scholarly journals FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERMINTAAN INDUSTRI HILIR DOMESTIK TERHADAP BIJI KAKAO

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faris Maulana Satria ◽  
Adi Nugraha ◽  
Eka Purna Yudha ◽  
Ernah Ernah
Keyword(s):  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Cocoa Powder ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
The Many

ABSTRAKKakao merupakan salah satu komoditas yang memiliki kontribusi terbesar terhadap perekonomian Indonesia. Kakao memiliki potensi hilirisasasi yang sangat baik, dimana produk hilir kakao sangat beragam dan memiliki nilai ekonomis yang tinggi. Pemerintah menetapkan bubuk kakao dan lemak kakao sebagai produk hilir utama yang dihasilkan Indonesia. Perkembangan dapat dilihat pada perubahan jenis produk kakao yang diekspor. Ekspor biji kakao terus mengalami penurunan, sementara ekspor bubuk kakao dan lemak kakao terus mengalami peningkatan. Perkembangan pada industri juga dapat dilihat pada peningkatan impor biji kakao oleh Indonesia yang mengindikasikan peningkatan pada konsumsi biji kakao oleh industri hilir domestik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan menganalisis trend perubahan produksi biji kakao, konsumsi biji kakao oleh industri, dan produksi produk hilir dengan menggunakan analisis trend dan grafik, serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi permintaan industri hilir domestik terhadap biji kakao menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda metode Ordinary Least Square (OLS) dengan bantuan software SPSS versi 25. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi dan volume ekspor biji kakao mengalami penurunan, sementara produksi produk hilir dan konsumsi biji kakao oleh industri meningkat. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi permintaan industri hilir terhadap biji kakao secara signifikan adalah harga biji kakao, harga lemak kakao, harga bubuk kakao, dan produksi bubuk kakao.Kata Kunci: Bubuk Kakao, Lemak Kakao, Trend Perubahan, Permintaan Industri, Ordinary Least SquareABSTRACTCocoa has one of the highest contribution towards Indonesian economy among other agricultural commodities. Cocoa has huge potential in the downstream sector, reflected by the many variations of cocoa-based products with high economic value. Government of Indonesia declared cocoa powder and cocoa butter as the main product of downstream cocoa industry. Development of the cocoa industry downstream sector is indicated in the shift of cocoa based-products exported to various countries around the world, from raw cocoa seeds to cocoa powder and cocoa butter. Increase in Indonesian import of cocoa beans shows that there is an increase in the industry’s consumption of raw cocoa beans. The purpose of this research is to analyze the trend and dynamics of Indonesia’s cocoa bean production, cocoa bean export, downstream sector’s production, and downstream sector’s cocoa bean consumption, and to identify factors that affect downstream cocoa industry’s demand of cocoa beans using Ordinary Least Squares regression analysis. The result of this research shows that Indonesia’s cocoa bean export and production is trending downward, while downstream production and consumption shows a positive developing trend. Factors that affect the cocoa downstream industry’s demand are prices of cocoa bean, cocoa butter, cocoa powder, and the amount of cocoa powder produced by the industry.Keywords: Cocoa Powder, Cocoa Butter, Trend, Dowsntream Industry’s Demand, Ordinary Least Square

scholarly journals PENGARUH DANA ALOKASI KHUSUS DAN PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH TERHADAP BELANJA MODAL STUDI KASUS PADA KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW TAHUN 2004-2013

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Bayu Moha ◽  
Anderson Guntur Kumenaung ◽  
Debby Christina Rotinsulu
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Capital Expenditures ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Local Revenue

