Physiological and Behavioral Adjustments Relative to Catecholamine Levels During Nesting in Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys Olivacea) and Hawksbill (Eretmochelys Imbricata) Sea Turtles in Masirah Island, Oman.

Plasma adrenaline (ADR) and noradrenaline (NA) levels were measured for the first time in natural populations of hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and olive ridley (Lipedochelys olivacea) in Masirah Island, Arabian Sea; one of the few protected nesting grounds remaining in the world for these two endangered species. Plasma ADR and NA levels were assessed in individuals after they oviposited eggs and completed nesting exercises, and in individuals which were still searching for suitable nesting sites. Blood samples were taken from the cervical sinuses from two groups (oviposited and non-oviposited), which spent at least 1.5 h on the nesting grounds. The duration of the nesting period varied between 1.5 and 2.0 h for both species. There was no significant difference between oviposited and non-oviposited turtles in both species. As the turtles move onto the nesting grounds, their heavy weight compresses the thoracic region making terrestrial breathing laborious and difficult. During phases of nesting, the turtles undergo brief bursts of strenuous and exhaustive exercise which usually lasts less than one minute followed by a brief recovery period which is less than the exercise phase. Reptiles in general, particularly turtles, are intermittent breathers and after bursts of exercise, they appear to develop hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidemia, which are characteristic of anaerobic metabolism. The data reveals that catecholamine levels remain stable in both species during phases of nesting and may play an important role in combating stress as well as mobilizing energy reserves. The high plasma lactate and CO2 levels in olive and hawksbill turtles may signify anaerobic metabolism during exercise. Glucose levels remain unchanged throughout nesting in both species. There was no significant difference in the lactate and glucose values in the two species. The physiological and the behavioral adjustments in this study showed remarkable similarities in the two species and may be an important factor in the reproductive strategy for species survival.

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The Effects of Acute Glucoprivation on Adrenomedullary Function in SHR and WKY Rats

Sains Malaysiana ◽

10.17576/jsm-2021-5002-19 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 481-492

Author(s):

Hanafi Ahmad Damanhuri ◽

Peter Robert Dunkley ◽

Ann Kathleen Goodchild

Keyword(s):

Adrenal Medulla ◽

Cell Function ◽

Intraperitoneal Administration ◽

Protein Kinase Activity ◽

Plasma Catecholamine ◽

Adrenal Chromaffin Cell ◽

Plasma Adrenaline ◽

Wky Rats ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Catecholamine Levels

We have shown previously, acute intraperitoneal administration of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) into Sprague-Dawley rats led to activation of the adrenal medulla chromaffin cells, indicated with increased protein kinase activity and increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylation, as well as increased plasma adrenaline and glucose levels. Here we have used spontaneous hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats to investigate whether hypertension alters basal adrenal chromaffin cell function, or the response of these cells to acute 2DG treatment. At basal level, we found no differences in adrenal medulla TH protein, TH phosphorylation, TH activity or catecholamine levels between SHR and WKY despite a significant difference in the level of systolic blood pressure; nor were there differences in plasma catecholamine levels or blood glucose (BG). Furthermore, the vehicle animals evoked no significant changes in any parameter measured in SHR, but evoked significant increases in pSer19TH, plasma adrenaline and BG in WKY. Single episode of glucoprivation evoked increases in PKA and CDK/MAPK, pSer40TH, pSer31TH, TH activity, and plasma adrenaline and BG in SHR, and in addition evoked increases in PKC, CAMKII, and pSer19TH in WKY. These findings are significant which indicates hypertension does not impact catecholamine function in the adrenal gland. It also appears that hypertension does not alter the adrenal response to glucoprivation. The findings are also significant as WKY showed greater adrenal activation of protein kinases and TH phosphorylation in response to saline and 2DG when compared to SHR and possible reasons for these findings are further discussed.

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Comparative Study of Plasma Parameters in Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys Olivacea) and Hawksbill (Eretmochelys Imbricata) During Nesting

Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] ◽

10.24200/squjs.vol7iss2pp231-239 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 231

Author(s):

A.Y.A. Alkindi ◽

I.Y. Mahmoud ◽

J.L. Plude

Keyword(s):

