scholarly journals EMPYAK RAGUMAN, TRADISI DAN ESTETIKA RUMAH TRADISIONAL JAWA YANG SEMAKIN MEMUDAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Vincentia Reni Vitasurya ◽  
Purwanto Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
The Past ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Traditional Communities

Abstract: Traditional Javanese houses known for their rich traditions are symbolized by the use of ornaments, construction and building materials. Empty raguman is one of the architectural elements of a Javanese house, in the form of an inner roof coating that functions as a ceiling. The sweetness made of bamboo blades arranged in a certain pattern is a symbol of the level of socio-economic ability of the homeowner. Its existence functions aesthetically and describes a strong tradition. The tradition of making empyak began with processing bamboo, assembling and installing fish is a manifestation of the value of mutual cooperation in Javanese society in the past. At present, empyak raguman is rarely found in traditional Javanese houses built in the modern era. The loss of this element is due to changes in the lifestyle of traditional communities in urban and rural areas. This paper aims to review the beauty of tradition, tradition and aesthetics in Javanese homes. The method used is literature review and its comparison with the practice of implementing it in some cases of traditional houses. The tradition of putting up a lot of raguman has not been carried out anymore, but the existence of empiri raguman which is still preserved is a symbol of pride for traditional homeowners. The results of this study are one of the inputs to preserve traditional values in Javanese houses.Keywords: empyak raguman, javanese house, traditional architecture, tradition, aestheticsAbstrak: Rumah tradisional Jawa dikenal kaya tradisi yang disimbolkan melalui penggunaan ornamen, konstruksi dan bahan bangunan. Empyak raguman adalah salah satu elemen arsitektur rumah Jawa, berupa pelapis atap bagian dalam yang berfungsi sebagai langit – langit. Empyak raguman terbuat dari bilah bambu yang disusun dengan pola tertentu menjadi simbol dari tingkatan kemampuan sosial ekonomi pemilik rumah. Keberadaannya berfungsi secara estetika dan menggambarkan tradisi yang kuat. Tradisi pembuatan empyak dimulai dengan pengolahan bambu, merangkai dan memasang empyak merupakan perwujudan nilai gotong royong masyarakat Jawa di masa lalu. Saat ini, empyak raguman jarang ditemukan pada rumah tradisional Jawa yang dibangun pada era modern. Hilangnya elemen ini karena perubahan gaya hidup masyarakat tradisional di perkotaan dan di perdesaan. Tulisan ini bertujuan mengulas kembali empyak raguman, tradisi dan estetikanya dalam rumah Jawa. Metode yang digunakan adalah kajian literatur dan komparasinya dengan praktek pelaksanaannya pada beberapa kasus rumah tradisional. Tradisi memasang empyak raguman sudah tidak dijalankan lagi namun keberadaan empyak raguman yang masih terpelihara menjadi simbol kebanggaan bagi pemilik rumah tradisional. Hasil kajian ini menjadi salah satu masukan untuk melestarikan nilai – nilai tradisional pada rumah Jawa.Kata Kunci: empyak raguman, rumah Jawa, arsitektur tradisional, tradisi, estetika

Traditional and Customary Law: Adat

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Butt ◽  
Tim Lindsey
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Review ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
The State ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
The Past ◽  
Statutory Protection ◽  
Traditional Communities

Many Indonesians—primarily those living in rural areas—still follow customary law (adat). The precise rules and processes of that adat differ significantly from place to place, even within short distances. This chapter shows that for many decades, adat has been subservient to national law. State-made law overrode it, leaving it applicable only in a very small proportion of cases where no national law applied, where judges could apply it as ‘living law’. Even in these cases, many judges ignored adat or distorted it when deciding cases. The 1945 Constitution was amended in 2000 to require the state to formally recognize and respect customary law, as practised in traditional communities. The Constitutional Court has given effect to this in various judicial review cases, as have some statutes enacted in the past decade or so. However, this constitutional and statutory ‘protection’ has been impeded in practice by requirements for traditional communities to be formally ‘recognized’ by their local governments, many of whom have been unresponsive to calls for recognition.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Hedgerows in Urban Areas

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Paullyne Charllotte Gonçalves Celestino ◽  
Lúcia de Fatima de Carvalho Chaves ◽  
André Luiz Alves de Lima Galdino ◽  
Jéssica de Oliveira Souza ◽  
Uaine Maria Félix Dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
The People ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Homogeneous Composition ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The One

