scholarly journals PROBLEMS AND WAYS TO REDUCE ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON WATERS OF THE WORLD OCEAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Zarema Mikhailovna Arabova ◽  
Mikhail Shugeevich Arabov ◽  
Evgeny Mikhailovich Prochorov ◽  
Peyvand Ahmad Saadati
Keyword(s):  
Ballast Water ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
Oxygen Balance ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metal ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The North ◽  
The World

The article touches upon the current problems of pollution of the oceans. The significant role of the ecosystem, fauna and flora of the World Ocean in the formation of climate on the planet are noted. The oceans, as a powerful regulator of climate and weather, plays an extremely important role in the development of life on Earth, controls oxygen balance, provides food, biological and mineral resources, etc. One of the global tasks that humanity needs to solve is the reduction (prevention) of negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Especially detrimental to the ecology of the oceans are drilling works, production and transportation of liquid hydrocarbons by tankers, because in the process of work there takes place the water surface pollution producing a thin oil film. With sewage waters from the industrial enterprises a huge amount of toxic heavy metal compounds enter the World Ocean. The source of pollution is the ballast water from vessels, which serve to ensure the balance and stability of the vessels. At present, man has already faced such problems as the greenhouse effect, warming trend on Earth, melting of ice at the North Pole and South Pole, rising sea levels above 3 m, reducing biological productivity of the World Ocean, etc. The invasion of alien organisms, including pathogenic ones for the ecosystem and humans, is considered in detail. The standards of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for ballast discharged water have been given. Existing methods of ballast water treatment are described in accordance with the requirements of the International Convention on control and management of ships' ballast water and sediments 2004. The possible ways of combating pollution of ocean waters are proposed as an important element for protection of the ecosystem of the World Ocean.

Danian Mollusks from the Prince Creek Formation, Northern Alaska, and Implications for Arctic Ocean Paleogeography

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (S35) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louie Marincovich
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Ocean Basin ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Molluscan Fauna ◽  
Endemic Genera ◽  
Northern Alaska

The marine molluscan fauna of the Prince Creek Formation near Ocean Point, northern Alaska, is of Danian age. It is the only diverse and abundant Danian molluscan fauna known from the Arctic Ocean realm, and is the first evidence for an indigenous Paleocene shallow-water biota within a discrete Arctic Ocean Basin faunal province.A high percentage of endemic species, and two endemic genera, emphasize the degree to which the Arctic Ocean was geographically isolated from the world ocean during the earliest Tertiary. Many of the well-preserved Ocean Point mollusks, however, also occur in Danian faunas of the North American Western Interior, the Canadian Arctic Islands, Svalbard, and northwestern Europe, and are the basis for relating this Arctic Ocean fauna to that of the Danian world ocean.The Arctic Ocean was a Danian refugium for some genera that became extinct elsewhere during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. At the same time, this nearly landlocked ocean fostered the evolution of new taxa that later in the Paleogene migrated into the world ocean by way of the northeastern Atlantic. The first Cenozoic occurrences are reported for the bivalves Integricardium (Integricardium), Oxytoma (Hypoxytoma), Placunopsis, Tancredia (Tancredia), and Tellinimera, and the oldest Cenozoic records given for the bivalves Gari (Garum), Neilo, and Yoldia (Cnesterium). Among the 25 species in the molluscan fauna are four new gastropod species, Amauropsis fetteri, Ellipsoscapha sohli, Mathilda (Fimbriatella) amundseni, and Polinices (Euspira) repenningi, two new bivalve genera, Arcticlam and Mytilon, and 15 new bivalve species, Arcticlam nanseni, Corbula (Caryocorbula) betsyae, Crenella kannoi, Cyrtodaria katieae, Gari (Garum) brouwersae, Integricardium (Integricardium) keenae, Mytilon theresae, Neilo gryci, Nucula (Nucula) micheleae, Nuculana (Jupiteria) moriyai, Oxytoma (Hypoxytoma) hargrovei, Placunopsis rothi, Tancredia (Tancredia) slavichi, Tellinimera kauffmani, and Yoldia (Cnesterium) gladenkovi.