Plasma Parameter ◽

Sea Turtles ◽

Stress Hormones ◽

Sea Turtle ◽

Olive Ridley ◽

Plasma Parameters ◽

Eretmochelys Imbricata ◽

Turtle Species ◽

Lepidochelys Olivacea ◽

Significant Difference

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of plasma level parameters during nesting activity and provide data potentially useful to future studies on the dynamics of reproductive and stress hormones in the most endangered sea turtle species in the world. Plasma parameters in the sea turtles, olive ridley (Lipodochelys oliveacea) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) from Masirah Island, Oman, were analyzed relative to nesting stress. To date, no study has been conducted on plasma parameter levels in sea turtles during nesting. Field observations were conducted under ideal temperature conditions. At the time of sampling, there was no significant difference for cloacal, sand, air or water temperature for the two species. Electrolytes (Cl¯, Ca++, K+, Na+ and Mg++), cholesterol, urea, uric acid and osmolarity were measured during nesting. Both species were observed to spend between 1.5 and 2.00 hours on the nesting grounds. Some had successful oviposition and completed all nesting phases, while others with incomplete nesting phases failed to oviposit their eggs. Under both conditions, the turtles of both species had an exhaustive and stressful nesting exercise. Plasma parameter values, both intra-specifically and inter-specifically, were not significantly different for oviposited and non-oviposited turtles. This may indicate that both species have the same physiological adjustment relative to plasma parameters whether or not the turtles oviposited their eggs.

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Impact of the Uncoupling Protein 1 on Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10051131 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1131

Author(s):

Lovisa I. Lyngfelt ◽

Malin C. Erlandsson ◽

Mitra Nadali ◽

Shahram Hedjazifar ◽

Rille Pullerits ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Uncoupling Protein ◽

Serum Levels ◽

High Plasma ◽

High Serum ◽

Uncoupling Protein 1 ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Significant Difference

Adiposity is strongly associated with cardiovascular (CV) morbidity. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) increases energy expenditure in adipocytes and may counteract adiposity. Our objective was to investigate a connection between UCP1 expression and cardiovascular health in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a longitudinal observational study. Transcription of UCP1 was measured by qPCR in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of 125 female RA patients and analyzed with respect to clinical parameters and the estimated CV risk. Development of new CV events and diabetes mellitus was followed for five years. Transcription of UCP1 was identified in 89 (71%) patients. UCP1 positive patients had often active RA disease (p = 0.017), high serum levels of IL6 (p = 0.0025) and were frequently overweight (p = 0.015). IL-6hiBMIhi patients and patients treated with IL6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab had significantly higher levels of UCP1 compared to other RA patients (p < 0.0001, p = 0.032, respectively). Both UCP1hi groups displayed unfavorable metabolic profiles with high plasma glucose levels and high triglyceride-to-HDL ratios, which indicated insulin resistance. Prospective follow-up revealed no significant difference in the incidence of new CV and metabolic events in the UCP1hi groups and remaining RA patients. The study shows that high transcription of UCP1 in adipose tissue is related to IL6-driven processes and reflects primarily metabolic CV risk in female RA patients.

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INDUCTION OF GOITRE BY PTU OR KClO4 IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS. EFFECT OF GONADECTOMY

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0740088 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 88-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. Jolín ◽

M. J. Tarin ◽

M. D. Garcia

Keyword(s):

Iodine Content ◽

High Plasma ◽

Disc Electrophoresis ◽

Female Rats ◽

Male Rats ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Male And Female ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Male And Female Rats ◽

Tsh Levels

ABSTRACT Male and female rats of varying ages were placad on a low iodine diet (LID) plus KClO4 or 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) or on the same diet supplemented with I (control rats). Goitrogenesis was also induced with LID plus PTU in gonadectomized animals of both sexes. The weight of the control and goitrogen treated animals, and the weight and iodine content of their thyroids were determined, as well as the plasma PBI, TSH, insulin and glucose levels. The pituitary GH-like protein content was assessed by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. If goitrogenesis was induced in young rats of both sexes starting with rats of the same age, body weight (B.W.) and pituitary growth hormone (GH) content, it was found that both the males and females developed goitres of the same size. On the contrary, when goitrogenesis was induced in adult animals, it was found that male rats, that had larger B.W. and pituitary GH content than age-paired females, developed larger goitres. However, both male and female rats were in a hypothyroid condition of comparable degree as judged by the thyroidal iodine content and the plasma PBI and TSH levels. When all the data on the PTU or KClO4-treated male and female rats of varying age and B.W. were considered together, it was observed that the weights of the thyroids increased proportionally to B.W. However, a difference in the slope of the regression of the thyroid weight over B.W. was found between male and female rats, due to the fact that adult male rats develop larger goitres than female animals. In addition, in the male rats treated with PTU, gonadectomy decreased the B.W., pituitary content of GH-like protein and, concomitantly, the size of the goitre decreased; an opposite effect was induced by ovariectomy on the female animals. However, when goitrogenesis was induced in weight-paired adult rats of both sexes, the male animals still developed larger goitres than the females. Among all the parameters studied here, the only ones which appeared to bear a consistent relationship with the size of the goitres in rats of different sexes, treated with a given goitrogen, were the rate of body growth and the amount of a pituitary GH-like protein found before the onset of the goitrogen treatment. Moreover, though the pituitary content of the GH-like protein decreased as a consequence of goitrogen treatment, it was still somewhat higher in male that in female animals. The present results suggest that GH may somehow be involved in the mechanism by which male and female rats on goitrogens develop goitres of different sizes, despite equally high plasma TSH levels.