The research aimed to analyze the maintenance, composition, pruning, planting aspects and architectural elements on urban hedgerows. This study was carried out in an area of Imbiribeira, Recife, PE, Brazil, during six months. The survey was conducted in an area of 30 city blocks (37.024 hectares). The application of the questionnaire was directed to people residing, working, or owning real estate that contained hedgerows. Maintenance (person with the responsibility of pruning and maintenance of the hedge and types of maintenance performed on the hedges); Plant species aspects (species used were classified into groups of plant species: arboreal, shrub, herbaceous and climbing plants); Composition (homogeneous or heterogeneous); Pruning (maintenance or topiary); Planting aspects (planting alignment, spacing rhythm and dimensions of the hedge). In the study area, 30 blocks were sampled, where the presence of hedgerows was observed in 18 of them. The people responsible for the maintenance and management of hedgerows were mostly non-professional workers. The practice of watering hedgerows was found in 95.24% of the visited properties. The use fertilizer was found in 28.57% of the cases and only 4.76% of the properties use pesticide products due to phytosanitary problems. Most of the hedgerows had a homogeneous composition. Topiary pruning is the most practiced treatment on the hedgerows, with a frequency of 82.28% in the study area. The quincux planting with no definite spacing rhythm was the most found. The most observed Planting Alignment in the study area was in line. The most observed Spacing Rhythm was the one with no rhythm of planting. Although hedgerows are widely used in urban and rural areas, studies on their maintenance, composition, structure, ecological importance and relevance to biodiversity conservation are scarce.

Influence of Environmental Agents in Architecture. Tradition and Innovation. Romania: A Case Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 1722-1725
Author(s):  
Ana Maria Dabija
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Environmental Agents

Geographically, Romania is situated in the continental temperate zone of Europe, with severe climatic conditions: the winters are very cold (with temperatures that can reach, in some provinces or in some days, values of -200C to –350C) and the summers very hot (in the past few years temperatures were between +38 - +400C, for weeks). Not only the air temperature gradient is broad (75 ÷ 800C), but as a consequence the temperature difference on the horizontal surfaces may rise to as much as 1000C. Romania is situated between parallels 430 and 480. In a very simple/simplistic approach, it can be considered as being half way between the North Pole and the Equator, therefore the constructive components can be identified in both the Northern architecture and the Southern one. The traditional architecture aims to provide a comfortable indoor environment both during the winter and the summer season, by using local building materials. Along with the building conformation, given by the local conditions (climate, earth, building materials), the peoples interventions (from religion to fashion) are also determinant. The paper presents some building principles, constructive systems and materials that transcend traditional architecture, in Romania.

scholarly journals Public Spending and Poverty Reduction in Indonesia: The Effects of Economic Growth and Public Spending on Poverty Reduction in Indonesia 2009-2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Hendrawan Toni Taruno
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Poverty is a complex and multidimensional issue. Over the past four decades, the number of poor in Indonesia has experienced a significant decline, from 40.10 percent in 1976 to 9.82 percent in March 2018. Nevertheless, the disparity of poverty rates between provinces is still quite high. The poverty rate in several provinces in Java Island, for example, is already at the single-digit level, while in Eastern Indonesia, is still more than double-digit level. As it is known, public spending and economic growth are two crucial instruments on poverty reduction programs. This study aims to investigate the role of economic growth and public spending, particularly education, health, and social protection on poverty reduction in Indonesia. By using panel data from 31 provinces during 2009-2018 period, this study used two regression models to analyze the effects of these two variables on poverty reduction, both in urban and rural areas. This study shows that public spending on health and education sectors has a slightly different effect on poverty reduction between urban and rural areas. Convincingly, spending allocation on health and education has had a significant effect to reduce poverty rate in rural areas, while the decline of poverty rates in urban is likely more influenced by spending on health. This study also shows that over the past ten years, economic growth and social protection spending did not have a significant effect on reducing poverty rates. Therefore, in order to reduce poverty more effectively, it would be better for the government to focus its poverty reduction programs on investment in health and education sectors.

scholarly journals Complete elimination of iodine deficiency-induced diseases in the Republic of Serbia through overall salt iodination

2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
M. Simic ◽  
M. Banisevic ◽  
Z. Andjelkovic ◽  
G. Zivic ◽  
L. Zikic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrasound Study ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The territory of Serbia has been long known to be an iodine de­ficiency area. The surveys conducted in the past 50 years have shown that iodine deficiency disorders ranged from small goiters to endemic cretinism. The iodine deficiency control program has been implemented in Serbia since 1951, in so doing, the salt con­centration of iodine (as potassium iodide) has been gradually in­creased and at present it is 20 mg/kg. Just in the mid- 1960s, io­dine prophylaxis led to cessation of new cases of cretinism and large goiters.This survey was undertaken to determine the iodine provision in Serbia. The survey was conducted in accordance with the WHO, UNICEF, and ICCIDD guidelines and it covered 4598 school­children aged 7 to 15 years from the urban and rural areas of 44 municipalities of Central Serbia and Vojvodina. Among all the examinees, the detection rate of the enlarged thyroid was 2.35% (as evidenced by ultrasound study) and the median urinary io­dine concentration was 158 μg/l. The findings suggest that iodine deficiency has been completely eliminated in Serbia due to the ef­fective program of the overall dietary salt iodination.

