scholarly journals MAIN APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF VISUAL THINKING

2021 ◽  
pp. 256-272
Author(s):  
Марина Анатольевна Шестакова ◽  
Татьяна Борисовна Батыр
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Visual Thinking ◽  
Psychological Approach ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Law ◽  
Human Thinking

Одним из направлений, расширяющих наше представление о принципах и механизмах работы человеческого мышления, является изучение визуального мышления. В настоящей статье рассмотрены три основных подхода к изучению визуального мышления. Психологический подход выделен на основании анализа работ Р. Арнхейма, который показал возможность понимания визуального восприятия в терминах психологии мышления. Зрительное восприятие Р. Арнхейм представил как способ мышления, в ходе которого осуществляется выделение существенных свойств наблюдаемых предметов, общих для класса предметов. Наличие большого количества визуальных интуиций в философской гносеологии может служить косвенным подтверждением правомерности и актуальности психологического подхода. Нейроэстетический подход выделен в результате анализа работ С. Зеки и В. Рамачандрана. Основатели нейроэстетики пришли к выводу о том, что зрительное восприятие является не отображением предмета глазом, а активной деятельностью мозга по достраиванию или моделированию предмета, осуществляемым по определенным законам, таким как «закон максимального смещения», «закон изоляции», «закон симметрии» и др. Развивая идеи нейроэстетиков, можно заметить, что указанные законы зрительного восприятия подходят для описания процедур абстрагирования и идеализации. Представляются перспективными широкая трактовка законов зрительного восприятия и распространение их на интеллектуальные процедуры. Гносеологический подход рассмотрен на примере понятия «точки зрения», которое отсылает одновременно и к визуальному, и к абстрактному мышлению. Понятие «точки зрения» И. Хладениус использовал в методологии исторического познания, истолковав последнее как видение прошлого под определенным углом. Другим вариантом разработки понятия «точки зрения» является концепция Ф. Анкерсмита. Будучи представителем нарративной философии истории, Ф. Анкерсмит трактует «точку зрения» как нарративную субстанцию, позволяющую связать отдельные высказывания в целостный исторический нарратив. Понятие «точки зрения» свидетельствует о трактовке исторического познания как определенного видения прошлого, об интерпретации исторического исследования в терминах визуального мышления. Все три указанных направления указывают на глубокую взаимосвязь между визуальным и абстрактным и тем самым открывают особый ракурс в исследовании человеческого мышления, который будет интересен, в частности, в исследованиях искусственного интеллекта. Studies of visual thinking represent one of the trends expanding our views on the principles and mechanisms of human thinking. The present paper outlines three main approaches to the study of visual thinking. The psychological approach has been set apart based on the analysis of works by Rudolf Arnheim who demonstrated that visual thinking might be understood in terms of the psychology of thinking. Arnheim presented visual thinking as a mode of thinking that allows singling out the essential – common for the whole class – properties of the observed objects. The legitimacy and relevance of the psychological approach can be circumstantially proved by a large number of visual intuitions in philosophical epistemology. The neuroaesthetic approach has been singled out based on the analysis of works by Semir Zeki and V. S. Ramachandran. The founders of neuroaesthetics came to the conclusion that visual perception is not the reflection of an object by the eye, but an active brain activity aiming at completion or modelling of an object in accordance with certain laws such as the peak shift principle, the law of isolation, the law of symmetry, etc. Developing the ideas of neuroaesthetics, we can note that these laws of visual perception are suitable for describing the procedures of abstraction and idealization. A broader interpretation of the laws of visual perception and their application to intellectual procedures seem to be a promising perspective. The gnoseological approach has been examined on the example of the notion of “point of view”, which refers both to visual and abstract thinking. Johann Martin Chladenius used this notion in the methodology of historical knowledge, treating the latter as a vision of the past under a certain angle. Another way of developing the “point of view” is presented in Frank Ankersmit’s conception. Being a representative of the narrative philosophy of history, Ankersmit interprets the “point of view” as a narrative substance which allows integrating separate utterances into a single historical narrative. The notion of “point of view” demonstrates that historical knowledge is treated as a certain vision of the past and that historical research is interpreted in terms of visual thinking. All the three mentioned approaches point out a strong link between the visual and the abstract and thus open up a particular perspective on the study of human thinking, which may, for instance, be of interest in the study of artificial intelligence.

scholarly journals Does the Law Determine What Heritage to Remember?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Sophie de Clippele
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Political Will ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Law ◽  
Ideological Manipulation