Abstrak Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD)  merupakan salah satu komponen pendapatan utama pemerintah daerah dalam menunjang anggaran rumah tangganya, semakin tinggi tingkat pendapatan yang dimiliki oleh daerah tentu akan semakin tinggi pula tingkatan kemandiriannya dan bisa memaksimalkan pengalokasian anggaran untuk pembangunan sektor-sektor unggulan. Sedangkan Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK) menjadi sumber pendapatan daerah yang bisa menambah asset local dan secara agreggat menambah pendapatan melalui peningkatan sumber-sumber perekonomian yang dimiliki. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan Ordinary least square dengan analisis regresi berganda dan mendapatkan hasil uji t dan uji f menunjukan bahwa PAD berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap belanja modal sedangkan DAK tidak memberi pengaruh yang signifikan, namun melalui uji R Square didapatkan hasil 82,7 hal ini berarti secara bersama-sama pengaruh PAD dan DAU terhadap belanja modal adalah 82,7 % (persen) sedangkan sisanya dipengaruhi variable lain. Kata kunci : Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD), Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK), Belanja Modal   Abstract Local Revenue  is one of the major revenue components of the local government in supporting the household budget, the higher the level of income that is owned by the region of course the higher the level of independence and can maximize the budget allocation for the development of leading sectors. While the Special Allocation Fund became a source of local revenue that can increase local assets and collectively increase revenue through increased economic resources owned. This study used the Ordinary least squares regression analysis and obtain test results and test t f showed that PAD positive and significant impact on capital expenditures, while DAK does not give a significant influence, but through R Square test showed 82.7 this means  collectively influence of PAD and DAU towards capital expenditure was 82.7% (percent) while the rest influenced other variables. Keywords: Local Revenue,  the Special Allocation Fund, Capital Expenditure  

scholarly journals KAJIAN METODE ORDINARY LEAST SQUARE DAN ROBUST ESTIMASI M PADA MODEL REGRESI LINIER SEDERHANA YANG MEMUAT OUTLIER

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Zahrotul Aflakhah ◽  
Jajang Jajang ◽  
Agustini Tripena Br. Sb.
Keyword(s):  
Full Article ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
M Estimation

This research discusses about the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and robust M-estimation method; compare between the Tukey bisquare and Huber weighting from simple linier regression models that contain outliers. Data are generated through simulation with the percentages of outliers and sample sizes. Each data will be formed into a simple linier regression model, then the percentage of outliers, RSE and MAD values are calculated. The results show that RSE and MAD values produced by a simple linear regression model with the OLS method are influenced by the percentage of outliers. However, the regression model of robust M-estimation with sample size 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 results an unstable RSE values with the change of the percentage of outlier and the MAD values that are not affected by the percentage of outliers and sample size. The robust M-estimation method with Tukey Bisquare weighting is as good as the Huber weighting. Full Article

scholarly journals DAMPAK SOSIAL EKONOMI PENGGUNA JALAN AKIBAT KEMACETAN LALU LINTAS DI ZERO POINT KOTA MANADO

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Munazar R Muari'F ◽  
Vecky A.J. Masinambow ◽  
Tri Oldy Rotinsulu
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Direct Expenditure

ABSTRAKSektor tranportasi merupakan salah satu komponen utama dalam peningkatan arus perekonomian, baik untuk memaksimalkan potensi daerah yang selama ini dimiliki namun juga untuk membuka sektor-sektor ekonomi baru yang berujung pada  peningkatan perekonomian sebuah daerah.Guna memanfaatkan potensi-potensi yang dimiliki maupun membuka potensi-potensi perekonomian yang baru maka peran serta pemerintah dalam mengatur alokasi belanjanya perlu untuk lebih dimaksimalkan. Untuk melihat seberapa besar pengaruh belanja pemerintah dalam bentuk belanja langsung dan belanja tidak langsung mempengaruhi peningkatan sub-sektor transportasi.Penelitian ini menggunakan Ordinary least square dengan  metode regresi berganda, dari hasil penelitian didapatkan hasil r square sebesar  96,7. Dengan hasil ini maka dapat terlihat pengaruh belanja pemerintah terhadap peningkatan sub-sektor transportasi hampir mencapai angka 97 persen, yang artinya hanya tersisa 3 persen tingkat pengaruh variabel lain. Kata kunci : Belanja Langsung (BL), Belanja Tidak Langsung (BTL), Otonomi, Transportasi ABSTRACT                    Transport sector is one of the main components to increase the flow of the economy, to maximize the potential of the area that had been held, but also to open up new economic sectors which resulted in an increase in the economy of a region.               In order to utilize the potential that may or unlock the potential of the new economy, the role of government in regulating the allocation of spending needs to be maximized. To see how much influence government spending in the form of direct expenditure and indirect expenditure affect the improvement of the transport sub-sector.               This study using the Ordinary least squares multiple regression method, the result showed the the r-square of  96.7. With that, it can be seen the effect of government spending to increase transport sub-sector almost reached 97 percent, which means that only the remaining 3 percent the level of influence of other variables. Keywords: Direct Expenditure, Indirect Expenditure, Autonomy, Transportation

