A Leap in the Dark

The Emancipation of Europe's Muslims ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691144214.003.0001 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Jonathan Laurence

Keyword(s):

Western Europe ◽

Religion And Politics ◽

Unintended Consequences ◽

First Century ◽

Host Countries ◽

Historical Significance ◽

Trading Partners ◽

Muslim Minorities ◽

The Relationship

This chapter describes the state of the relationship between immigrant-origin Muslim minorities and their Western European host countries in the twenty-first century. Just over 1 percent of the world's 1.5 billion Muslims reside in Western Europe, yet this immigrant-origin minority has had a disproportionate impact on religion and politics in its new and former homelands. For host societies, Islam in Europe is no longer just a matter of ginger diplomacy with former colonies or current trading partners: the integration of Muslims has become a nation-building challenge of historical significance. Moreover, Muslims' long-term integration into European politics and society is a work in progress, as the chapter reveals the unintended consequences, the establishment of the Islam Councils, and other such complications arising from the host countries' engagement with their resident Muslim minorities.

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The reputation trap of NGO accountability

International Theory ◽

10.1017/s1752971915000159 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 426-463 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Stephen E. Gent ◽

Mark J. C. Crescenzi ◽

Elizabeth J. Menninga ◽

Lindsay Reid

Keyword(s):

Theoretical Model ◽

Unintended Consequences ◽

International Crisis ◽

Governmental Organizations ◽

Non Governmental Organizations ◽

Policy Goals ◽

Ngo Accountability ◽

The Relationship

Can concerns for one’s reputation cause non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to alter their behavior to the detriment of achieving their policy goals? To answer this question, we explore the relationship between NGOs and their donors. Our theoretical model reveals that reputation can be a key piece of information in the decision to fund an NGO’s activities. Reputation can become so important to the NGO’s survival that it interferes with the long-term policy goals of the organization. As such, reputations can become a double-edged sword, simultaneously providing the information donors seek while constraining NGOs from realizing policy goals. We apply this logic to the problem of NGO accountability, which has received increasing attention in recent years, and demonstrate that the tools used by donors to improve accountability can trigger unintended consequences. We illustrate this strategic dynamic with two types of NGO activity: water improvement and international crisis mediation.

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Refugee Integration in Canada, Europe, and the United States: Perspectives from Research

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science ◽

10.1177/0002716220943169 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 690 (1) ◽

pp. 7-35

Author(s):

Katharine M. Donato ◽

Elizabeth Ferris

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

The United States ◽

First Century ◽

Host Countries ◽

Refugee Integration ◽

Complex Process ◽

Migrant Integration ◽

Refugees And Asylum Seekers

As the number of migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers have grown worldwide, intense debate has emerged about how long and how well they integrate into host countries. Although integration is a complex process, realized differently by different groups at different times, most prior studies capture, at best, disparate parts of the process. Overcoming this limitation is a tall task because it requires data and research that capture how integration is both dynamic and contextual and requires focusing on conceptual issues, emphasizing how integration varies across spatial scales, and including perspectives of the process through the eyes of both scholars and practitioners. This article reviews recent key studies about refugees in Canada, Europe, and the United States, as a way of putting into context the scholarship presented in this special issue of The ANNALS. We analyze whether and how prior studies capture integration as a dynamic process that unfolds in various aspects of life, such as education, employment, and health. We also consider the extent to which prior studies are shaped by long-standing divides between the terms refugee and migrant, and integration and assimilation, and what those divides mean for research on refugee and migrant integration in the twenty-first century. Throughout, we assess the data needed for researchers to address a wide variety of questions about refugee integration and understand the long-term consequences of the ever-growing number of displaced persons seeking refuge. This volume presents research that uniquely enhances our understanding about the breadth of the integration process in the United States, Canada, and European countries.

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Technology-Related Trust Issues in Inter-Organizational Business Relations

Human Development and Global Advancements through Information Communication Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-60960-497-4.ch017 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 281-298

Author(s):

Muneesh Kumar ◽

Mamta Sareen

Keyword(s):

Empirical Evidence ◽

Virtual Environment ◽

Organizational Systems ◽

Organizational System ◽

Trading Partners ◽

Fast Flow ◽

Flow Of Information ◽

The Relationship ◽

Business Relations

The emergence of inter-organizational system has facilitated easy and fast flow of information among the trading partners. This has affected the business relations among the trading parties involved. Though the inter-organizational systems have helped a lot in improving the business relations, the vulnerability and the virtual environment of such systems raise the issues of trust that may affect the long-term business relations. This chapter makes an attempt to empirically examine the relationship between the levels of assurance with regard to deployment and implementation of relevant technology tools in addressing the identified technology-related trust issues and ultimately enhancing the perceived level of trust in inter-organizational business relations. The empirical evidence presented in this paper is based on a survey of 106 Indian companies using inter-organizational systems for managing their business relations.