AbstractCultural heritage can offer tangible and intangible traces of the past. A past that shapes cultural identity, but also a past from which one sometimes wishes to detach oneself and which nevertheless needs to be remembered, even commemorated. These themes of memory, history and oblivion are examined by the philosopher Paul Ricoeur in his work La mémoire, l’histoire, l’oubli (2000). Inspired by these ideas, this paper analyses how they are closely linked to cultural heritage. Heritage serves as a support for memory, even if it can be mishandled, which in turn can affect heritage policies. Memory and heritage can be abused as a result of wounds from the past or for reasons of ideological manipulation or because of a political will to force people to remember. Furthermore, heritage, as a vehicule of memory, contributes to historical knowledge, but can remain marked by a certain form of subjectivism during the heritage and conservation operation, for which heritage professionals (representatives of the public authority or other experts) are responsible. Yet, the responsibility for conserving cultural heritage also implies the need to avoid any loss of heritage, and to fight against oblivion. Nonetheless, this struggle cannot become totalitarian, nor can it deprive the community of a sometimes salutary oblivion to its own identity construction. These theoretical and philosophical concepts shall be examined in the light of legal discourse, and in particular in Belgian legislation regarding cultural heritage. It is clear that the shift from monument to heritage broadens the legal scope and consequently raises the question of who gets to decide what is considered heritage according to the law, and whether there is something such as a collective human right to cultural heritage. Nonetheless, this broadening of the legislation extends the State intervention into cultural heritage, which in turn entails certain risks, as will be analysed with Belgium’s colonial heritage.

scholarly journals Narrative, history, and fiction: history games as boundary works

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 319-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helyom Viana Telles ◽  
Lynn Alves
Keyword(s):  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Doctoral Study ◽  
Linguistic Turn ◽  
The Past ◽  
Electronic Games ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Literary Narrative

This work arises from the reflections generated by a post-doctoral study that investigates how history games can contribute to the production and dissemination of representations, pictures, and imaginaries of the past. We understand history games to be digital electronic games whose structure contains narratives or simulations of historical elements (Neves, 2010). The term notion of “border works” is used by Glezer and Albieri (2009) to discuss the role of literary and artistic works that, standing outside the historiographical field and having a fictional character, are forms of the dissemination of historical knowledge and approximation with the past. We want to show how, under the impact of the linguistic turn, the boundaries between history and fiction have been blurred. Authors such as White (1995) and Veyne (2008) found both a convergence with and identification between historical narrative and literary narrative that interrogates the epistemological status of history as a science. These critiques result in an appreciation of fictional works as both knowledge and the dissemination of historical knowledge of the past. We then examine the elements of the audiovisual narratives of electronic games (Calleja, 2013; Frasca, 1999; Jull, 2001; Murray, 2003; Zagalo, 2009) in an attempt to understand their specificity. Next, we investigate the place of the narrative and historical simulations of electronic games in contemporary culture (Fogu, 2009). Finally, we discuss how historical knowledge is appropriated and represented by history games (Arruda, 2009; Kusiak, 2002) and analyze their impact on the production of a historical consciousness or an imaginary about the past.

Revolution and the art of history in France: Daniel Auber’s Gustave III (1833)

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 393-418
Author(s):  
Mark Pottinger
Keyword(s):  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
French History ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
History Writing ◽  
Cultural Importance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Jules Michelet ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Grand Opera

Following the July Revolution of 1830, French history writing began to reflect a new personal perspective that allowed many to identify with the earlier revolution of 1789. This immediate association with the past allowed individuals to connect with history in ways that reflected themselves as well as the new political and cultural horizon. French grand opéra represented this desire for historical knowledge by displaying a dramatic narrative akin to the writings of French academic historian Jules Michelet (1798–1874). Through the analysis of the music and libretto of Daniel Auber’s Gustave III (1833) it is shown that the historical narrative found within this so-called’ opéra historique’ embraces the same historiographic narrative of revolution as found in the writings of Michelet. Such an investigation highlights the aesthetic and cultural importance of grand opéra in France as well as the genre’s relationship to national identity in the first half of the nineteenth century.

scholarly journals Sanction Accumulation in the Context of Business Offending: The Full Force of the Law?