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penerapan Bea Keluar Biji Kakao Terhadap Daya Saing Serta Ekspor Produk Kakao Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-152
Author(s):  
Maria Trisanti Saragih ◽  
Harianto Harianto ◽  
Heny Kuswanti
Keyword(s):  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Export Duty ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Cocoa Products ◽  
Export Destination ◽  
Domestic Stock

The development of Indonesia's cocoa beans before the export duty policy shows that almost 90 per cent of cocoa beans exports were exported from total production, therefore makes Indonesia as known as one of the biggest cocoa beans exporters in the world. Cocoa exports to destination countries cause the domestic stock of raw materials for cocoa beans Domestic stock has decreased. Afterwards, the Indonesian government implemented a cocoa bean export duty policy. This research aimed to analyze the effect of export duties policy for the competitiveness and exports of Indonesian cocoa products to export destination countries. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method is used to measure competitiveness, while Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) is used to analyze the long-term effect of export duties on cocoa beans on competitiveness and exports of cocoa products. Based on the analysis result, all cocoa products have competitiveness, Indonesian cocoa butter has the highest competitiveness in export destination countries. Export duties policy has a long-term effect on competitiveness and exports of cocoa paste and powder, but have no long-term effect on competitiveness and exports of cocoa butter. Therefore, the overall increase in competitiveness and export of cocoa products is due to the implementation of the cocoa bean export duty policy.

scholarly journals The Paradox of Chocolate.

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Joseph Rego ◽  
Daylyn Niren ◽  
Shilpa Hinduja
Keyword(s):  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Chocolate Industry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Freedom Of Thought ◽  
The Brain

If any man has drunk a little too deeply from the cup of physical pleasure; if he has spent too much time at his desk that should have been spent asleep ; if his fine spirits have become temporarily dulled; if he finds the air too damp, the minutes too slow, and the atmosphere too heavy to withstand; if he is obsessed by a fixed idea which bars him from any freedom of thought: if he is any of these poor creatures, we say, let him be given a good pint of amber-flavoured chocolate and marvels will be performed” — Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (1755–1826) Scientifically proven to be a mood elevator due to its ability to promote serotonin in the brain, chocolate is popular for it s aphrodisiac, relaxing, euphoric and stimulating characteristics. Renowned as a universally craved food, a majority of chocolate cravers, or chocoholics, have failed to find any close substitutes that can replace this divine invention (Parker, Parker and Brotchie, 2006). Chocolate holds the ability to transcend beyond merely a food, stimulating irrational behavioural tendencies within people even turning them into addicts. The history of chocolate dates back to approximately 600 AD when the cocoa beans were discovered in the lowlands of south Yucatan in the Maya. It was initially consumed as a beverage known as chocolate only by the emperors until it was developed as edible chocolate. Chocolate had an unpleasant taste and its transformation to a desirable flavour is an interesting historical mystery. Chemically, chocolate is composed of cocoa mass, cocoa butter and added sugar. Cocoa mass forms the base product which is obtained by processing the cocoa bean while cocoa butter is the natural fat fro m the cocoa bean which melts at room temperature to provide the creamy “melt in the mouth” sensation. Sugar was added as a primary ingredient by Europeans to appeal to their palate when chocolate was introduced from America (Parker, Parker and Brotchie, 2006). The present day chocolate industry is a mature and vibrant one consistently generating sales

