Identification of Active Compounds on Muntingia calabura L.Leaves using Different Polarity Solvents

Plant of Muntingia calabura L are often known as “kersen”, "seri or "cherry". Leaves of Muntingia calabura L. contains many benefits but its properties are still little known to the public. It contains secondary metabolites which have many uses. This study was aimed to determine the content of secondary metabolites in this leaf. Leaves extracts were obtained by maceration extraction for 3 times 24 hours using polar, semi-polar and non-polar solvents to determine the solubility of secondary metabolite compounds in each solvent. The solvents used were ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. The leaveswere dissolved a lot in polar solvents, marked by the formation of a dark green color in ethanol-series extracts, the color fades more in semi-polar and non-polar solvents. The three leaves extracts were tested for secondary metabolite contents by phytochemical screening tests. Phytochemical screening was an initial selection stage to detect classes of chemical compounds contained in plant. Phytochemical screening were included alkaloid, terpenoid, steroid, tannin, flavonoidand saponin tests. Based on the results of phytochemical screening tests, the leaf was contained several secondary metabolite compounds, namely flavonoids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols and tannins.

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Metabolit sekunder dari Muntingia calabura dan bioaktivitasnya

ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia ◽

10.20961/alchemy.15.1.23362.57-78 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 57

Author(s):

Devi Anggraini Putri ◽

Sri Fatmawati

Keyword(s):

Natural Products ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Chemical Constituent ◽

Good Source ◽

Pharmacological Aspect ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Muntingia Calabura

Muntingia calabura (Muntingiaceae) merupakan Jamaican cherry yang dikenal di Indonesia sebagai Kersen atau Talok. Metabolit sekunder sebagai konstituen kimia telah diisolasi dari daun, batang dan akar M. calabura. Flavonoid merupakan konstituen utama penyusun metabolit sekunder dari tanaman ini. Kelompok flavonoid telah dilaporkan memiliki efek farmakologi yang baik. Beberapa literatur melaporkan bioaktivitas M. calabura sebagai antioksidan, antidiabetes, antimikroba, antikanker, anti-inflamasi dan lain-lain. Review ini bertujuan memberikan fakta ilmiah terkait sinergitas metabolit sekunder dan bioaktivitas M. calabura yang diperlukan untuk penelitian kimia bahan alam lebih lanjut.The secondary metabolites of Muntingia calabura and its bioactivity. Muntingia calabura (Mutingiaceae) was recognized as Jamaican cherry called as Kersen or Talok in Indonesia. The chemical constituents have been isolated from leave, stem and root of M. calabura. The main chemical constituent of the secondary metabolite is flavonoid. The flavonoid group has been reported as a good source in pharmacological aspect. Most of literatures reported that M. calabura has a good bioactivity as an antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and others. This review aims to provide the scientific evidences related to the synergism of secondary metabolites and the bioactivities of M. calabura for further research on natural products.

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Skrining Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr)

Proceeding of Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences ◽

10.25026/mpc.v10i1.371 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 104-108

Author(s):

Inul Ahmanda Reiza ◽

Laode Rijai ◽

Febrina Mahmudah

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Ananas Comosus ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Negative Results ◽

East Kalimantan ◽

Skin Samples

Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr) is one type of fruit that is in demand by the community, both local and world. Pineapple has a waste part that is skin. Pineapple skin in Indonesia is generally just thrown away as waste, whereas pineapple skin contains chemical compounds that are known to have properties. The purpose of this study was to determine secondary metabolite compounds found in pineapple skin. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. Then the method used is phytochemical analysis. The Positive test of this method is characterized by a change in color. Pineapple skin samples were taken from Samarinda, East Kalimantan. The extract was carried out by maceration of dry samples using 96% ethanol solvent. The results of the pineapple skin extraction are then carried out phytochemical screening tests using certain reagents. Phytochemical screening tested included flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, phenolics, and saponins. Based on the results of phytochemical screening research, positive pineapple skin extracts contain flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins, while negative results contain phenolic compounds, steroids, and triterpenoids.

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Skrining Fitokimia Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Terhadap Ekstrak Tanaman Ranting Patah Tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli L.)

Lumbung Farmasi: Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian ◽

10.31764/lf.v1i1.1208 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 24

Author(s):

Abdul Rahman Wahid ◽

Safwan Safwan

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Data Analysis ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Euphorbia Tirucalli ◽

