scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES IN DIESEL ENGINES

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Sergey Aleksandrovich Kargin ◽  
Alexander Fedorovich Dorokhov ◽  
Nikolay Frolovich Popov
Keyword(s):  
Internal Energy ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Thermodynamic System ◽  
Mathematical Form ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Economic Indices ◽  
External Forces ◽  
High Level ◽  
Fuel Evaporation

The article analyzes the first law of thermodynamics in terms of the classical law of energy conservation for thermodynamic systems formulated by J. R. Mayer, J. P. Joule and L. Helmholtz, as applied to contemporary piston engines with compression mixture in diesels. The prevailing factor in the system functioning (diesel engine) is the internal energy of a working mixture, rather than the heat input, as it was in the classical treatment of the first thermodynamic law. That is why, the wording of the law should be usefully changed from “heat delivered to the thermodynamic system is used for changing its internal energy and doing work against external forces” to “internal energy of a thermodynamic system determines the amount of heat given off inside the system and amount of work against external forces”. The mathematical form of the law and graphical interpretation of the theoretical thermodynamic Trinkler-Sabathe cycle are modified, accordingly. It has been stated that in practice the achievement of high technical and economic indices is provided by increasing the quality of working mixture: complete fuel evaporation in hot and moving medium, air/fuel ratio in the mixture in line with adopted standards of air/fuel proportion, high level of mixture homogeneity. The initial index to ensure highly efficient operation for reciprocating internal-combustion engines will be the internal energy of the working mixture which will determine the amount of heat emitted in the cylinder during mixture combustion and the amount of completed work against external forces.

The first principle of thermodynamics as applied to the analysis of processes in piston engines

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
A.F. Dorohov ◽  
P.A. Dorohov
Keyword(s):  
Internal Energy ◽  
First Principle ◽  
Working Process ◽  
The Real ◽  
First Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
The Law ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Graphic Interpretation

The discrepancy between the classical interpretation of the first law of thermodynamics and the real working process in piston ICEs is considered. A new representation of the law and its graphic interpretation are proposed. Keywords thermodynamics, first principle, internal energy, heat, work against external forces. [email protected]

“Farewell to Unjustified Enrichment?” – A Common Law Response

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-337
Author(s):  
Steve Hedley
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
German Law ◽  
Unjust Enrichment ◽  
Level Of Abstraction ◽  
The Law ◽  
Unjustified Enrichment ◽  
High Level ◽  
Logical Process

In this article, Professor Steve Hedley offers a Common Law response to he recently published arguments of Professor Nils Jansen on the German law of unjustified enrichment (as to which, see Jansen, “Farewell to Unjustified Enrichment” (2016) 20 EdinLR 123). The author takes the view that Jansen's paper provided a welcome opportunity to reconsider not merely what unjust enrichment can logically be, but what it is for. He argues that unjust enrichment talk contributes little of value, and that the supposedly logical process of stating it at a high level of abstraction, and then seeking to deduce the law from that abstraction, merely distracts lawyers from the equities of the cases they consider.

INFLUENCE OF HIGH-PROTEIN FEED ADDITIVE ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE MEAT BULL-CALVES

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (3) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Батырхан Абилов ◽  
Batyrkhan Abilov ◽  
Лариса Пашкова ◽  
Larisa Pashkova
Keyword(s):  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Agricultural Enterprise ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Economic Indices ◽  
High Level

The article presents the data obtained as a result of carrying by employees of the Research Institute of sheep and goat breeding, a branch of the FSBSI "North Caucasus FARC", the scientific and economic experience to study the efficiency of a new fodder additive "Organic" on the productive and physiological indices of bull-calves during the completion of growing in the conditions of the farm "Pata" agricultural enterprise in the Karachay-Cherkessia Republic. The statement of the experience and all researches were carried out according to generally accepted methods. In the course of the experiment, the following indices were studied: the chemical compound of forages, the dynamics of a live weight gain in the experimental stock, hematological parameters, control slaughter data, economic indices. Completed researches have shown positive result from the use of the fodder additive "Organic" in bull-calves diets: an increase in the average daily gain of live weight by 25%, a slaughter yield by 1% and a high level of profitability – 27%. Thus, the additional introduction of "Organic" in a diet of young horned cattle in the 2nd experimental group promoted more intensive metabolism, stabilization of a physiological state, increase in productivity and, as a consequence, profitability of beef production. Researches in this direction reveal the latent fodder reserves promoting increase in the productivity of agricultural animals.

