scholarly journals THE POSSIBILITY OF LIBERAL EUGENICS: ABSOLUTISM OF MORALITY VS PARTICULARISM OF MORALITY

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-38
Author(s):  
Анастасия Владимировна Абрамова
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
Liberal Eugenics ◽  
Moral System ◽  
Gene Structures ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Ethical Communication ◽  
Good And Evil

Статья посвящена вопросам евгеники, актуальность которых обусловлена не только научной притягательностью предмета исследования, но и определённым социальным и политическим контекстом. Этическая коммуникация по этому поводу отражает полярные мнения, анализ которых необходим для создания системы моральных требований в рамках сопоставления с классическим пониманием морали. Исследуя проблемы либеральной евгеники, автор статьи ставит перед собой две основные задачи: 1) определить, что включает в себя понятие «моральная система», ограничивая действие моральных запретов (партикуляризм морали) или, наоборот, рассматривая негативные нравственные нормы как всеобщие и универсальные (абсолютизм морали); 2) установить, возможны ли в этой связи евгенические «вмешательства», связанные с «улучшением» человека, или они принципиально недопустимы. В ходе решения первой задачи автор приходит к выводу, что либеральная евгеника не противоречит индивидуально-перфекционистской морали: моё желание реализуемо, если оно никак не ущемляет интересы других людей и не причиняет им вред. Следовательно, классическое понимание морали, претендующее на универсальность и общезначимость, в данном случае изживает себя и в условиях прикладных исследований неприемлемо, так как моральные нормы здесь идеализированы и абстрагированы от конкретной человеческой жизни. Поэтому в рамках исследования второй задачи автор полагает, что моральная переориентация необходима, замечая при этом, что полная легализация может привести к стиранию границ представлений о добре и зле. Кроме того, в случае патерналистского подхода мораль должна основываться на принципе предосторожности, связанном с ответственностью перед будущими поколениями, что заставляет возвращаться к абсолютным моральным запретам. Автор показывает, что неугасающий интерес к евгеническим исследованиям порождён стремлением человека к совершенствованию. Основываясь на анализе моральных дилемм, представленных в конкретных казусах, автор статьи доказывает, что, несмотря на заманчивость евгенических перспектив, они могут иметь непредсказуемые последствия. Исследование позволяет сделать вывод о том, что сила морального абсолютизма в связи с этим остается значимой, даже несмотря на то, что подвергается критике. Тем не менее, моральная допустимость вмешательств в генные структуры человека и его эмбрионов может быть оправдана. Однако с учетом того, что невозможно объять и предвидеть все случаи конкретной человеческой жизни, здесь речь не идёт о выработке критериев, так как со временем это приведет к их безграничному и неконтролируемому увеличению. Чтобы не допустить размывания границ морально дозволенного, выходом из ситуации, который предлагает автор, может стать партикуляризация морали. Это не новая моральная система, а своего рода «негативный пояс эвристики», дающий возможность этически обосновывать каждый уникальный случай в либеральной евгенике. Зафиксирована необходимость семиотической диагностики границ морально дозволенного в каждом уникальном кейсе. Questions of eugenics still remain relevant, which is not only due to the scientific appeal of the subject of the research, but also has a certain social and political subtext. Ethical communication includes a different number of opinions on this issue: their analysis is important for creating a system of moral requirements in comparison with the traditional, classical understanding of morality. In order to talk about the possibility of liberal eugenics, the author of the article sets two main tasks: 1) to determine what the concept “moral system” includes, isolating the boundaries of the action of morality (particularizing) or, conversely, making it universal in its prescriptions (absolutizing); 2) to establish whether eugenic “interventions” associated with genetic variability are possible in this regard, or they are unacceptable. In the course of solving the first problem, the author comes to the conclusion that the logic does not contradict the individual-perfectionist morality: my desire is realizable if it does not infringe on the interests of other people and does not cause them any harm. Consequently, the traditional (classical) understanding of morality, which claims to be universal and universally valid, has outlived itself, and in the context of applied research is unacceptable since moral norms are idealized and abstracted from a specific human life. Therefore, within the framework of the study of the second task, the author believes that moral reorientation is necessary. However, full legalization can lead to the blurring of the boundaries of ideas about good and evil, and, in the case of a paternalistic approach, morality should be based on the precautionary principle associated with responsibility to future generations, which in this case forces us to return to absolute moral restrictions. Human curiosity generates a desire for eugenic research: the author of the article, by analyzing the moral dilemmas presented in specific cases, demonstrates that despite the fact that eugenic prospects seem quite tempting, they are fraught with certain “pitfalls” that can have unpredictable consequences. Therefore, even if moral absolutism does not stand up to criticism, its power remains significant. There is no doubt that the moral permissibility of interventions in the gene structures of potential members of the community should have its own limits of “justification”: if universal criteria are developed, their number will increase over time because it is impossible to grasp and anticipate all the cases of a particular human life, and this will lead to the blurring of the boundaries of the morally permissible. Therefore, the particularism of morality, as a way out of the situation, is not a new moral system, but a kind of a negative belt of heuristics that helps to ethically justify each specific unique case in liberal eugenics. The necessity of semiotic diagnostics of the boundaries of the morally permissible in each unique case has been fixed.