Analysis Technique ◽

The Family ◽

Garden Plant

ABSTRAKTanaman patah tulang termasuk dalam famili Euphorbiaceae, merupakan jenis tanaman kebun yang tumbuh tegak hingga setinggi 2-6m. Kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder tanaman Euphorbia tirucalli L yaitu flavonid, fenol, saponin, dan tanin Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder dan aktivitas antioksidan daun ranting tanaman patah tulang. Senyawa metabolit sekunder diperoleh dari proses ekstraksi dengan pelarut etanol menggunakan metode maserasi dan partisi. Metode penelitian skrining fitokimia dilakukan dengan uji warna menggunakan berbagai pereaksi. Teknik analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian pada skrining fitokimia diperoleh positif mengandung flavonoid yang ditandai dengan adanya perubahan warna menjadi kuning, tanin dan steroid sedangkan alkaloid, saponin dan triterpenoid negatif. Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa tanaman patah tulang mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yaitu flavonoid, tanin dan steroid. Kata kunci : Pengetahuan; Kepatuhan; Tuberkulosis. ABSTRACTBroken bones plants belong to the family Euphorbiaceae, a type of garden plant that grows up to 2-6m tall. The content of secondary metabolites of Euphorbia tirucalli L plants namely flavonids, phenols, saponins, and tannins This study was conducted to determine the content of secondary metabolite compounds and the antioxidant activity of twig leaves of fractured plants. Secondary metabolites are obtained from the extraction process with ethanol solvent using maceration and partitioning methods. Phytochemical screening research methods are carried out by color testing using various reagents. The data analysis technique was carried out qualitatively. The results of the study on phytochemical screening showed that they positively contained flavonoids which were marked by changes in color to yellow, tannins and steroids while the alkaloids, saponins and triterpenoids were negative. This study can be concluded that fracture plants contain secondary metabolite compounds namely flavonoids, tannins and steroids. Keywords : Knowledge; Compliance; Tuberculosis.

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Comparison of Secondary Metabolite Content of Pteris vittata L. in Baluran National Park and Malang and Its Effect on Environment

el–Hayah ◽

10.18860/elha.v7i1.7240 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Eko Sri Sulasmi ◽

Uun Rohmawati ◽

Achmad Makin Amin

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

National Park ◽

Pteris Vittata ◽

Screening Methods ◽

State University ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Qualitative Test ◽

The Difference ◽

Metabolite Content

Fern is cosmopolitan plants which are almost scattered in all parts of the world, one of which is found in Baluran National Park and in Malang. The potential and benefits of these ferns are quite important for agriculture and medicine because of the chemical compounds they have, especially in Pteris vitatta L. This study aimed to analyze secondary metabolites contained in P. vittata L. in Baluran National Park, Situbondo and in Malang. The samples used were leaves and rhizome P. vittata extracted using methanol 96%, followed by a qualitative test of the content of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, using phytochemical screening methods with several reagents. The results showed that the leaves and Rhizome P. vittata L.. in Baluran National Park, Situbondo were positively containing secondary metabolites of terpenoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids (Dragendorf and Bouchardat reagents), whereas flavonoids were not present in all samples. However, the results of P. vitatta L. phytochemical screening around Malang State University positively contained flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids (Wagner and Dragendorf reagents). The difference in results from these two places is because the secondary metabolite content in plants is affected by stressful environmental conditions such as soil texture where it is grown or is affected by the precursors of the secondary metabolites of the metabolites.

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UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN MANGGA KASTURI (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.)

Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia ◽

10.33759/jrki.v3i3.169 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 162-173

Author(s):

Dwi Lestari ◽

Muthia Dwi MA ◽

Jati Pratiwi ◽

Lidya Handoko Saputri

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Antioxidant Potential ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Activity Test ◽

Ic50 Value ◽

Dpph Method ◽

Ethanol Extracts

Mangga Kasturi (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.) is one of the plants in Indonesia that has potential as an antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to determine the IC50 value and antioxidant potential of the ethanol extract of mangga kasturi leaves (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.). The ethanol extract of mangga kasturi leaves (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.) was extracted using maceration with 96% ethanol as solvent. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazil) method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and vitamin C as a comparison. The results of phytochemical screening tests on ethanol extracts showed positive secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and quinones. Testing the ethanol extract of Mangga Kasturi leaves (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.) with the DPPH method showed that the ethanol extract had an antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 83.61 ppm in the strong category of antioxidant potential.

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ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES OF BLACK BETEL (Piper betle L. var Nigra)

Jurnal Kimia Riset ◽

10.20473/jkr.v3i2.12064 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 131

Author(s):

Junairiah Junairiah ◽

Ni’matuzahroh Ni’matuzahroh ◽

Nabilah Istighfari Zuraidassanaaz ◽

Lilis Sulistyorini

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Piper Betle ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Healing Of Wounds ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extracts

AbstractPiper betle L. var Nigra commonly known as black betel have a potential as drug raw materials. The leave of black betel can be used to resist bleeding so as to accelerate the healing of wounds on the skin, sputum, other uses are for epistaxis, as well as for dialysis, asthma, bronchitis, cough, and high blood pressure. Many uses of black betel leaves make it interesting to learn its metabolites compounds by phytochemical screening. So, this research aimed to isolate and identificate secondary metabolites of Piper betle L. var Nigra. This research used three kind of organic solvents, there were methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. Several screening tests were used to isolate and identificate the phytochemical compound, including screening of alkaloids, terpenoids/steroids, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, and saponins. The results showed that methanol extract of black betel leaves contained of alkaloids, terpenoids/steroid, flavonoids, polyphenols and tannins compounds. The ethyl acetate extract of black betel leaves contained of terpenoids/steroid, flavonoids and tannins compounds. The n-hexane extract of black betel leaves contained of terpenoids/steroid. The methanol extract of Piper betle L. var Nigra contained more secondary metabolites than n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts. Keywords : methanol ; Phytochemical screening ; Piper betle L. var Nigra.

