THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF EMOTIONS AND AXIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS IN SLAVONIC PROVERBS AND IDIOMS: FROM CONSCIENCE TO ENVY

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (29) ◽  
pp. 248-271
Author(s):  
Oleh Tyshchenko
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
English Text ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Cultural Concepts ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Psychic Disorders ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Better Than

The presented research reveals imagery-metaphoric and phraseological objectivities of the conceptual spheres Soul, Consciousness, Envy, Jealousy and Greed in Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, Czech and Slovak languages and conceptual picture of the world (first of all in proverbs and sayings, idioms, imagery means of secondary nomination both in standard language and its regional or dialectal variants) according to the indication of holistic characteristic and semantic intersection of these concepts. It describes the spheres of their typological coincidence and differences from the point of imagery motivation. It defines the symbolic functions of these ethno cultural concepts (object sphere) with respect to the specificity of manifestation of Envy in archaic texts, believes, in the language of traditional folk culture and archaic expressions with religious sense that reach Christian ideology, ideas of moral purity and dirt, Body and Soul. It has been defined the collocations with the components envy and jealousy in some thesauri and dictionaries in terms of the specificity of interlingual equivalence and expressions of envy and similar negative emotions and their functioning in the Ukrainian and English text corpora. The analysis demonstrated that practically in all compared languages and linguistic cultures Envy is associated with greed and jealousy, psychic disorders with a corresponding complex of feelings, expressed by metaphoric predicates of destruction and remorse that encode the moral and legal aspect of conscience (conscience is a judge, witness and executioner). Metaphor of Envy containing nominations of colours differ in the Slavonic and Germanic languages whereas those denoting spatial, gustatory, odour, acoustic and parametrical meaning are similar. Many imagery contexts of Envy correlate with such conceptual oppositions as richness and poverty, light and darkness; success is associated with the frames “foreign is better than domestic” where Envy encodes the meaning of encroachment upon another's property, “envy is better than sympathy”, “envy dominates where there are richness, success, welfare, happiness” which confirms the ideas of representatives in the field of psychoanalysis, cultural anthropology and sociology. In some languages the motives of black magic, evil eye (in Polish, Ukrainian and Russian) are rooted in the sphere of folk believes and invocations, as well as cultural anthroponyms.

scholarly journals Cultural concept in cognitive dimension

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-93
Author(s):  
Elena Mikhailovna Severina
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Digital Text ◽  
Cultural Concepts ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Specific Culture ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
Ordinary Consciousness

This article reviews the methodological principles of studying cultural concepts in the context of cognitive approach, possibilities for conducting reconstruction of certain fragments of linguistic worldview based on the material of digital text corpora. Leaning on the cognitive approach towards concept as a unit of structured and unstructured knowledge that forms cognition of a separate individual and culture as a whole, results of conceptual research of the texts of philosophers who view culture as symbolic creativity of a person associated with freedom (concepts of I. Kant, E. Cassirer, N. A. Berdyaev), the authors conducted reconstruction of certain fragments of the linguistic worldview and ordinary consciousness, correlated with the concept of “culture” in digital text corpora in the Russian and Anglo-Saxon cultures. Examination of the contexts of usage of verbal representations of the concept of “culture” in the digital text corpora of Russian language and different varieties of English language demonstrates that the crucial ideological values of Anglo-Saxon linguistic worldview are the following representations: culture is of instrumental nature; civilization is considered as the path development of humanity; freedom is viewed as an intrinsic right to freedom that should be protected, i.e. initial and inherent to a human. In the Russian-language texts, culture implies the value-based attitude towards world, mostly associated with the national culture; civilization is viewed in the context of a value-based attitude towards world, but as the path of development of humanity as a whole; freedom has value-based individual, personalistic connotation, supposed to be full, absolute, which is often understood as the liberty of action and choice. It is underlines that utilization of corpus methods allows reconstructing the techniques of formation of worldview, choice of value priorities, mechanisms of perception of surrounding reality in a specific culture from contexts of practical usage of the verbal manifestations of cultural concepts.