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Strategies for Success? Evaluating the Rise of Catalan Literature

Translating the Literatures of Small European Nations ◽

10.3828/liverpool/9781789620528.003.0010 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 126-144

Author(s):

Richard M. Mansell

Keyword(s):

Cultural Identity ◽

English Language ◽

First Century ◽

Commercial Success ◽

Historical Significance ◽

Catalan Literature ◽

The Relationship ◽

Ramon Llull ◽

Book Markets ◽

Challenges And Strategies

This chapter uses an account of the twenty-first century efforts of Catalan literature to break into English-language book markets as a means of examining the opportunities, challenges and strategies that present themselves to smaller literatures in a changing reading and book-buying environment. The chapter first explains the historical significance to Catalan culture of translation, as a means not only of filling gaps in a disrupted history, but also of building and unifying Catalan cultural identity. It highlights the institutional measures put in place to support this effort and assesses the work of the Institut Ramon Llull. Though its initiatives appear to have increased production and visibility of Catalan literature, the chapter argues that the key role has been played by translators acting as gatekeepers. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the relationship between commercial success and major international prizes or choice of genre, noting that Catalan literature has not targeted either.

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Anthropology and the State in Brazil: questions concerning a complex relationship

Vibrant Virtual Brazilian Anthropology ◽

10.1590/1809-43412020v17d454 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Antonio Carlos de Souza Lima ◽

Caio Gonçalves Dias

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Public Sphere ◽

The State ◽

First Century ◽

The Public ◽

The Public Sphere ◽

The Military ◽

The Relationship ◽

Third Moment

Abstract In this article we argue that, in order to understand the “attack” made on anthropology in Brazil, undertaken in the public sphere since the beginning of the second decade of the twenty-first century, we need to look at how anthropological knowledge has become disciplined and institutionalized in the medium to long term. We refer, in particular, to the relationship between what has been constituted as a “field of anthropology” and issues related to the public sphere. It is also necessary to consider the configuration with other institutionalized knowledge throughout the period spanning from the end of the nineteenth century to the present, with discontinuities but also with some important continuities. We look to show that the anthropology initially undertaken in Brazil was basically committed to furthering the interests of the agrarian-based political elites, a situation that continued from the turn of the nineteenth century to the twentieth century and into the first decades of the twenty-first, not only at the level of nation building, but also in the formation of the State. However, since the 1950s, and especially following creation of the new postgraduate courses in the late 1960s and early 1970s, anthropologists developed knowledge that led them to make an ethical and moral commitment to the communities with which they worked, combined with a critique of the military regime’s developmentalism and dictatorial authoritarianism. During a third moment ranging from the constituent process to the present, a portion of Brazilian anthropologists began to work directly in the recognition of rights constitutionally assigned to differentiated collectivities, generating a growing and progressive zone of friction with the hegemonic sectors at the economic-political level.

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Politics and the Work of the Dead in Modern India

Comparative Studies in Society and History ◽

10.1017/s0010417517000457 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 178-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Chris Moffat

Keyword(s):

First Century ◽

Political Life ◽

Unfinished Business ◽

The Public ◽

Revolutionary Violence ◽

The Dead ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

The Relationship ◽

Insight Into

AbstractThis article provides a framework for understanding the continuing political potential of the anticolonial dead in twenty-first-century India. It demonstrates how scholars might move beyond histories of reception to interrogate the force of inheritance in contemporary political life. Rather than the willful conjuring of the dead by the living, for a politics in the present, it considers the more provocative possibility that the dead might themselves conjure politics—calling the living to account, inciting them to action. To explicate the prospects for such an approach, the article traces the contested afterlives of martyred Indian revolutionary Bhagat Singh (1907–1931), comparing three divergent political projects in which this iconic anticolonial hero is greeted as interlocutor in a struggle caught “halfway.” It is this temporal experience of “unfinished business”—of a revolution left incomplete, a freedom not yet perfected—that conditions Bhagat Singh's appearance as a contemporary in the political disputes of the present, whether they are on the Hindu nationalist right, the Maoist student left, or amidst the smoldering remains of Khalistani separatism in twenty-first-century Punjab. Exploring these three variant instances in which living communities affirm Bhagat Singh's stake in the struggles of the present, the article provides insight into the long-term legacies of revolutionary violence in India and the relationship between politics and the public life of history in the postcolonial world more generally.

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Classes and Politics

The Oxford Handbook of Danish PoliticsThe Oxford Handbook of Danish Politics ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198833598.013.14 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 241-258

Author(s):

Gitte Sommer Harrits ◽

Rune Stubager

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Economic Resources ◽

First Century ◽

Class Relations ◽

Main Claim ◽

Party Choice ◽

Art Research ◽

The Relationship

Traditionally and throughout the twentieth century, classes have been important for Danish politics and political cleavages, including conflicts related to the development of the comprehensive Danish welfare state. However, since the 1970s, and especially in the twenty-first century, the importance of class has changed and somewhat diminished. Some claim that classes are withering away, whereas the main claim in this chapter is that class relations and the relationship between class and politics have changed but not necessarily disappeared. Building on the most recent state-of-the-art research on these changes, the chapter takes a long-term perspective and describes and discusses changes in class relations in Denmark, as well as changes in the relationship between class and party choice. Following international research, the chapter uses different conceptualizations of class and class resources, including class as occupation, class as economic resources, and class as cultural and educational resources.