scholarly journals A global algorithm for estimating Absolute Salinity

Ocean Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1123-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. McDougall ◽  
D. R. Jackett ◽  
F. J. Millero ◽  
R. Pawlowicz ◽  
P. M. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
The North ◽  
Salinity Anomaly ◽  
The World ◽  
Standard Composition ◽  
The Absolute

Abstract. The International Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater – 2010 has defined the thermodynamic properties of seawater in terms of a new salinity variable, Absolute Salinity, which takes into account the spatial variation of the composition of seawater. Absolute Salinity more accurately reflects the effects of the dissolved material in seawater on the thermodynamic properties (particularly density) than does Practical Salinity. When a seawater sample has standard composition (i.e. the ratios of the constituents of sea salt are the same as those of surface water of the North Atlantic), Practical Salinity can be used to accurately evaluate the thermodynamic properties of seawater. When seawater is not of standard composition, Practical Salinity alone is not sufficient and the Absolute Salinity Anomaly needs to be estimated; this anomaly is as large as 0.025 g kg−1 in the northernmost North Pacific. Here we provide an algorithm for estimating Absolute Salinity Anomaly for any location (x, y, p) in the world ocean. To develop this algorithm, we used the Absolute Salinity Anomaly that is found by comparing the density calculated from Practical Salinity to the density measured in the laboratory. These estimates of Absolute Salinity Anomaly however are limited to the number of available observations (namely 811). In order to provide a practical method that can be used at any location in the world ocean, we take advantage of approximate relationships between Absolute Salinity Anomaly and silicate concentrations (which are available globally).

scholarly journals The Phenomenon Of Emiliania Huxleyi In Aspects Of Global Climate And The Ecology Of The World Ocean

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-62
Author(s):  
Dmitry V. Pozdnyakov ◽  
Natalia V. Gnatiuk ◽  
Richard Davy ◽  
Leonid P. Bobylev
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Carbon Cycles ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
Ocean Carbon

Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) evolved from the genus Gephyrocapsa Kamptner (Prymneosiophyceae) of the coccolithophore family Naёlaerhadaceae. Over the past 100 thousand years E. huxleyi has acquired the status of the most ecologically predominant coccolithophore due to its remarkable adaptability to a variety of environmental conditions and interspecific competitiveness. E. huxleyi plays an important role in both the marine carbon system and carbon cycling between the atmosphere and ocean due to its ability to produce organic and inorganic carbon as well as to form massive blooms throughout the world ocean. This study examines both older information and recent findings to shed light on the current tendencies in the two-way interactions between E. huxleyi blooms and the immediate and global environment under conditions of climate change. The assembled knowledge has emerged from laboratory and mesocosm instrumental investigations, retrievals of satellite remote sensing data, machine learning/statistical analyses, and numerical simulations. Special attention is given to both the quantitative data reported over the last two decades on such interactions, and the only very recently appearing mid-term projections of E. huxleyi bloom dynamics across the world ocean. These blooms strongly affect the atmosphere and ocean carbon cycles. They reduce CO2 fluxes from by ~50% to ~150% as is documented for the North Atlantic, and on the global scale release particulate inorganic carbon as calcium calcite in the amounts assessed at 0.4 to 4.8 PgC/yr. At the same time, they are also sensitive to the atmospheric and oceanic state. This results in E. huxleyi blooms having an increased impact on the environment in response to ongoing global warming.