A ÉTICA EM LUC FERRY: UM HUMANISMO FUNDAMENTADO NOS VALORES CRISTÃOS

Sapere Aude ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 294-309
Author(s):  
Douglas Willian Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Ethical Reflection ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The Individual

Para Luc Ferry o final do século XX trouxe em seu bojo uma aparente crise do dever e com ela o fim dos fundamentos das normas morais no universo religioso ou mesmo nos ideais revolucionários. Com isso, a reflexão ética ganha novos contornos, o que vemos acontecer, por exemplo, no pensamento de Ferry que caracterizará a ética como o fundamento da vida humana, pois ela se encarrega da questão da salvação, ou seja, do sentido da vida do homem. Num humanismo em que as visões tradicionais do mundo e as concepções religiosas da ética caducaram, o homem moderno se vê diante da seguinte indagação: o que me é permitido esperar? Não podemos hesitar em retirar o Deus revelado como fundamento de nossa resposta. É através de uma secularização da ética que poderemos reconhecer os valores transcendentais que fundamentam os princípios morais pensados como algo puramente humano e que mesmo assim possui caráter absoluto e universal. Nesse sentido é a liberdade do homem associada à sua capacidade reflexiva que permitem ao indivíduo encontrar dentro de si valores que se apresentam como superiores à sua subjetividade. Assim, o homem descobre, através de sua consciência, que há valores que o transcendem e parecem valer para os demais.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Humanismo. Ética. Laicismo. Amor. Secularização. ABSTRACTFor Luc Ferry the twentieth century’s end has brought in its wake an apparent crisis of duty and with it the end of the foundations of moral norms in the religious universe or even in revolutionary ideals. In order to this, the ethical reflection earns new contours, what we see happening, for example, the Ferry’s thought responsible for characterize ethics as the foundation of human life, as it is in charge of the issue of salvation, that is, the meaning of human life . A humanism where traditional worldviews and religious conceptions of lapsed ethics, modern man is faced with the following question: What is allowed me to wait? We can’t hesitate to pull the God revealed as the foundation of our response. It is through a secularization of ethics that we recognize the transcendent values that underlie the moral principles thought of as purely human and It still has absolute and universal character. In this sense, the man’s freedom is associated with its reflective ability that allows the individual to find within itself values that present themselves as superior the life. In this way, man finds out from his awareness that there are values that transcend their subjectivity and appear to be true for others.KEYWORDS: Humanism. Ethics. Secularismo. Love. Secularizacion.

Moral Dilemmas in Neonatal Medicine

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. 133-135
Author(s):  
Ola Didrik Saugstad
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Sanctity Of Life ◽  
Sick Newborn ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The Individual

Modern neonatal medicine raises a series of fundamental ethical questions. In the confrontation with these and in attempting to solve them, basic concepts concerning human life and death should be discussed. On what values do we base our practice? Terms such as human, right to life, sanctity of life, equality, and justice should all be considered with reference to the sick newborn baby. Leading Anglo-American contemporary philosophers who deal with such concepts have a tendency to link them to the autonomy of the individual. Is this a fruitful approach when dealing with ethical questions in neonatal medicine? In the following, I will exemplify this to elucidate the problem.

