, to a gradually increasing axial load, the rod behaves as if its torque-carrying ability has been drastically reduced without in any way affecting its axial load-carrying ability. Similarly, when the rod is initially subjected to an axial load and then, keeping the corresponding axial displacement constant, to a gradually increasing torque, the rod behaves as if its load-carrying ability has been considerably reduced without in any way affecting its torque-carrying ability. The mechanisms of such reduction are discussed in relation to the theoretical predictions based on Gaydon's [1] analytical model. Numerical solution has also been obtained along the lines of the above-mentioned model. The findings of this work have a direct bearing on the relaxation of tightening torques or axial loads as experienced by critical engineering components, such as couplings, bolted joints and rotating shafts, that are subjected to similar types of biaxial loading.

An Experimental Investigation of the Interactions among Intentions, Reciprocity, and Control

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret H. Christ
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
Employee Behavior ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Formal Control ◽  
Employee Effort ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
And Control ◽  
Formal Controls ◽  
Firm Profit

ABSTRACT Prior academic research finds that formal controls can cause employees to engage in dysfunctional behaviors (e.g., decreased effort, fraud, or theft). This study investigates one specific aspect of formal control that contributes to employees' negative reactions—employees' beliefs about management's intentions signaled by the control. I use two interactive experiments to examine the effects on employee effort and firm profit of: (1) employees' beliefs regarding management's intentions when implementing control (i.e., perceived intentionality), and (2) employees' preferences for reciprocity. Consistent with prior literature, I find that formal control can cause employees to exert low effort, resulting in reduced firm profit. However, I find that the adverse consequences only occur when management clearly imposes the control and, therefore, employees interpret it as a signal of distrust. Further, employees respond negatively to controls that are unambiguously imposed by managers, even when managers have entrusted them with a large amount of resources. Thus, when employees are faced with simultaneous, conflicting signals regarding managers' trust, the distrust signaled by the control crowds out employees' positive reciprocity. Alternatively, when managers' intentions for imposing control are ambiguous or clearly do not signal distrust (i.e., it is exogenously imposed), the control does not cause such negative effects. I find that all of the observed effects persist over time. In supplemental analysis, I also find that managers accurately predict that employees' response to formal control is influenced by their beliefs regarding management's intentions, and entrust fewer resources to employees when they have imposed the control than when it is imposed exogenously. The results of this study suggest that organizations should carefully consider employees' beliefs about management's intentions when implementing formal controls, because these beliefs influence employee behavior.

The Fairness Principle

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Gravity ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Geometric Center ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The World ◽  
Fairness Principle ◽  
Engineering Projects

Numerous engineering projects and technologies have contributed to making the world on the whole a much fairer place. The Internet, for instance, has enabled billions of people to communicate at almost no cost, meaning that information previously available to only a privileged few can now be retrieved by everyone with access to a computer. This chapter discusses four alternative notions of fairness (equal opportunities, desert, legitimate transactions, and strict egalitarianism) and seeks to locate the geometric center of gravity for the Fairness Principle by applying the ex-post method presented in chapter 2. Some new experimental results are also reported, which indicate that people do infact differentiate between several different notions of fairness.

scholarly journals Combined Effect of Stray Current and Sustained Compressive Loading on Chloride Transport in Concrete

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yuancheng Ni ◽  
Eryu Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Transport Properties ◽  
Chloride Transport ◽  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Compressive Loading ◽  
Steel Corrosion ◽  
Concrete Specimen ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Stray Current ◽  
Cover Cracking

As with the leakage of stray current in the surrounding medium, the chloride transport in concrete is influenced by the stray current and loading of the subway structure. This paper presents the results of the experimental study on the chloride transport properties of concrete under the combined action of stray current and sustained compressive loading. First, an experiment was setup to explore the chloride transport in the subway structure as the concrete specimen embedded with steel under test current and study the influence of the existence of steel on the chloride transport profiles in concrete under stray current. Then, to investigate the combined effect of stray current and loading on the chloride transport properties, an improved experiment was designed with stray current and sustained compressive loading. The chloride transport profiles were measured, respectively, subjected to different stray currents and compressive stress levels. The experimental results indicated that stray current and sustained compressive loading have a significant influence on the chloride transport properties of concrete, and the loading threshold existed as the turning point of the chloride transport rate. Based on the experimental data and migration theory, the prediction model of chloride transport in concrete under stray current and sustained compressive loading was established and verified by the experimental measurements, and the steel corrosion-induced cover cracking was studied, and the comparison indicated that the numerical results were consistent with the experimental results.

scholarly journals Optical Illusion Design Based on Four Convex Lenses System and Cloaking Area Characterization

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
I. T. Sugiarto ◽  
M. D. Birowosuto ◽  
I. Isnaeni ◽  
W. P. Tresna
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Optical Illusion ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lens Diameter ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Focusing Lens ◽  
As If

A set up of optical illusion based on 4f system and characterization of cloaking area have been carried out. The cloaking area is an area where the object is placed on the area as if it disappears from view; the set-up of cloaking area is located at the top of the third lens. The distance between the lens and the cloaking, which is generated from 4f system, depends on the size of the focal point and the size of the lens used. The larger the focal point of the lens used the wider the distance between the lenses and the larger the size of the diameter of the lens, the cloaking range will be increasingly wide, and vice versa. From the experimental results that we obtained that the cloaking area for set up using FL (focusing lens) 100, 50, 50 and 100 mm with a diameter of 3.6 cm lens is ± 2 cm, whereas for the set up using lens FL 150, 100, 100 and 150 mm with lens diameter 2.54 cm is ± 1 cm.

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