scholarly journals Utilization of a Model Cocoa Fermentation System and Roasting to Assess Differences Among Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivity of Cocoa Through Variable Processing Conditions (FS07-04-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Racine ◽  
Brian Wiersema ◽  
Andrew Lee ◽  
Laura Griffin ◽  
Lauren Essenmacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Cocoa Powder ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Food Research ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao) are a highly concentrated source of dietary flavanols that undergo processing steps, to enhance sensory characteristics. Although it is widely accepted that preservation of native cocoa flavanols is critical for retaining bioactivity, it is possible that reactions occurring throughout cocoa processing may generate compounds with novel activities, potentially preserving or enhancing bioactivity. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of fermentation and roasting on levels of flavanols and bioactivity of cocoa. Methods Combinations of fermentation and roasting parameters were employed via a controlled laboratory fermentation model system and roasting operation. Cocoa powders were produced from unfermented cocoa beans using different treatments representing extremes of fermentation and roasting. Cocoa beans were fermented in a simulated pulp media for 168 h. Fermentation and roasting temperatures varied depending on treatment group. Further processing (winnowing, grinding, pressing) produced cocoa powders for each treatment. Extracts were made from the final beans and powders. Total polyphenols were quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. HILIC UPLC-MS/MS was employed to analyze flavanols based on their degree of polymerization (DP). Results Fermentation and roasting contributed to losses of native flavanols. Total polyphenol levels and individual flavanols (DP 1–10) were approximately 27–90% lower in hot fermented/hot roasted cocoa powder and approximately 11–54% lower in cool fermented/cool roasted cocoa powder when compared to the unfermented/unroasted (control) treatment. Hot roasting had the most significant impact on flavanol degradation. There was also a direct relationship between increasing flavanol concentration in cocoa powder and DP. Conclusions Compared to fermentation, roasting demonstrated a more significant impact on flavanol degradation and composition among cocoa bean treatments. Further research in vitro and in vivo is being performed currently to determine whether these process-induced flavanol losses correlate with reduced anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory activities. Funding Sources This work was supported by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI) of the US Department of Agriculture.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penderita Penyakit Berbahaya,Kemiskinan, dan Pengangguran di Indonesia terhadap Permintaan BPJS Kesehatan

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ade Faisal Fahroez ◽  
Estro Sihaloho
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Government Agency ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
The Public ◽  
Multiple Regression Method ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Many

Social Security in Indonesia is managed by Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Kesehatan or BPJS Kesehatan, BPJS Kesehatan is a government agency tasked with managing contributions or funds from the public to ensure their health. In 2017 the number of participants BPJS Kesehatan as many as 176,738,998 people, of which 99,044,288 people, their contributions in the form of premiums paid by the government and the other paid financed by institutions where they work or pay independently. This indicates that as many as 56.1% of them are considered not able to pay dues independently, and are considered a poor society. Of the many participants BPJS Kesehatan, as much as 1.3% are people with dangerous diseases (Coronary Heart, TBC, Cancer, and AIDS). The purpose this paper is to find out how big the influence of poverty, unemployment, patients with coronary heart disease, tuberculosis patients, people with AIDS disease, and cancer patients to the number of participants BPJS Kesehatan. The method used in this research is multiple regression method using OLS (ordinary Least Square) model by taking secondary data from related institutions. From the data obtained, it turns out all the mentioned variables have a positive correlation to the increase of health insurance participants through BPJS Kesehatan.

scholarly journals Analisis pengaruh kebijakan bea keluar biji kakao, impor biji kakao, ekspor biji kakao dan harga cocoa butter terhadap ekspor cocoa butter

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-242
Author(s):  
Rudi Hermawan
Keyword(s):  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
The Past ◽  
Export Duty ◽  
Cocoa Products