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Carbohydrate metabolism of mice exposed to simulated changes in gravity

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1964.207.2.411 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 207 (2) ◽

pp. 411-414 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jiro Oyama ◽

William T. Platt

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Exposure Time ◽

Liver Glycogen ◽

Critical Function ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Glycogen Deposition ◽

Adrenal Corticosterone

Unrestrained mice were centrifuged for varying periods ranging from 0.5 to 10 hr at 2.5, 5, and 10 x gravity. Liver glycogen and blood glucose levels increased significantly depending on the g load and exposure time. Adrenalectomy completely abolished the glycogen deposition response. The glycogen response was a critical function of the age of mice; unweaned mice did not respond. Blood corticosterone increased significantly prior to the deposition of glycogen. Centrifuged fed mice deposited three times the amount of glycogen of fasted mice. There was no significant difference in the amount of glycogen deposited in centrifuged mice previously starved for 1, 2, or 3 days. It is concluded that the increased glycogen deposited following centrifugation is effected by an increased elaboration of adrenal corticosterone.

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Abstract P315: Vascular AT1 Angiotensin Receptors Do Not Contribute to Albuminuria or Hyperfiltration in Diabetes

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hyp.68.suppl_1.p315 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Matthew A Sparks ◽

Stacy Johnson ◽

Rishav Adhikari ◽

Edward Diaz ◽

Aaron Kupin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Kidney Injury ◽

Renin Angiotensin System ◽

Diabetic Control ◽

Angiotensin Receptors ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Akita Mice ◽

The Impact

Blockade of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) reduces albuminuria, attenuates hyperfiltration, and slows the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) by preventing vasoconstriction and subsequent increases in glomerular hydrostatic pressure. Since RAS blockade disrupts Ang II signaling in all tissues, the specific contribution of vascular actions of AT1 receptors in DN has been difficult to delineate. Therefore, we generated 129 SvEv mice with cell-specific loss of AT1A from VSMCs (SMKOs) using Cre-loxp . To eliminate AT1R from VSMCs, we crossed the SMKO mice with AT1BR -/- mice, lacking the minor AT1B isoform. To study the impact of vascular AT1R in DN, we crossed the AT1B- null SMKOs with mice having the Ins2 C96Y AKITA mutation, which develop DM1 early. To enhance kidney injury, mice underwent uninephrectomy (UNX) at 11wks. Blood glucose levels were elevated (~500mg/dL) and similar at 10, 16 and 24wks between the two groups. Prior to UNX, albuminuria was similar between Control AKITA and AT1B- null SMKO AKITA (62±10 Control AKITA versus 107±27 μg/24hrs SMKO AKITA, P=NS). Albuminuria increased with age in both Control Akita and AT1B- null SMKO AKITA but without significant differences between the groups at 16wks (307±106 vs 313±117 μg/24hrs; P=NS) or 24wks (494±236 versus 730±217 μg/24hrs; P=NS), despite a trend toward higher albuminuria in AT1B- null SMKO AKITAs. There was no significant difference in GFR (using FITC-inulin) between non-diabetic Control and AT1B- null SMKO (15.6±1.2 vs 14.8±0.8 μl/min/g BW), and hyperfiltration was observed in both Control AKITA (23.7±2.4 μl/min/g BW; P=0.003) and AT1B- null SMKO AKITA mice (20.7±1.7 μl/min/g BW; P=0.01) relative to their non-diabetic comparators. However, there was no significant difference in GFR between ControlAKITA and AT1B- null SMKO AKITA (P=NS). Finally we measured mRNA levels of putative kidney injury markers by RTqPCR and found no differences in levels of Col1A1 , NGAL , or TGFB1 mRNA between Control AKITA and AT1B null SMKO AKITA. Our studies indicate that the absence of vascular AT1R responses is not sufficient to reduce albuminuria and prevent hyperfiltration in a mouse model of DN. This suggests that blockade of AT1R in other cell lineages may contribute to beneficial actions of ARBs in DN.