PENGARUH LATIHAN RANGE OF MOTION (ROM) AKTIF ASSITIF TERHADAP RENTANG GERAK SENDI PADA LANSIA YANG MENGALAMI IMMOBILISASI FISIK

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andri Setyorini ◽  
Niken Setyaningrum
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Physical Mobility ◽  
Motion Exercise ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Active Training

Background: Elderly is the final stage of the human life cycle, that is part of the inevitable life process and will be experienced by every individual. At this stage the individual undergoes many changes both physically and mentally, especially setbacks in various functions and abilities he once had. Preliminary study in Social House Tresna Wreda Yogyakarta Budhi Luhur Units there are 16 elderly who experience physical immobilization. In the social house has done various activities for the elderly are still active, but the elderly who experienced muscle weakness is not able to follow the exercise, so it needs to do ROM (Range Of Motion) exercise.   Objective: The general purpose of this research is to know the effect of Range Of Motion (ROM) Active Assitif training to increase the range of motion of joints in elderly who experience physical immobility at Social House of Tresna Werdha Yogyakarta unit Budhi Luhur.   Methode: This study was included in the type of pre-experiment, using the One Group Pretest Posttest design in which the range of motion of the joints before (pretest) and posttest (ROM) was performed  ROM. Subjects in this study were all elderly with impaired physical mobility in Social House Tresna Wreda Yogyakarta Unit Budhi Luhur a number of 14 elderly people. Data analysis in this research use paired sample t-test statistic  Result: The result of this research shows that there is influence of ROM (Range of Motion) Active training to increase of range of motion of joints in elderly who experience physical immobility at Social House Tresna Wredha Yogyakarta Unit Budhi Luhur.  Conclusion: There is influence of ROM (Range of Motion) Active training to increase of range of motion of joints in elderly who experience physical immobility at Social House Tresna Wredha Yogyakarta Unit Budhi Luhur.

A Polanyian Rescue of The Abolition of Man

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-68
Author(s):  
Jon Fennell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Objective Value ◽  
Essential Contribution ◽  
Good And Evil

The Abolition of Man, though short in length and casual in tone, is among the most important books of the twentieth century. The reason it possesses such significance is that it reveals through penetrating analysis the contemporary sceptical assault on the very possibility of rational morality and, indeed, on the very meaning of human life. In meeting and overcoming this assault, Lewis embraces the concept of objective value. But this concept is itself under attack in modernity, most notably in Nietzsche's Beyond Good and Evil. There is, however, an effective response to this withering onslaught. It is found in Michael Polanyi's ‘fiduciary’ philosophy. This study shows how Polanyi's account of justification inoculates Lewis' objective value against Nietzsche's virulent attack, thereby preserving the defence of meaning and morality that constitutes the essential contribution of The Abolition of Man.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНА ДЕТЕРМІНАЦІЯ ДОМІНУЮЧОГО ІНСТИНКТУ У КОНСТРУКТИВНІЙ САМОРЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЖІНОК

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-193
Author(s):  
Ольга Віговська
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Self Actualization ◽  
Rational Organization ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Age Range

У статті теоретично обґрунтовано феномен конструктивного самозбереження особистості як ознаки самоактуалізації, розкриття власного потенціалу і побудови перспективи розвитку особистості та емпірично виявлено ознаки психологічної детермінації домінуючого інстинкту у конструктивній самореалізації жінок з різним соціальним статусом. Зазначено, що проблема самозбереження асоціюється з особливостями прояву інстинкту самозбереження людини, але потреби вищого порядку зумовлюють соціальну природу її поведінки, яка локалізована у найвищій точці самореалізації. Теоретично обгрунтовано, що самореалізація визначає тенденцію раціональної організації життя людини та проявляється у її почутті задоволеністю життям. З’ясовано, що психологічну основу конструктивного самозбереження становлять індивідуально-типологічні характеристики людини, які відображають психофізіологічні та психосоціальні резерви самореалізації особистості. Розроблена програма емпіричного дослідження, а також комплекс використаних методів математичної обробки результатів дослідження дає змогу конкретизувати психологічний зміст детермінації домінуючого інстинкту у конструктивній самореалізації жінок вікового діапазону 35-45 років та з різним соціальним статусом. У жінок, які виховують проблемну (хвору) дитину, домінує інстинкт "егофільного типу", що виражається у їх надмірному егоцентризмі і супроводжується низькими показниками самоактуалізації, на відміну від досліджуваних жінок, які виховують здорових дітей і у яких на фоні вираженої тенденції до самоактуалізації домінує базовий інстинкт "дослідницького типу" та "лібертофільного типу". This article theoretically proves constructive phenomenon of self identity as signs of self-disclosure own potential and prospects of development of individual construction. In addition, it empirically showes signs of psychological determination of the dominant instinct in a constructive self-determination of women with different social statuses. It was noted that the issue of self-preservation is associated with the peculiarities of manifestation of self-preservation instinct of man, but it needs higher-order cause social nature of the behavior that is localized at the highest point of self-realization. It theorized that self-realization determines the trend of rational organization of human life and manifests itself in its sense of life satisfaction. It was found that the psychological basis of constructive self-preservation of the individual make individually-typological characteristics of a person that reflect physiological and psychosocial reserves of self-realization. The developed program of empirical research, as well as the methods used complex mathematical processing of results of research allows to specify the content of the psychological determination of the dominant instinct of constructive self-realization а women age range of 35-45 years and with different social status. Women who bring up the problem child dominates the instinct of self-preservation, which is reflected in their excessive self-centeredness, and is accompanied by low levels of self-actualization, as opposed to the study of women who are raising healthy children and that against the backdrop of a pronounced tendency to self-actualization, dominated by basic instinct "research type" and "independent type."