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-187
Author(s):  
Christopher Harding
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
International Context ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Sanctions ◽  
The Law ◽  
Full Force ◽  
Practical Impact

Over the past thirty years or so the regulation of business cartels in an international context has provided an interesting site for the application of legal sanctions—both criminal law and otherwise, both penal and otherwise—in a way which is wide-ranging and with some impressive accumulation in quantity, although without much systematic and considered reflection on the theoretical basis or practical impact of this practice. From the point of view of both policy and justice, the calculation and critical assessment of such sanction accumulation might appear to be an important and worthwhile exercise. Yet the theory and the methodology of such an assessment appears to be insufficiently considered and worked out. It will be argued here that this is a matter which deserves some reflection and clarification, with some endeavour to work out principle and method for the purpose of calculating sanction accumulation and the matching of the latter with victimhood in this context.

Una triplice Vergangenheitsbewaltigung. La politica del passato in Germania

2009 ◽  
pp. 27-53
Author(s):  
Marzia Ponso
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Working Out

- The article discusses that specific aspect of German political culture known as Vergangenheitsbewältigung, i.e. the going over the totalitarian past through a threefold reworking: judicial (trials, convictions, political and administrative purges), economic (compensations and reparations) and cultural (a deep historical knowledge of what happened, the working out of moral and law criteria for judgment, an at least symbolic declaration of solidarity towards the victims). The German case is interesting because of its uniqueness. First of all, from the judicial point of view, the way the past was reworked has had an extraordinary impact, being at the root of present developments in international criminal law. From the political and the moral-philosophical perspectives, no other population has so thoroughly re-defined its identity with respect to its past: constitutional and post-national patriotism are a case in point. One more exceptional aspect is that, after the reunification, Germany has lived through a new Vergangenheitsbewältigung which suggests interesting comparative considerations.

scholarly journals «Do you require our responsibility to gentry times?». Ukrainian intellectuals’ of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century opinions about the role of the heritage of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth in the creation of modern ukrainian nation

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 27-55
Author(s):  
Olena ARKUSHA
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
National Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Grand Narrative ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The Creation

European historiography changed considerably during the nineteenth century. Formation of historical source study as a separate science, on the one hand, and awareness of the connection between the historical narrative of the past with political interests, on the other hand, gave impetus to the writing of historical works on national history, the so-called grand narratives. They relied on historical sources, but chose what served the actual political interests, and ignored or interpreted otherwise what they did not fit. The territorial organization of living space has become a priority task of national development in the nineteenth century, and the recognition of land, borders, and people as own should have been historically grounded. The difficulty for Ukrainians was that the traces of Ukrainian-Russ statehood were lost in ancient times, while the neighbors, primarily Russians and Poles, tried to draw both the territory and the past of Ukraine into their own concepts of the creation of modern nation. The creation of the Ukrainian grand narrative was influenced by external factors: the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the collapse of its once unified political, cultural and intellectual space, and the policy of the Russian authorities, aimed to separate «Little Rus’» from western civilization. Russian censorship successfully removed memory of Polish-Ukrainian ties from historical works and replaced it with the image of the invading Poles. The traumatic, post-war experience, idealization of images of Cossack soldiers was the favorable ground for this. As a result, in Ukrainian historical grand narrative the «Polish-Lithuanian» period was interpreted as an external occupation, a break in the «correct» history of Ukraine. The whole complex of everyday life, cultural and political influences of Ukrainians in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth remained beyond history. Its main content was recognized by the Polish-Ukrainian conflicts. The views on the legacy of the Commonwealth in the Ukrainian society of the nineteenth century can also be analyzed from the perspective of the intellectual biographies of their creators and take into account the experience of relations with the Poles, the private image and repression of the Russian government. An unbiased rethinking by professional historians of the past of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the point of view of the interactions of various cultural spaces in the nineteenth century was not a matter of time. Keywords Ukrainian-Polish relations in the nineteenth century, Ukrainian-Russian relations in the nineteenth century, Ukrainian historiography of the nineteenth century, intellectual biography, cultural and intellectual heritage of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Chelovek.RU/Человек.RU

Chelovek RU ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 18-53
Author(s):  
Sergei Avanesov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian Philosopher ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
The Future ◽  
Pavel Florensky ◽  
The Moment