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Junk food: A preliminary analysis of ingested marine debris by hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata and olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea sea turtles (Testudines: Cheloniidae) from the eastern coast of the United Arab Emirates

Marine Pollution Bulletin ◽

10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113073 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 173 ◽

pp. 113073

Author(s):

Fadi Yaghmour ◽

Marwa Al Bousi ◽

Halima Al Naqbi ◽

Fatin Samara ◽

Thouraya Ghalayini

Keyword(s):

United Arab Emirates ◽

Preliminary Analysis ◽

Sea Turtles ◽

Marine Debris ◽

Eastern Coast ◽

Junk Food ◽

Olive Ridley ◽

Eretmochelys Imbricata ◽

Lepidochelys Olivacea

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The Effect of Yacon Leaf Powder (Smallanthus Sonchifolius) on White Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Blood Glucose Levels with High Sugar Diet

Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan (Journal of Ners and Midwifery) ◽

10.26699/jnk.v8i2.art.p217-220 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 217-220

Author(s):

Thatit Nurmawati ◽

Sandi Alfa Wiga Arsa ◽

Nawang Wulandari ◽

Agus Saparudin

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Carbohydrate Diet ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Smallanthus Sonchifolius ◽

High Carbohydrate ◽

White Rats ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Treatment Dose ◽

Significant Difference

Maintaining a lifestyle can reduce the incidence of DM (diabetes mellitus). DM occurs due to insulin disorders so that blood glucose levels increase, which can lead to various complications. The management of blood glucose levels by activating the insulin function can be done by using natural ingredients such as the Yakon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) plant. Yakon leaves contain phenol which can reduce blood glucose. The design of this study was experimental with a pre-posttest approach with control-group design, using male and healthy white rats (Rattus norvegicus). Rats were divided into 3 groups, treatment dose 1, treatment dose 2 and control. The rats were given a high carbohydrate diet during 9 weeks to make the rats hyperglycemic. In the treatment group, dose 1 was 150 mg/kg BW, dose 2 was 300 mg kg BW, and was given for 3 days. The results showed that the rats in the treatment group dose 1 had decreased in the average blood sugar level of 114.10 mg / dl (p 0.002) and dose 2 was 105.27 mg / dl (p 0.005). This showed that there was an effect of treatments on blood sugar levels. The comparison results showed that there was a significant difference between the dose 1, the dose 2 group and the control (Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.001 (α) = 0.05). There was no significant difference in the treatment group dose 1 and treatment dose 2 (Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.693, (α) = 0.05). Yakon leaves can be used alternative to lower to control blood glucose levels in rats receiving a high-carbohydrate diet

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Lactate, Heart Rate and Rating of Perceived Exertion Responses to Shorter and Longer Duration CrossFit® Training Sessions

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology ◽

10.3390/jfmk3040060 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 60 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ramires Tibana ◽

Nuno de Sousa ◽

Jonato Prestes ◽

Fabrício Voltarelli

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Cardiovascular Responses ◽

Cardiovascular Fitness ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Training Experience ◽

Significant Difference

The aim of this study was to analyze blood lactate concentration (LAC), heart rate (HR), and rating perceived exertion (RPE) during and after shorter and longer duration CrossFit® sessions. Nine men (27.7 ± 3.2 years; 11.3 ± 4.6% body fat percentage and training experience: 41.1 ± 19.6 months) randomly performed two CrossFit® sessions (shorter: ~4 min and longer: 17 min) with a 7-day interval between them. The response of LAC and HR were measured pre, during, immediately after, and 10, 20, and 30 min after the sessions. RPE was measured pre and immediately after sessions. Lactate levels were higher during the recovery of the shorter session as compared with the longer session (shorter: 15.9 ± 2.2 mmol/L/min, longer: 12.6 ± 2.6 mmol/L/min; p = 0.019). There were no significant differences between protocols on HR during (shorter: 176 ± 6 bpm or 91 ± 4% HRmax, longer: 174 ± 3 bpm or 90 ± 3% HRmax, p = 0.387). The LAC was significantly higher throughout the recovery period for both training sessions as compared to pre-exercise. The RPE was increased immediately after both sessions as compared to pre-exercise, while there was no significant difference between them (shorter: 8.7 ± 0.9, longer: 9.6 ± 0.5; p = 0.360). These results demonstrated that both shorter and longer sessions induced elevated cardiovascular responses which met the recommendations for gains in cardiovascular fitness. In addition, both training sessions had a high metabolic and perceptual response, which may not be suitable if performed on consecutive days.

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