8 The ten largest Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas in 229 order of population sized 1991 9.9 Extreme percentage values of population change—people over 230 65, unemployed, Black and Hispanic 9.10 A comparison of the largest urban agglomerations in six parts 231 of the world 10.1 Mineral resources of the USA, Canada and Australia in 236 percentages of the world total 10.2 Demographic profiles of selected countries 237 10.3 Calendar for Canada, Australia and New Zealand 240 10.4 Wheat yields 240 10.5 Area and population of the provinces of Canada, the states of 242 Australia, and New Zealand 10.6 The direction of Australian foreign trade, 1951 and 1990 243 11.1 Latin American calendar from 1492 to the present 250 11.2 Demographic features of the twenty-three largest Latin 253 American countries 11.3 Economic and social aspects of the twenty-three largest Latin 254 American countries 11.4 Demographic and social data for the states of Mexico, 1990 265 11.5 Data set for the states of Brazil and the macro-regions 273 11.6 Forest and woodland in northern and central South America 275 11.7 Population in millions in the North region of Brazil in relation 278 to the total population of Brazil, 1872–2000

2003 ◽  
pp. 668-668
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Demographic Profiles ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Central South

scholarly journals Diapycnal dissolved organic matter supply into the upper Peruvian oxycline

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 2033-2047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra N. Loginova ◽  
Sören Thomsen ◽  
Marcus Dengler ◽  
Jan Lüdke ◽  
Anja Engel
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Upwelling System ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
O2 Supply

Abstract. The eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP) hosts the Peruvian upwelling system, which represents one of the most productive areas in the world ocean. High primary production followed by rapid heterotrophic utilization of organic matter supports the formation of one of the most intense oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the world ocean, where dissolved oxygen (O2) concentrations reach less than 1 µmol kg−1. The high productivity leads to an accumulation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the surface layers that may serve as a substrate for heterotrophic respiration. However, the importance of DOM utilization for O2 respiration in the Peruvian upwelling system in general and for shaping the upper oxycline in particular remains unclear so far. This study reports the first estimates of diapycnal fluxes and supply of O2, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen, dissolved hydrolysable amino acids (DHAA) and dissolved combined carbohydrates (DCCHO) for the ETSP off Peru. Diapycnal flux and supply estimates were obtained by combining measured vertical diffusivities and solute concentration gradients. They were analysed together with the molecular composition of DCCHO and DHAA to infer the transport of labile DOM into the upper OMZ and the potential role of DOM utilization for the attenuation of the diapycnal O2 flux that ventilates the OMZ. The observed diapycnal O2 flux (50 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 at maximum) was limited to the upper 80 m of the water column; the O2 supply of ∼1 µmol kg−1 d−1 was comparable to previously published O2 consumption rates for the North and South Pacific OMZs. The diapycnal DOM flux (31 mmol C m−2 d−1 at maximum) was limited to ∼30 m water depth, suggesting that the labile DOM is extensively consumed within the upper part of the shallow oxycline off Peru. The analyses of DCCHO and DHAA composition support this finding, suggesting that DOM undergoes comprehensive remineralization within the upper part of the oxycline, as the DOM within the core of the OMZ was found to be largely altered. Estimated by a simple equation for carbon combustion, aerobic respiration of DCCHO and DHAA, supplied by diapycnal mixing (0.46 µmol kg−1 d−1 at maximum), could account for up to 38 % of the diapycnal O2 supply in the upper oxycline, which suggests that DOM utilization plays a significant role for shaping the upper oxycline in the ETSP.

To the projects and challenges of domestic hydrophysical study of the global ocean’s polar regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-26
Author(s):  
V. G. Neiman
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
North Atlantic Current ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
The World

One of the climatically significant, but the poor studied hydrophysical factor in the polar regions of the world ocean is the subsurface layer of relatively warm seawater of subtropical origin. In the Arctic Ocean, this layer is associated with the waters of the Gulfstream, the highlatitude continuation of which in the form of a spur of the North Atlantic current penetrates into the Arctic basin, where it sinks to the depth of its density and spreads throughout its vast space in the layer of 100–900 m. The existence of a subsurface layer with an anomalous inversion vertical profile of water temperature also occurs in the Southern ocean. The article discusses the problem of monitoring the dynamics of this layer and obtaining data from a field experiment on its interaction with the atmosphere in the context of the to-day climate change of the Arctic and Antarctic. There is a reason to hope that the planned development of modern Russian scientific research in the polar regions of the world ocean will help to solve this important climatic problem. The paper presents some key results of this kind of domestic oceanological studies of the mid-twentieth century, which made a significant contribution to the theory and experiment related to the dynamics of the Southern ocean.