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Genome sequence of Novosphingobium malaysiense strain MUSC 273T, novel alpha-proteobacterium isolated from intertidal soil

Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology ◽

10.36877/pmmb.a0000003 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hooi-Leng Ser ◽

Wai-Fong Yin ◽

Kok-Gan Chan ◽

Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib ◽

Learn-Han Lee

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Genome Sequence ◽

Catalase Activity ◽

Gene Clusters ◽

Rrna Genes ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Genomic Features

Novosphingobium malaysiense strain MUSC 273T is a recently identified Gram-negative, aerobic alpha-proteobacterium. The strain was isolated from intertidal soil with strong catalase activity. The genome sequence comprises 5,027,021 bp, with 50 tRNA and 3 rRNA genes. Further analysis identified presence of secondary metabolite gene clusters within genome of MUSC 273T. Knowledge of the genomic features of the strain may allow further biotechnological exploitation, particularly for production of secondary metabolites as well as production of industrially important enzymes

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A Model-Based Meta-Analysis of Willingness to Participate in Cancer Screening

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18052580 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 2580

Author(s):

Guangchao Charles Feng ◽

Zhiliang Lin ◽

Wanhua Ou ◽

Xianglin Su ◽

Qing Yan

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Health Belief ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Willingness To Participate ◽

Early Screening ◽

The Public ◽

Screening Programs ◽

Belief Model

Although early screening tests are beneficial for the detection and treatment of cancers, many people have failed to participate in screening tests. The present study aims to explore the theoretical underpinning of low participation in screening programs using the method of meta-analytic structural equation modeling. It was found that the health belief model is the most adopted theoretical framework. Moreover, the intended uptake of screening was positively predicted only by cues to action, health literacy, and perceived susceptibility. As a result, a health intention model, including the three significant variables, is proposed. The practical implications of the findings are that health communication campaigns should focus on enlightening and engaging the public through all necessary means to raise awareness and transfer knowledge in relation to screening procedures as well as cancers per se.

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Public and private sectors collective response to combat COVID-19 in Malaysia

Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice ◽

10.1186/s40545-021-00322-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ching Siang Tan ◽

Saim Lokman ◽

Yao Rao ◽

Szu Hua Kok ◽

Long Chiau Ming

Keyword(s):

Insurance Coverage ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Public Healthcare ◽

Private Hospitals ◽

Public And Private ◽

The Public ◽

Private Healthcare ◽

Care Services ◽

Challenges And Opportunities

AbstractOver the last year, the dangerous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly around the world. Malaysia has not been excluded from this COVID-19 pandemic. The resurgence of COVID-19 cases has overwhelmed the public healthcare system and overloaded the healthcare resources. Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia has adopted an Emergency Ordinance (EO) to instruct private hospitals to receive both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients to reduce the strain on public facilities. The treatment of COVID-19 patients at private hospitals could help to boost the bed and critical care occupancy. However, with the absence of insurance coverage because COVID-19 is categorised as pandemic-related diseases, there are some challenges and opportunities posed by the treatment fees management. Another major issue in the collaboration between public and private hospitals is the willingness of private medical consultants to participate in the management of COVID-19 patients, because medical consultants in private hospitals in Malaysia are not hospital employees, but what are termed “private contractors” who provide patient care services to the hospitals. Other collaborative measures with private healthcare providers, e.g. tele-conferencing by private medical clinics to monitor COVID-19 patients and the rollout of national vaccination programme. The public and private healthcare partnership must be enhanced, and continue to find effective ways to collaborate further to combat the pandemic. The MOH, private healthcare sectors and insurance providers need to have a synergistic COVID-19 treatment plans to ensure public as well as insurance policy holders have equal opportunities for COVID-19 screening tests, vaccinations and treatment.

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Regio- and stereoselective intermolecular phenol coupling enzymes in secondary metabolite biosynthesis

Natural Product Reports ◽

10.1039/d0np00010h ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wolfgang Hüttel ◽

Michael Müller

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Cyp Enzymes ◽

Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis

Phenol coupling enzymes, especially laccases and CYP-enzymes create an enormous diversity of biarylic secondary metabolites in fungi, plants, and bacteria. The enzymes and the elucidation of the corresponding metabolic pathways are presented.

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