scholarly journals Accelerating the Provision of Safe Water Supply in Urban and Rural Areas of Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumengen Sutomo ◽  
Salord Sagala ◽  
Bebi Sutomo ◽  
Sri Winarti ◽  
Gelant Sanjaya
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
The Past ◽  
Communication Layer ◽  
Technological Issue ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Low Coverage ◽  
Very High

Over the past 100 years, the provision of a safe water supply to drink in Indonesia has been slowly progressed with low coverage. The majority of the population does not have access to safe water. Morbidity and mortality of water-related diseases, including diarrhea, are very high. The provision of safe water is not a technological issue but good water management that comprises content, institutional, and communication layer. This paper provided information for strategic and operational decisions to accelerate the provision of safe water services in urban and rural areas. Benchmarking good water management with the characteristics of the water supply location is required to improve the health status of the population, mainly the poor urban and rural areas with limited resources, including time and cost.

scholarly journals Measurements of Economic Growth and Development of Various Sized Central Place Areas in Pennsylvania, 1960-70

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 336-347
Author(s):  
R. Gar Forsht ◽  
J. Dean Jansma
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Economic Growth And Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

There has been increasing concern over the past decade about the lack of economic activity in a number of major cities, many intermediate and small sized cities, and a significant number of rural areas within various regions of the United States. This concern about the depressed conditions in these urban and rural areas, relative to the nation, has attracted country-wide attention.

scholarly journals Comparison of the specific mortality rates in town and country districts of Scotland since 1871

1940 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Barclay ◽  
W. O. Kermack ◽  
A. G. McKendrick
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Town

1. An analysis by the “generation mortality” method of the specific mortality rates of the urban and rural areas of Scotland for various calendar periods from 1871 onwards shows that the “diagonal law” previously demonstrated for the population of Scotland as a whole, as well as for certain other European countries, holds for these two subdivisions of the community.2. Reasons are given for the assumption that the normalized “generation mortality coefficients” (α values) may be taken as a rough measure of the “healthiness” of the environmental conditions which obtained during the childhood of the generation to which they refer. This affords a basis for the comparison of the “healthiness” of the environment of town and country at different periods in the past.3. Whereas in the earlier half of the nineteenth century the ratio of the α values of country to town was in the neighbourhood of 0·6, indicating that the health conditions in the country might be said to be almost twice as good as in the towns, in 1931 it had risen to almost unity, showing that by that time the town had almost if not quite made up on the country. During this period both town and country conditions showed remarkable improvements, which are reflected in falls of the respective α (× 1000) values in the country from about 12 and in the town from over 20 in 1841, to a common level of about 4·7 in 1931.4. The essential vagueness of the conception of the “healthiness” of an environment is emphasized. It is consequently necessary not to attach too great importance to the estimate of the date, but the figures given in Table 5 confirm the conclusion that, as regards “healthiness”, between 1930 and 1935 conditions in town and country had become nearly equal.

scholarly journals Difference in PM2.5 Variations between Urban and Rural Areas over Eastern China from 2001 to 2015

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changqing Lin ◽  
Alexis Lau ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Jimmy Fung ◽  
Chengcai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Spatial Difference ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

To more effectively reduce population exposure to PM2.5, control efforts should target densely populated urban areas. In this study, we took advantage of satellite-derived PM2.5 data to assess the difference in PM2.5 variations between urban and rural areas over eastern China during the past three Five-Year Plan (FYP) periods (2001–2015). The results show that urban areas experienced less of a decline in PM2.5 concentration than rural areas did in more than half of the provinces during the 11th FYP period (2006–2010). In contrast, most provinces experienced a greater reduction of PM2.5 concentration in urban areas than in rural areas during the 10th and 12th FYP periods (2001–2005 and 2011–2015, respectively). During the recent 12th FYP period, the rates of decline in PM2.5 concentration in urban areas were more substantial than in rural areas by as much as 1.5 μg·m−3·year−1 in Beijing and 2.0 μg·m−3·year−1 in Tianjin. These results suggest that the spatial difference in PM2.5 change was conducive to a reduction in the population exposure to PM2.5 in most provinces during recent years.

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