SCENARIOS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESSES IN THE PROCESSING INDUSTRY OF STAVROPOL REGION

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
N. V. VOROBYEVA ◽  
◽  
D. O. GRACHEVA ◽  
N. N. TELNOVA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
High Share

The North Caucasian Federal District lags behind other administrative-territorial units of the country in the development of small businesses (low population density, the smallest territory, lack of access to the world ocean), as evidenced by the studied indicators, but it has regions with attractive market segments based on resources and specifics of local markets. In particular, in the Stavropol Territory, the top three industries include the manufacturing industry with a high share of trade turnover (2018% in 48,1). In this regard, this paper proposes three scenarios for the development of small business in the manufacturing industry: inertial, moderately optimistic and accelerated.

scholarly journals Ship Ballast Water Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 110-117
Author(s):  
Yuriy Dachev ◽  
Miroslav Tsvetkov ◽  
Valentin Zlatev
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Management

Ships use ballast water to ensure their buoyancy and stability. A significant amount of them is transported in various water basins of the World Ocean. Thus, together with ballast water, many microorganisms, phytoplankton and zooplankton are transported. The constant increase in the number of ships in the World Merchant Navy increases the risk of the spread of these invasive species in the local aquatic environment. This led to the decision of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to legalize the control and treatment of ships' ballast water in order to minimize the risks of the spread of these invasive species.. Their transfer through ballast water to a new water environment is estimated as one of the 4 largest treats for the World Ocean. The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ballast Water and Sediments plays an essential role in the control of ballasting and de-ballasting processes. It regulates the D-1 and D-2 standards, as well as various ballast water treatment systems. Improving the possibility of subsequent change in the application of invasive species, the only way to solve this problem, is to fully prepare for ballast water and to develop alternative methods to ensure the buoyancy and resilience of ships.

scholarly journals Diapycnal dissolved organic matter supply into the upper Peruvian oxycline

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra N. Loginova ◽  
Sören Thomsen ◽  
Marcus Dengler ◽  
Jan Lüdke ◽  
Anja Engel
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
The Core ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
O2 Supply

Abstract. The Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP) hosts the Peruvian upwelling system, which represents one of the most productive areas in the world ocean. High primary production followed by rapid heterotrophic utilization of organic matter supports the formation of one of the most intense oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) in the world ocean where dissolved oxygen (O2) concentrations reach well below 1 µmol kg−1. The high productivity leads to an accumulation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the surface layers that may serve as a substrate for heterotrophic respiration. However, the importance of DOM utilization for O2 respiration within the Peruvian OMZ remains unclear so far. Here, we evaluate the diapycnal fluxes of O2, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen, dissolved hydrolysable amino acids (DHAA) and dissolved combined carbohydrates (DCCHO) and the composition of DOM in the ETSP off Peru to learn, whether labile DOM is reaching into the core of the OMZ and how important DOM utilization might be for O2 attenuation. The observed diapycnal 2 flux (50 mmol O2 m−2 day−1 at max) was limited to the upper 80 m of the water column, the flux attenuation of ~1 µmol L−1day−1, was comparable to previously published O2 consumption rates for the North and South Pacific OMZs. The diapycnal DOM flux (31 mmol C m−2 day−1 at max) was limited to ~30 m water depth, suggesting that the labile DOM is already utilized within the upper part of the shallow oxycline off Peru. The analyses of DCCHO and DHAA composition support this finding, suggesting that DOM undergoes comprehensive remineralization already within the upper part of the oxycline, as the DOM within the core of the OMZ was found to be largely altered. Estimated by a simple equation for carbon combustion, aerobic respiration of DCCHO and DHAA, supplied by diapycnal mixing (0.46 µmol L−1 day−1 at max), could account for up to 38 % of the diapycnal O2 supply in the upper oxycline, which suggests that DOM utilization may play a significant role for shape of the upper Peruvian oxycline.

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