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Islam and Politics in Indonesia

RUDN Journal of Political Science ◽

10.22363/2313-1438-2020-22-4-731-740 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 731-740

Author(s):

Refly Setiawan ◽

Melinda Esti ◽

Viktor V. Sidorov

Keyword(s):

Cultural Values ◽

Western Europe ◽

Religion And Politics ◽

Religious Values ◽

Moral Foundations ◽

Religious Tolerance ◽

Ethical Guidelines ◽

Islam And Politics ◽

The Republic ◽

The Relationship

The Republic of Indonesia is characterized by ethnic and religious diversity. Islam is the most widespread religion in Indonesia and most of the Indonesian population is Muslim. Indonesian society is based on the principles of religious tolerance. The equality of people is the most important socio-political value of the Indonesian society, which guarantees an equality for allpeople, regardless of their ethnicity, religion or social class. Religion can be the foundation that can strengthen the country and become the foundation for development. At the same time, religion may not be the official state ideology. We study the relationship between religion and state in Indonesia. What problems arise in the relationship between religion and the state? This study aims to find out how Islam and politics in Indonesia are in harmony with the ideology of the Indonesian nation and how religious values can support moral foundations of Indonesian politics. We used analyze secondary sociological data and studied researches of the largest Indonesian academics on the problems of the relationship between religion and politics. We used the method of library research with abstracting and collecting data. A new set of scientific sources in the Indonesian language is being introduced into scientific circulation. The results of the study showed that Indonesia is not a democracy based on the principles of democratic processes of Western Europe. The peculiarity of Indonesia lies in the interaction of religious values and the politics. Indonesian politics is characterized by religious tolerance. At the same time, religious and cultural values are incorporated into the political practices of Indonesia in the form of moral and ethical guidelines. Thus, Indonesia is not a religious or secular country, but a country where religious values are the moral and ethical main ideology of state development.

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International Heritage Law for Communities

10.1093/oso/9780198843306.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lucas Lixinski

Keyword(s):

Cultural Heritage ◽

Local Communities ◽

Unintended Consequences ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

The Common ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

The Relationship ◽

Blind Spots ◽

Made In

This book critically engages the shortcomings of the field of international heritage law, seen through the lenses of the five major UNESCO treaties for the safeguarding of different types of heritage. It argues that these five treaties have, by design or in their implementation, effectively prevented local communities, who bear the brunt of the costs associated with international heritage protection, from having a say in how their heritage is managed. The exclusion of local communities often alienates them not only from international decision-making processes but also from their cultural heritage itself, ultimately meaning that systems put in place for the protection of cultural heritage contribute to its disappearance in the long term. The book adds to existing literature by looking at these UNESCO treaties not as isolated regimes, which is the common practice in the field, but rather as belonging to a discursive continuum on cultural heritage. Rather than scrutinizing the regimes themselves, the book focuses on themes that cut across the relevant UNESCO regimes, such as the use of expert rule in international heritage law, economics, and the relationship between heritage and the environment. It uses this mechanism to highlight the blind spots and unintended consequences of UNESCO treaties and how choices made in their drafting have continuing and potentially negative impacts on how we think about and safeguard heritage. The book is of interest to cultural heritage scholars and practitioners across all disciplines, as well as to international lawyers interested in the dynamics of fragmented subfields.

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The Moderating Effect Of Long-Term Orientation On The Relationship Between Interfirm Power Asymmetry And Interfirm Contracts: The Cases Of Korea And USA

Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) ◽

10.19030/jabr.v26i6.336 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Sungmin Ryu ◽

Eunjung Kim

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Western Europe ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Font Size ◽

Power Structures ◽

Measurement Scales ◽

Contractual Relationships ◽

Asymmetrical Power ◽

The Relationship

The purpose of this study is to enhance our understanding of the effects of LTO culture on the contractual relationship between exchange parties under conditions in which varying levels of asymmetrical power structures exist. This study attempt to determine the validity of projecting conclusions originating from studies conducted in low LTO cultures such as U.S. and Western Europe to contractual relationships in the high LTO cultures of Asia. Therefore, investigations into the influence of LTO may be helpful in understanding contractual relationships formed in countries with differing levels of long-term orientation. Survey research was conducted to collect data from manufacturers, Structural Equation Modeling was used to purify measurement scales, and Multiple Regression was conducted to test the hypotheses. The findings show that LTO companies tend to prefer “soft” contracts, although they enjoy a power advantage over their suppliers; whereas low LTO partners with asymmetrical power advantages prefer “hard” contracts with explicitly detailed written requirements.

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