Financial State of Utilities and Ways to Improve It

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Valentyna Glukhova ◽  
◽  
Kristina Kravchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Regulation ◽  
Public Utilities ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Utility Companies ◽  
High Level

Annotation. Introduction. One of the key tasks of the formation of a socially oriented economy is to ensure a high level and quality of life of the population, which implies the satisfaction of the most necessary needs of citizens in comfortable housing, energy, sanitary and technical, transport services, etc. Satisfaction of the above needs is possible only under the condition of the efficient and uninterrupted functioning of utilities, since the main task of the utilities is to provide the population with heat, water, gas, electricity and other services on which the comfort of housing, the state of human health, the constant mode of operation of enterprises, improvement districts, ecological state of settlements. The efficient operation of enterprises of communal ownership largely depends on their financial condition. Therefore, the study of the development and financial support of public utilities, the effectiveness of their activities is relevant, especially in the context of decentralization. Now, the problems of public utilities require much attention, among which their financial condition is significant. Purpose. The purpose of the work is to analyze and study the financial condition of utilities and develop proposals for its improvement. Results. The article considers, analyzes and compares such indicators of the financial condition of utility companies in some cities of Ukraine as: financial results, depreciation of fixed assets, return on assets, absolute liquidity ratio. Factors influencing the financial results of utilities have been identified. The main ways to improve the financial condition of utilities have been identified. Conclusions. According to the results of the analysis of their financial condition, the prevailing loss, high level of depreciation of fixed assets and low capital productivity of most enterprises in this industry have been determined. The reasons for this situation are the lack of effective directions of financial policy in this area, the imperfection of the regulatory framework and miscalculations in the management of financial resources. The current state of this industry gives grounds to talk about the need to improve the effectiveness of its state regulation in order to solve the basic problems of its socio-economic development.

STUDI KRITIS JUAL BELI DEKORASI UANG MASKAWIN

Al-MAJAALIS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arifin Badri
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Business Opportunities ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level

This study aims to examine the laws of dowry money decoration that are common in the community. The innovation and soul of art that is channeled through décor of dowry money is proven to produce beautiful and unique works, so as to attract the attention and interest of the wider community. However, because to produce beautiful and unique works, a high level of creativity is needed, so not everyone can do it. On the one hand, this phenomenon opens up quite good business opportunities, but on the other hand, it should be watched out, because in some conditions it contains the practice of buying and selling currencies with nominal differences. Through this study, I would like to uncover the law of buying and selling practices decorating dowry money and decorating services. As I also intend to present an applicative solution for the community so that they can still channel their artistic talents without violating Shari’ah law.

scholarly journals Regulation and organization of convicts’ work in places of deprivation of liberty: some challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
Elena Shamshilova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Correctional Institutions ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Compliance With The Law ◽  
High Level

The article is devoted to the process of convicts attracting to work as a means of their correction. The main goals of convicts’ employment are outlined, as well as the problems of regulatory control of this process. The data of the Prosecutor’s office on compliance with the law in correctional institutions in the sphere of attracting convicts to work are analyzed. The study of legislation in the field of convicts’ employment revealed fragmentary regulation of this process, which is explained by the consolidation of norms on attracting this category of persons to work in both the Penal and Labor Codes of the Russian Federation. Taking into account the fact that the basis for regulating issues in the sphere of execution of punishments is the Penal Code of the Russian Federation. The author concludes that it is necessary to make changes to the Penal legislation of Russia in the part concerning the organization of convicts attracting to work, as well as by adding rules on their dismissal. In addition, such problems in the sphere of employment of convicts as the lack of jobs, which entails a high level of non-working convicts, and the organization of remuneration that does not correspond to the stated in the labor legislation, were considered. Possible ways to solve these problems are suggested.

A comprehensive evaluation of water injection in the diesel engine

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110442
Author(s):  
Sebastian Welscher ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Moradi ◽  
Antonino Vacca ◽  
Peter Bloch ◽  
Michael Grill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Pressure Trace ◽  
High Level

Due to increasing climate awareness and the introduction of much stricter exhaust emission legislation the internal combustion engine technology faces major challenges. Although the development and state of technology of internal combustion engines generally reached a very high level over the last years those need to be improved even more. Combining water injection with a diesel engine, therefore, seems to be the next logical step in developing a highly efficient drive train for future mobility. To investigate these potentials, a comprehensive evaluation of water injection on the diesel engine was carried out. This study covers >560 individual operating points on the test bench. The tests were carried out on a single-cylinder derived from a Euro 6d four-cylinder passenger car with the port water injection. Furthermore, a detailed pressure trace analysis (PTA) was performed to evaluate various aspects regarding combustion, emission, etc. The results show no significant effects of water injection on the combustion process, but great potential for NOx reduction. It has been shown that with the use of water injection at water-to-fuel rates of 25%, 50%, and 100%, NOx reduction without deterioration of soot levels can be achieved in 62%, 40%, and 20% of the experiments, respectively. Furthermore, water injection in combination with EGR offers additional reduction in NOx emissions.