РОЛЬ ГОСУДАРСТВА В ПРЕОДОЛЕНИИ КРИЗИСА ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ: НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВОЙ АСПЕКТ

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
O. D. Safonova
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Expert Community

Recognizing the existence of a crisis of civil identity, Russian state proclaims patriotic values an integral part of Russian state policy in documents of strategic importance. The need to educate citizenship and patriotism has ceased to be only a theoretical problem, and has found its embodiment in a large number of federal and regional programs. In comparison with the previous decades, the role and importance of civic identity and civic competence in modern Russia are becoming much more important. The civil competence of the student is formed by education-pedagogically organized purposeful process of development of the student as a person, a citizen, the development and adoption of values, moral attitudes and moral norms of societies. National security strategy of the Russian Federation (2015) relates to Russia's traditional spiritual and moral values: the priority of the spiritual over the material, protecting human life, rights and freedoms of the individual, family, creative work, service to the Fatherland, the norms of morality, humanity, mercy, justice, mutual aid, collectivism, historical unity of the peoples of Russia, the continuity of the history of our country. The formation of the civil identity of the young Russian personality forms with the help of Federal state educational standards of primary General, basic General and secondary General education, so the state policy in overcoming the crisis of civil identity devotes a large number of documents and programs to the field of education. The article attempts to trace how through normative and legal acts the state consistently tries to overcome the crisis of civil identity, identified by the scientific and expert community. Following the authors of state programs and the expert community studying the problems of identity crisis, it is noted in the article that the formation of civil identity is one of the most important conditions for the successful development of the country.

scholarly journals Differential Self-control Effects: Moral Filtering and the Subsidiary Relevance of Self-control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Hirtenlehner ◽  
Heinz Leitgöb
Keyword(s):  
Action Theory ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Situational Characteristics ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Self Control

AbstractCriminological research has identified low self-control as major cause of criminal activity. However, astonishingly little is known about the individual and situational characteristics that affect the functioning of self-control in relation to crime. Recent theorizing, especially in the context of Situational Action Theory, suggests that the interplay of personal and contextual morality creates a morally preselected choice set whose composition determines the relevance of self-control. Guided by the ideas of differential self-control effects and a moral filtering of action alternatives, the present inquiry investigates whether the role of self-control in crime causation depends on the power of moral factors to exclude crime from the set of the considered behavioral options. We argue that the significance of an individual’s capacity for self-control increases with a growing weakness of the moral filter, reaching its maximum when both personal and setting morality encourage criminal activity. Analyses of self-report data on adolescent vandalism delinquency provide support for differential self-control effects. The general picture is that self-control ability matters most when the strength of the moral filter hits a low, which is when both an individual’s own moral rules and the moral norms of the setting facilitate offending. Further evidence suggests that crime contemplation is highest when individual morality and setting morality jointly encourage vandalism. There is also indication that trait self-control has a greater effect on vandalism delinquency at higher levels of crime contemplation. All these results accord with the notion of a subsidiary relevance of control.

