Water Balance for the City of Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf/Southern Iraq

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-197
Author(s):  
Tariq Abed Hussain ◽  
◽  
Ghayda Yaseen AlKindi ◽  
Rana Jawad Kadhim
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
The City ◽  
Southern Iraq

scholarly journals Development, calibration and validation of weighing lysimeters for measurement of evapotranspiration of crops

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Fenner ◽  
Rivanildo Dallacort ◽  
Cleonir A. Faria Junior ◽  
Paulo S. L. de Freitas ◽  
Tadeu M. de Queiroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Atmosphere System ◽  
Water Plant ◽  
Load Cells ◽  
The City

ABSTRACT The evapotranspiration process is critical to studies on the water balance and water demand of crops and can be determined by several methods. A widely-used method, despite its high installation costs, is weighing lysimeters, which consists of a box over a balance connected to a load cell that monitors variations in the soil-water-plant-atmosphere system. The aim of this study was to develop and calibrate six weighing lysimeters (with dimensions of 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.2 m each) by high precision load cells, testing their ability to measure water mass changes in field conditions and cultivated with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), in the city of Tangará da Serra, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. All lysimeters showed coefficients of determination higher than 0.99, as well as Willmott indexes, correlation and high confidence indexes, indicating that the equipment is suitable for measuring mass variations in water balance and evapotranspiration studies, representing the reality which occurred in the field.

scholarly journals Classificação e Análises das Indicações de Mudanças Climáticas no Município de Sobral - Ceará (Classification and Analysis of Indications of Climate Change in the City of Sobral – Ceará)

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1056
Author(s):  
Raimundo Mainar Medeiros ◽  
Paulo Roberto Megna Francisco ◽  
Alexandra Lima Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Meteorological Elements ◽  
The City

A partir das séries climatológicas normais de 1931-1960 e 1961-1990 dos elementos meteorológicos realizaram-se os cálculos do balanço hídrico climatológico, a classificação e as análises das indicações de mudanças climáticas no município de Sobral, estado do Ceará, utilizando O programa do BHnorm  elaborado em planilhas eletrônicas no pacote Excel por Sentelhas et al. (1999) e a metodologia de cálculo do Balanço Hídrico Climático de Thornthwaite & Mather (1955) e a classificação de Thornthwaite (1955), com o objetivo de contribuir para a sustentabilidade do homem no campo. Identificou-se que o clima da área de estudo classifica-se como Megatérmico semiárido e o tipo climático passou do tipo dw2w2d’ para dw2Dd’ com reduções da temperatura mínima e com oscilações de -0,1 a -0,8ºC e temperatura máxima com variações de -1,7 à 2,1ºC.  A umidade relativa do ar ocorreu flutuações positivas de 0,3 à 3,4%. A evapotranspiração potencial oscilou em -71,0 mm em relação aos períodos para o mês de outubro. Os índices de umidade; aridez e hídricos demonstraram valores de 28,6%, -23,9% e -47,5%, respectivamente. Observou-se que todas estas variabilidades ocorreram devido aos efeitos causados pelo homem na estrutura da cidade. Palavras-chave: Meteorologia. Balanço Hídrico Climático. Clima.  Classification and Analysis of Indications of Climate Change in the City of Sobral – Ceará  ABSTRACTFrom the series 1931-1960 climatological normal from 1961-1990 and meteorological elements were carried out calculations of the climatic water balance, classification and analysis of the indications of climate change in the city of Sobral, Ceará State, using the program BHnorm prepared in Excel spreadsheets in the package by Sentelhas et al. (1999) and the methodology of calculation of the Climatic Water Balance of Thornthwaite & Mather (1955) and the classification of Thornthwaite (1955), in order to contribute to the sustainability of the man in the field. It was found that the climate of the study area is classified as megathermal semiarid climate and the type has type dw2w2d 'to dw2Dd' with reductions in the minimum temperature fluctuations and from -0.1 to -0.8 º C and maximum temperature variations with 2.1 to -1.7 ° C. The relative humidity was positive fluctuations of 0.3 to 3.4%. The potential evapotranspiration fluctuated -71.0 mm for the periods for the month of October. The contents of moisture, drought and water showed values ​​of 28.6% -23.9% and -47.5%, respectively. It was observed that all these effects occurred due to variability caused by man in the structure of the city.  Keywords: Meteorology. Climatic Water Balance. Climate.

scholarly journals Application of a water balance adapted to intermittent water supply and flat-rate tariffs without customer metering in Tiruvannamalai, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miran Mastaller ◽  
Philipp Klingel
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Intermittent Water Supply ◽  
Water Association ◽  
The City

Abstract Establishing the water balance developed by the International Water Association (IWA) is a worldwide applied approach to determine and analyse water losses in water distribution systems (WDS). The water balance covers those parts of a WDS within the responsibility of the water utility. Water losses occurring ‘before’ a customer meter are at the expense of the utility, while water lost or wasted ‘after’ the meter is paid for by the customer. This applies to systems where customer metering is in place and/or consumption is charged according to the consumed volumes. However, many WDS in the world lack customer meters, are operated intermittently and apply flat-rate tariffs. In intermittent supplies, a considerable amount of water is lost or wasted within the private properties. The flat-rate tariff might not cover this amount or part of the amount. Thus, actual consumption and wastage should be separately quantified with respect to the utility's water reduction measures. Accepting the described conditions, the authors have developed an adaption of the IWA water balance and the methods to establish the balance. In this paper the application of the developed approach in an initially unmetered WDS with intermittent water supply in the city of Tiruvannamalai, India, is presented.