Design and Experimental Results of Small-Scale Rotary Engines

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelvin Fu ◽  
Aaron J. Knobloch ◽  
Fabian C. Martinez ◽  
David C. Walther ◽  
Carlos Fernandez-Pello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Microelectromechanical Systems ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Rotary Engine ◽  
Rotary Engines

Abstract A research project is currently underway to develop small-scale internal combustion engines fueled by liquid hydrocarbons. The ultimate goal of the MEMS Rotary Internal Combustion Engine Project is to develop a liquid hydrocarbon fueled MEMS-size rotary internal combustion micro-engine capable of delivering power on the order of milli-watts. This research is part of a larger effort to develop a portable, autonomous power generation system with an order of magnitude improvement in energy density over alkaline or lithium-ion batteries. The rotary (Wankel-type) engine is well suited for the fabrication techniques developed in the integrated chip (IC) community and refined by the MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) field. Features of the rotary engine that lend itself to MEMS fabrication are its planar construction, high specific power, and self-valving operation. The project aims at developing a “micro-rotary” engine with an epitrochoidal-shaped housing under 1 mm3 in size and with a rotor swept volume of 0.08 mm3. To investigate engine behavior and design issues, larger-scale “mini-rotary” engines have been fabricated from steel. Mini-rotary engine chambers are approximately 1000 mm3 to 1700 mm3 in size and their displacements range from 78 mm3 to 348 mm3. A test bench for the mini-rotary engine has been developed and experiments have been conducted with gaseous-fueled mini-rotary engines to examine the effects of sealing, ignition, design, and thermal management on efficiency. Preliminary testing has shown net power output of up to 2.7 W at 9300 RPM. Testing has been performed using hydrogen-air mixtures and a range of spark and glow plug designs as the ignition source. Iterative design and testing of the mini-engine has lead to improved sealing designs. These particular designs are such that they can be incorporated into the fabrication of the micro-engine. Design and fabrication of a first generation meso-scale rotary engine has been completed using a SiC molding process developed at Case Western Reserve University. The fabrication of the micro-rotary engine is being conducted in U.C. Berkeley’s Microfabrication Laboratory. Testing of the mini-engine has lead to the conclusion that there are no fundamental phenomena that would prevent the operation of the micro-engine. However, heat loss and sealing issues are key for efficient operation of the micro-engine, and they must be taken into account in the design and fabrication of the micro-rotary engine. The mini-rotary engine design, testing, results and applications will be discussed in this paper.

Practical Experience on Optimization of Combustion With Expert Systems From 12 WTE Plants in Europe and China

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asger Danielsen
Keyword(s):  
Process Optimization ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Plant Operator ◽  
Optimal Efficiency ◽  
High Level ◽  
Investment Process

Process optimization of Waste to Energy plants (WtE plants) is of particular interest because control performance is crucial for the profitability of the overall operation of the plant. WtE plants represent very large investments and an optimal efficiency in operation is crucial for the return of the investment. Process optimization including optimal control of the abnormal operating situations when the waste quality is out of the normal range is thus very attractive in order to increase the profitability and efficiency of the waste incineration operations. This presentation will describe how high-level control based on expert system can be used in a practical and convenient way to provide a more efficient operation of a WtE plant and provide a capacity increase of 3–6% or more and thereby be a very attractive investment for an existing or new WtE plant operator.

scholarly journals Karl Mannheim on Fascism: Sociological Lessons About Populism and Democracy Today?

2021 ◽  
pp. 136078042110420
Author(s):  
Martyn Hammersley
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Economic Planning ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Karl Mannheim ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Pathological Development ◽  
Liberal Democratic Society ◽  
External Forces ◽  
High Level

The parallels and differences between current forms of populism and early 20th-century fascism have been the focus for much discussion. This article examines the relevance today of Karl Mannheim’s analysis of fascism and of its relationship to democracy in the 1930s. He argued that the threat of fascism arose from the very nature of liberal democratic society, rather than being a product of external forces. He claimed that liberal democracy is transitional, rather than stable in character, and that the new emerging form of governance that was required to replace it shared a key component with fascism: a high level of social and economic planning. At the same time, he insisted that, as a pathological development, fascism served to illustrate the disastrous consequences that a failure to engage realistically with the process of societal development can have for upholding Western civilisational ideals. This article explores Mannheim’s arguments against the background of current thinking about populism and ‘post-democracy’.

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