The Relation of Language Context and Religiosity to Trilemma Judgments

2021 ◽  
pp. 002202212110339
Author(s):  
Elyas Barabadi ◽  
Mohsen Rahmani Tabar ◽  
James R. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Second Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Standard Measure ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Language Context

Utilitarian judgments maximize benefit for the most people, whereas deontological judgments are based on moral norms. Previous work shows that people tend to make more utilitarian judgments in their second compared to their native language, whereas higher religiosity is associated with more deontological judgments. However, it is not known whether the effect of language context is moderated by the religiosity of the individual. We hypothesized that more religious participants from all three languages would favor deontological choices irrespective of language context. In order to investigate this, we studied native speakers of Persian who either had Arabic or English as their second language, and all participants were given a standard measure of religiosity. Decision making was measured by the classic trolley trilemma in which a participant could “push” a person to save the lives of more people which is considered a utilitarian judgment. Alternatively, they could “switch” a track to save the lives of more people (“indirect”), or do nothing (“inaction”), both of which are considered deontological. Consistent with the literature showing more utilitarian judgments in the second language, English participants preferred the push option, whereas Persian participants favored the inaction option. L2 Arabic participants more often chose the indirect option. However, participants’ religiosity moderated this effect of language context. Although L2 Arabic participants’ choices were not influenced by religiosity, higher religiosity in the L2 English and L1 Persian groups was associated with more deontological choices.

Positive And Negative Aspects Of The Psychological Impact Of The Virtual World

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (05) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Rakhimova I.I. ◽  
◽  
Mukhiddinova U.A. ◽  
Bеrdiqulоvа G.N. ◽  
Suleymanova D.I. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
The Internet ◽  
National Values ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
The Individual

In today's age of the Internet, computers and mobile phones for people of all ages are available in almost every home. In addition, in today’s world-wide pandemic, the use of the Internet for education and all aspects of cultural, socio-economic life as well as games such as games is growing rapidly. This, in turn, has a psychological effect on the individual, both positively and negatively on our society and national values. In this article, I have tried to highlight the positive and negative aspects of the internet world that affect the individual. In the article we will focus on the role of the virtual world in human life, the need not to depend on it, to use it for useful purposes.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE ARCHETYPE OF THE WAY ON THE FORMATION OF THE PERSONALITY IN THE NOVEL PAPER TOWNS BY JOHN GREEN

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (97) ◽  
pp. 9-28
Author(s):  
Наталія Юріївна Бондар
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Holistic Analysis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Metaphorical Extension ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Good And Evil ◽  
The Way

The article deals with the influence of the archetype of the way on the formation of the personality in the novel Paper Towns by John Green. The purpose of this article is to determine the originality of the image of an American teenager and to identify the influence of the archetype of the way on the formation of the personality, as well as to consider the archetype of the way as a real path of the character in the novel Paper Towns by John Green, taking into account the individual author’s interpretation. This object of research has been chosen because through it one can comprehend the specifics of the psychology of a teenager and define the artistic features that distinguish the author’s stylistics and worldview. The comprehensive research methodology has been used in the work: the synthesis of the comparative historical method, holistic analysis, elements of mythopoetic and hermeneutic methods. In the novel Paper Towns by John Green mythopoetic consciousness presupposes ontological ambivalent intentions in the archetype of the child / teenager (good and evil children). The metaphorical extension of the archetype of the child / teenager has been revealed in this article. All the images of teenagers are given in the development, on the way to growing up. The originality of the archetype of the way here lies in the fact that it merges with the concepts of Space and Chaos, confirming the idea of the unity of mankind. The metaphors themselves are also peculiar, associated with the archetype of the way: inanimate strings, gradually turning into living blades of grass, intertwined with roots with all that exists. During the search for Margo, Quentin grows up significantly, becomes more tolerant to their friends, and he learns to take responsibility for him. The image of Margo is the image of a rebel against any lack of freedom that it is inevitable in the “golden cage”. It is also revealed how Quentin is influenced by the new world opened during his trips, and his personal environment: for example, Radar opens his eyes to the fact that he does not need to demand too much from others. Both Margo is changed (from a “paper” girl – to a real one) and Ben and Radar are changed (false interests go into the background; everyone learns to expose himself to risks and troubles for the sake of friendship and human salvation). Ben and Radar are also shown in the development, in a short time they learn to understand each other and distinguish false values from true ones. These changes occur with all the teenagers, regardless of their skin color and nationality, and such an interpretation of the insignificance of formal differences is also a new word of the author.

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