scholarly journals Constructing Semantic Models From Words, Images, and Emojis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armand Stefan Rotaru ◽  
Gabriella Vigliocco
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Visual Model ◽  
Semantic Data ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Better Than

A number of recent models of semantics combine linguistic information, derived from text corpora, and visual information, derived from image collections, demonstrating that the resulting multimodal models are better than either of their unimodal counterparts, in accounting for behavioural data. Empirical work on semantic processing has shown that emotion also plays an important role especially for abstract concepts, however, models integrating emotion along with linguistic and visual information are lacking. Here, we first improve on visual and affective representations, derived from state-of-the-art existing models, by choosing models that best fit available human semantic data and extending the number of concepts they cover. Crucially then, we assess whether adding affective representations (obtained from a neural network model designed to predict emojis from co-occurring text) improves the model’s ability to fit semantic similarity/relatedness judgements from a purely linguistic and linguistic-visual model. We find that, given specific weights assigned to the models, adding both visual and affective representations improve performance, with visual representations providing an improvement especially for more concrete words, and affective representations improving especially the fit for more abstract words.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jan Terje Faarlund
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Original Research ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Descriptive Framework ◽  
Germanic Languages

The chapter has three parts. The first part is an introduction to the Mainland Scandinavian languages, with a brief sketch of their history, their relationship to the other Scandinavian languages, and their position among the North Germanic languages. Mainland Scandinavian is treated as one language, since it consists of a continuum of mutually intelligible dialects across Scandinavia. The second part is a presentation of the sources and the origin of the examples used in the book. They are taken from various sources, reference grammars, research literature, the internet, text corpora, and original research. The third part is a presentation of the theoretical background and the descriptive framework, which is generative grammar in its current version, known as ‘minimalism’.

scholarly journals A Girl Has No Name: Automated Authorship Obfuscation using Mutant-X

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-71
Author(s):  
Asad Mahmood ◽  
Faizan Ahmad ◽  
Zubair Shafiq ◽  
Padmini Srinivasan ◽  
Fareed Zaffar
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fitness Function ◽  
Random Search ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Authorship Attribution ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Semantic Relevance ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Stylometric authorship attribution aims to identify an anonymous or disputed document’s author by examining its writing style. The development of powerful machine learning based stylometric authorship attribution methods presents a serious privacy threat for individuals such as journalists and activists who wish to publish anonymously. Researchers have proposed several authorship obfuscation approaches that try to make appropriate changes (e.g. word/phrase replacements) to evade attribution while preserving semantics. Unfortunately, existing authorship obfuscation approaches are lacking because they either require some manual effort, require significant training data, or do not work for long documents. To address these limitations, we propose a genetic algorithm based random search framework called Mutant-X which can automatically obfuscate text to successfully evade attribution while keeping the semantics of the obfuscated text similar to the original text. Specifically, Mutant-X sequentially makes changes in the text using mutation and crossover techniques while being guided by a fitness function that takes into account both attribution probability and semantic relevance. While Mutant-X requires black-box knowledge of the adversary’s classifier, it does not require any additional training data and also works on documents of any length. We evaluate Mutant-X against a variety of authorship attribution methods on two different text corpora. Our results show that Mutant-X can decrease the accuracy of state-of-the-art authorship attribution methods by as much as 64% while preserving the semantics much better than existing automated authorship obfuscation approaches. While Mutant-X advances the state-of-the-art in automated authorship obfuscation, we find that it does not generalize to a stronger threat model where the adversary uses a different attribution classifier than what Mutant-X assumes. Our findings warrant the need for future research to improve the generalizability (or transferability) of automated authorship obfuscation approaches.