The Muslim Conquest of the City of al-Ubulla

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-184
Author(s):  
Irsan Ramini ◽  
Heba Al-Zuraiqi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Good Position ◽  
Port City ◽  
Tribal Identity ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
The City ◽  
Southern Iraq

Abstract This paper discusses the dating of the Muslim conquest of the southern Iraqi port city of al-Ubulla. Arab historians give two conflicting accounts of the event: one puts it in the year 14 ah; the other in the year 16 ah. Modern scholars for their part have made no serious attempt to reconcile the two accounts. They have linked the disagreement with the traditional rivalry between Basran and Kufan historians and, generally, tended to prefer the latter account (16 ah). This paper takes a different approach to the issue. It rejects the interpretation of the disagreement given by modern scholars and, instead, reconciles the two accounts through close examination of other aspects of the Ubulla conquest. The argument conlcudes that the port city was conquered twice, once in the year 14 ah before the battle of al-Qādisiyya and then again in 16 ah after that battle. This conclusion puts us in a good position, first, to reconcile other disagreements on the sequence of events regarding the conquest of southern Iraq and, secondly, to draw some judgments as to the tribal identity of the Muslim troops who implemented that conquest and established the garrison city of Basra.

scholarly journals Probabilistic Minimum Night Flow Estimation in Water Distribution Networks and Comparison with the Water Balance Approach: Large-Scale Application to the City Center of Patras in Western Greece

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Athanasios V. Serafeim ◽  
George Kokosalakis ◽  
Roberto Deidda ◽  
Irene Karathanasi ◽  
Andreas Langousis
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
City Center ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Minimum Night Flow ◽  
Flow Pressure ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

Quantification of water losses (WL) in water distribution networks (WDNs) is a crucial task towards the development of proper strategies to reduce them. Currently, WL estimation methods rely on semi-empirical assumptions and different implementation strategies that increase the uncertainty of the obtained estimates. In this work, we compare the effectiveness and robustness of two widely applied WL estimation approaches found in the international literature: (a) the water balance, or top-down, approach introduced by the International Water Association (IWA), and (b) the bottom-up or minimum night flow (MNF) approach, based on a recently proposed probabilistic MNF estimation method. In doing so, we use users’ consumption and flow-pressure data from the 4 largest pressure management areas (PMAs) of the WDN of the city of Patras (the third largest city in Greece), which consist of more than 200 km of pipeline, cover the entire city center of Patras, and serve approximately 58,000 consumers. The obtained results show that: (a) when MNF estimation is done in a rigorous statistical setting from high resolution flow-pressure timeseries, and (b) there is sufficient understanding of the consumption types and patterns during day and night hours, the two approaches effectively converge, allowing for more reliable estimation of the individual WL components. In addition, when high resolution flow-pressure timeseries are available at the inlets of PMAs, the suggested version of the bottom-up approach with probabilistic estimation of MNF should be preferred as less sensitive, while allowing for confidence interval estimation of the individual components of water losses and development of proper strategies to reduce them.

scholarly journals Quantification Et Evolution Du Bilan De La Nappe Karstique De Saida (Nord-Ouest De l’Algerie)

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
Medjber Abdellah ◽  
Berkane Fatiha
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Karst Aquifer ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Karst Groundwater ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Demographic Pressure ◽  
North West ◽  
Groundwater Reserves ◽  
The City ◽  
Semi Arid

The Northwest of Algeria, characterized by a semi-arid climate has seen in recent decades its surface and ground water potential decrease due to the scarcity of rainfall. Demographic pressure has increased the difficulties in the management of water resources, leading to problems of water scarcity in several areas of the country, especially in low-rainfall areas. From the hydrogeological point of view, the study area contains many karstic springs with great importance, which flows can exceed 50 l /s during flood periods. Aquifer recharge occurs primarily by rainwater.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the water balance of the karst aquifer situated near the city of Saida (North-West of Algeria) and to follow its evolution on several decades. In this region, the karst groundwater is important for drinking water supply, irrigation and industrial units.This approach to assessment will be based on the water balance equation by involving precipitation, evapotranspiration, infiltration and groundwater flow. The total volume of the groundwater reserves obtained from the balance method represent 45 million m3. These reserves have decreased with time.