Abstract. The article analyzes the autobiography of the famous Russian philosopher, theologian and scientist Pavel Florensky, as well as those of his texts that retain traces of memories. According to Florensky, the personal biography is based on family history and continues in children. He addresses his own biography to his children. Memories based on diary entries are designed as a memory diary, that is, as material for future memories. The past becomes actual in autobiography, turns into a kind of present. The past, from the point of view of its realization in the present, gains meaning and significance. The au-thor is active in relation to his own past, transforming it from a collection of disparate facts into a se-quence of events. A person can only see the true meaning of such events from a great distance. Therefore, the philosopher remembers not so much the circumstances of his life as the inner impressions of the en-counter with reality. The most powerful personality-forming experiences are associated with childhood. Even the moment of birth can decisively affect the character of a person and the range of his interests. The foundations of a person's worldview are laid precisely in childhood. Florensky not only writes mem-oirs about himself, but also tries to analyze the problems of time and memory. A person is immersed in time, but he is able to move into the past through memory and into the future through faith. An autobi-ography can never be written to the end because its author lives on. However, reaching the depths of life, he is able to build his path in such a way that at the end of this path he will unite with the fullness of time, with eternity.

Portuguese Sardines - from the ritual to the brand

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Cecília Avelino Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Place Branding ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
City Council ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
City Branding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Behavioral Expression ◽  
The City ◽  
City Identity

Place branding is a network of associations in the consumer’s mind, based on the visual, verbal, and behavioral expression of a place. Food can be an important tool to summarize it as it is part of the culture of a city and its symbolic capital. Food is imaginary, a ritual and a social construction. This paper aims to explore a ritual that has turned into one of the brands of Lisbon in the past few years. The fresh sardines barbecued out of doors, during Saint Anthony’s festival, has become a symbol that can be found on t-shirts, magnets and all kinds of souvenirs. Over the year, tourists can buy sardine shaped objects in very cheap stores to luxurious shops. There is even a whole boutique dedicated to the fish: “The Fantastic World of Portuguese Sardines” and an annual competition promoted by the city council to choose the five most emblematic designs of sardines. In order to analyze the Sardine phenomenon from a city branding point of view, the objective of this paper is to comprehend what associations are made by foreigners when they are outside of Lisbon. As a methodological procedure five design sardines, were used of last year to questioning to which city they relate them in interviews carried in Madrid, Lyon, Rome and London. Upon completion of the analysis, the results of the city branding strategy adopted by the city council to promote the sardines as the official symbol of Lisbon is seen as a Folkmarketing action. The effects are positive, but still quite local. On the other hand, significant participation of the Lisbon´s dwellers in the Sardine Contest was observed, which seems to be a good way to promote the city identity and pride in their best ambassador: the citizens.

Penerapan Hukum Wakaf Uang di Indonesia Perspektif Legal System Theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masdar Masdar
Keyword(s):  
System Theory ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government

Cash waqf in Indonesia has been long enough implemented based on some rules enacted by government and other rules defined by The Waqf Board of Indonesia (BWI). However, the implementation of cash waqf has not reached the level of success. Therefore, this article studies the application of cash waqf law in Indonesia according to Friedman’s legal system theory. The legal system theory of Friedman firstly looks at the substance of the law, which is the rules or regulations; and secondly it examines the structure of the law, encompassing the law enforcement agencies, such as judge, prosecutor, police and legal counselors. And lastly the theory examines the element of legal culture, which is a response from Muslim society. The first two examinations indicate that there is nothing to be a problem. But from the last examination there is a problem regarding the trust from Muslim society. From the legal culture point of view, the implementation of cash waqf by the government, which is performed by BWI, needs attracting society’s credentials in order to improve and maximize the performance of cash waqf in Indonesia.

History of Tour de France from the Geographical Point of View

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 255-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Bačík ◽  
Michal Klobučník
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Past ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
The World ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Tour De France ◽  
Wide Circle ◽  
History Of ◽  
Expert Community ◽  
Geographical Point

Abstract The Tour de France, a three week bicycle race has a unique place in the world of sports. The 100th edition of the event took place in 2013. In the past of 110 years of its history, people noticed unique stories and duels in particular periods, celebrities that became legends that the world of sports will never forget. Also many places where the races unfolded made history in the Tour de France. In this article we tried to point out the spatial context of this event using advanced technologies for distribution of historical facts over the Internet. The Introduction briefly displays the attendance of a particular stage based on a regional point of view. The main topic deals with selected historical aspects of difficult ascents which every year decide the winner of Tour de France, and also attract fans from all over the world. In the final stage of the research, the distribution of results on the website available to a wide circle of fans of this sports event played a very significant part (www.tdfrance.eu). Using advanced methods and procedures we have tried to capture the historical and spatial dimensions of Tour de France in its general form and thus offering a new view of this unique sports event not only to the expert community, but for the general public as well.

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