Philosophical Contributions to the Birth of Linguistics and Anthropology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael N. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Friedrich Schlegel ◽  
Wilhelm Von Humboldt ◽  
Franz Boas ◽  
Bronislaw Malinowski ◽  
Bronisław Malinowski ◽  
Better Than

This chapter argues that Herder contributed the fundamental philosophical principles that enabled the birth of two major new academic disciplines that we today take for granted: linguistics and cultural anthropology. In linguistics his principles were especially taken over and developed by Friedrich Schlegel and Wilhelm von Humboldt. In anthropology they were especially taken over and developed by Franz Boas and Bronislaw Malinowski, the founders of American and British anthropology, respectively. Moreover, as in some other areas (such as hermeneutics), his principles not only enabled the birth of these two new disciplines but were also in important respects even better than the versions of them that the disciplines went on to develop.

scholarly journals Ordinal Zero-Shot Learning

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zengwei Huo ◽  
Xin Geng
Keyword(s):  
Side Information ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Head Pose Estimation ◽  
Classification Problems ◽  
Ordinal Classification ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
New Class ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Class Labels ◽  
Better Than

Zero-shot learning predicts new class even if no training data is available for that class. The solution to conventional zero-shot learning usually depends on side information such as attribute or text corpora. But these side information is not easy to obtain or use. Fortunately in many classification tasks, the class labels are ordered, and therefore closely related to each other. This paper deals with zero-shot learning for ordinal classification. The key idea is using label relevance to expand supervision information from seen labels to unseen labels. The proposed method SIDL generates a supervision intensity distribution (SID) that contains each label's supervision intensity, and then learns a mapping from instance to SID. Experiments on two typical ordinal classification problems, i.e., head pose estimation and age estimation, show that SIDL performs significantly better than the compared regression methods. Furthermore, SIDL appears much more robust against the increase of unseen labels than other compared baselines.

scholarly journals The Establishment and Use of Text Corpora at Birmingham University

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Antoinette Renouf
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Text Processing ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
English Text ◽  
Overseas Students ◽  
Research And Teaching ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Development Unit

The School of English at Birmingham University has over the last ten years increasingly integrated the study and use of corpora into its research and teaching activities. Cobuild Ltd and the English for Overseas Students Unit are particularly active, as is the Research and Development Unit for English Language Studies. Members of the Research Unit have created the purpose-built corpora that make up the Birmingham Collection of English Text. The Research Unit is using these to support its linguistic research projects and the development of new types of text-processing software, as well as for specialised teaching purposes.

Maurice: Translating the Controversy, a Comparative Study of the English Text and its Spanish Version

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 704-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto A. Valdeón García
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Spanish Version ◽  
English Text ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cultural Concepts ◽  
Cultural Mediators ◽  
Subsequent Publication ◽  
Per Se

Abstract This article presents an overview of the literary controversy surrounding the publication of E. M. Forster’s so-called homosexual novel, Maurice, in 1971 and its subsequent publication in Spanish. Some critics published revisionist works in which his other novels were presented in the light of the revelations about Forster’s own homosexuality whereas others claimed that the novel shares some of the author’s major preoccupations as well as the literary themes and techniques present in all his narrative. Then we proceed to review some key concepts in Translation Studies necessary to carry out a comparative study of the text and the Spanish version: communicative translation, translators as cultural mediators, translation competence, factory translation. The study of the two texts covers three major areas: text level (including an analysis of grammatical features, lexicon, narrative style, conversational English), cultural level (studying key cultural concepts in the novel) and literary level (covering some of Forster’s key literary features, the notion of muddle, the anticipatory technique). We then proceed to study all these aspects at play in chapter 25, regarded as the turning point in the novel and as a key chapter both at discursive and literary levels. In the final section, we discuss the inadequacy of the choices made by the translators and the way in which they fail to offer the Spanish readership an adequate version both as regards the text per se and as part of Forster’s literary production, and we claim that it shares some of the characteristics of what Milton has called “factory translation.”

The Mediterranean concepts of honour and shame as seen in the depiction of the biblical women

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-63
Author(s):  
Renata Rabichev
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Cultural Concepts ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Biblical Women ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThe lives of women in biblical society are often vague- the codes according to which they live are unclear. Cultural anthropology offers the potential to shed light on the everyday existence of biblical women. This article aims to demonstrate how modern Mediterranean cultural concepts of shame and honour can lend insight into the behaviour of the Old Testament women: what they strove for and what they wished to avoid.

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