The export duty policy was initially intended to increase the value added of cocoa beans. On the other hand, in the past few years there has been a significant increase in imports of cocoa beans to meet the needs of domestic industrial in order to keep running optimally and can create added value. To assess how much influence the export duty policy for cocoa beans, the import of cocoa beans, the export of cocoa beans and the price of cocoa butter on the development of exports of cocoa butter, this study uses a quantitative approach using secondary data from various sources. The results of the analysis show that the development of the export of cocoa butter is significantly influenced by the amount of cocoa bean imports and the export of cocoa beans. but the price factor of cocoa butter and the amount of export duty does not significantly influence. This shows that the main problem is the performance of the cocoa processing industry which is strongly influenced by the availability of raw materials. In addition, although an increase in imports of cocoa beans can still be offset by an increase in exports of processed cocoa products that have added value.                    Kebijakan bea keluar pada awalnya ditujukan untuk peningkatan nilai tambah biji kakao. Di sisi lain, dalam beberapa tahun terakhir terjadi peningkatan impor biji kakao secara signifikan untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan industri domestik agar tetap berjalan optimal dan dapat menciptakan nilai tambah. Untuk mengkaji seberapa besar pengaruh kebijakan bea keluar biji kakao, impor biji kakao, ekspor biji kakao dan harga cocoa butter terhadap perkembangan ekspor cocoa butter, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder dari berbagai sumber. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan ekspor cocoa butter secara signifikan dipengaruhi oleh besaran impor biji kakao dan ekspor biji kakao. Sedangkan faktor harga cocoa butter dan besaran tarif bea keluar tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa permasalahan utama adalah pada kinerja industri pengolahan kakao yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan bahan bakunya. Selain itu, walaupun terjadi peningkatan impor biji kakao masih dapat diimbangi dengan adanya peningkatan ekspor produk kakao olahannya yang memiliki nilai tambah.

scholarly journals Effect Of Exports, Government Expenditure And Inflation On Indonesia Poverty (2000-2019)

Media Ekonomi ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Anas Fadhillah ◽  
Arintoko Arintoko ◽  
Kamio Kamio
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Negative Effect

The purpose of this study to analyze the effect of exports, government expenditure, and inflation on poverty in Indonesia in 2000-2019, and the independent variables which are the most dominant against poverty in Indonesia. The data used are secondary data taken from Bank Indonesia and Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). This study uses a regression method with the OLS (Ordinary Least Square) model. or the ordinary least squares model. The results of this study note that oil and gas and non-oil exports have a negative and significant effect on poverty, government expenditure has a significant and negative effect on poverty, and inflation has a positive but not significant effect. To reduce poverty in Indonesia, it is necessary to export commodities that have a large added value, government expenditure which leads to a reduction in the number of poor people, and to control prices of goods and services that are stable / accessible to the poor.

scholarly journals The Principal Component Analysis Biplot Predictions versus the Ordinary Least Squares Regression Predictions: The Anthropometric Case Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Chisimkwuo John ◽  
Chukwuemeka O. Omekara ◽  
Godwin Okwara
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Multivariate Data ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Ols Regression

An indicative feature of a principal component analysis (PCA) variant to the multivariate data set is the ability to transform correlated linearly dependent variables to linearly independent principal components. Back-transforming these components with the samples and variables approximated on a single calibrated plot gives rise to the PCA Biplots. In this work, the predictive property of the PCA biplot was augmented in the visualization of anthropometric measurements namely; weight (kg), height (cm), skinfold (cm), arm muscle circumference AMC (cm), mid upper arm circumference MUAC (cm) collected from the students of School of Nursing and Midwifery, Federal Medical Center (FMC), Umuahia, Nigeria. The adequacy and quality of the PCA Biplot was calculated and the predicted samples are then compared with the ordinary least square (OLS) regression predictions since both predictions makes use of an indicative minimization of the error sum of squares. The result suggests that the PCA biplot prediction merits further consideration when handling correlated multivariate data sets as its predictions with mean square error (MSE) of 0.00149 seems to be better when compared to the OLS regression predictions with MSE of 29.452.

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