scholarly journals Salinity Management in the Shatt Al-Arab River

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.20) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khayyun Amtair Rahi
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Water Inflow ◽  
Instream Flow ◽  
Minimum Instream Flow ◽  
Salinity Management ◽  
The City ◽  
Southern Iraq

Shatt al-Arab River is originated at the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates in al-Qurna town in southern Iraq. Two other tributaries; the Karun and the Karkheh rivers; join the river downstream from the eastern bank. The length of Shatt al-Arab is about 192 km from its origin to its mouth in the Gulf. The width of the Shatt varies between 250 m at Qurna and 750 m at its mouth at Rass al-Bisha. The salinity of Shat al-Arab has increased steadily for the last four decades. High salinity of the shatt waters hindered their use and made them unfit for most domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. Salinity as high as 18500 ppm was recorded in the City of Basra on the year 2009.  The prime cause of the salinity problem is the reduction of fresh water inflow from all the contributing rivers; the high salinity of the inflow from the Euphrates; the marshes; and Garmat Ali River. The research paper recommends an environmental (a minimum instream) flow of 145 cms and several engineering works on the lower parts of the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers to assure the delivery of the proposed flow. 

TRANSFORMATION OF THE WATER BALANCE WITHIN THE CITY OF MOSCOW

1977 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 302-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. L'vovich ◽  
G. M. Chernogayeva
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
The City

scholarly journals BALANÇO HÍDRICO EM FUNÇÃO DE REGIMES PLUVIOMÉTRICOS NA REGIÃO DE PETROLINA-PE

Irriga ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iug Lopes ◽  
Miguel Júlio Machado Guimarães ◽  
Juliana Maria Medrado de Melo ◽  
Clovis Manoel Carvalho Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Rainfall Index ◽  
Agricultural Planning ◽  
Country Club ◽  
Precipitation Regimes ◽  
The City

BALANÇO HÍDRICO EM FUNÇÃO DE REGIMES PLUVIOMÉTRICOS NA REGIÃO DE PETROLINA-PE  IUG LOPES¹; MIGUEL JULIO MACHADO GUIMARÃES¹; JULIANA MARIA MEDRADO DE MELO¹ E CLOVIS MANOEL CARVALHO RAMOS² ¹ Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Dois Irmão, CEP: 52171-900 – Recife, PE, Brasil. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]² Colegiado de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco – Campus Juazeiro, Av. Antônio Carlos Magalhães, 510 Country Club, CEP: 48.902-300 – Juazeiro, BA, Brasil. [email protected]  1 RESUMO O estudo das condições climáticas da região de Petrolina se faz necessário devido sua importância no cenário agrícola nacional. O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar os perfis pluviométricos, classificar por meio da utilização de técnica quantílica e a realização de balanço hídrico para diferentes regimes hídricos observados. Foram utilizados da estação meteorológica convencional (OMM: 81991) localizada no município de Petrolina-PE, os dados de precipitação pluvial e temperatura média do ar condensada. Além do uso da técnica de Quantis que classifica os anos de acordo com o índice pluviométrico anual como muito seco, seco, normal, chuvoso e muito chuvoso, foi utilizado o balanço hídrico pelo método de Thornthwaite e Mather. Na caracterização pluviométrica observou-se um quantitativo anual, variando entre 107,20 e 1023,50 mm, com média de 496,83 mm, a cada dois anos é possível observar uma precipitação pluvial igual ou inferior a 462,92 mm. Ao avaliar o balanço hídrico para os distintos regimes pluviométricos obtidos, pode-se verificar que todos os regimes pluviométricos apresentaram uma deficiência que se estende por todo o ano, com exceção para anos chuvoso e muito chuvoso que apresentam reposição nos meses iniciais do ano. Palavras-chave: ciclo hidrológico, climatologia, planejamento agrícola  LOPES, I; GUIMARÃES, M. J. M.; MELO, J. M. M.; RAMOS, C. M. C. WATER BALANCE FOR PRECIPITATION REGIMES IN THE PETROLINA, PE REGION  2 ABSTRACT The study of the climatic conditions of the Petrolina region is necessary due to its importance in the national agricultural scenario. The objective of this work was to characterize the rainfall profiles, to classify by means of the use of quantile regression technique and the achievemnt of water balance for different water regimes observed. Data for rainfall and average temperature of the condensed air were provided by the conventional meteorological station (OMM: 81991) located in the city of Petrolina, PE. In addition to the Quantis technique, which classifies years according to the annual rainfall index as very dry, dry, normal, rainy and very rainy, the water balance according to the Thornthwaite & Mather method was used. In the pluviometric characterization, an annual quantitative one, varying between 107.20 mm and 1023.50 mm, with an average of 496.83 mm. Every two years, it is possible to observe a rainfall equal to or less than 462.92 mm. When assessing the water balance for the different pluviometric regimes obtained, it can be verified that all pluviometric regimes have a deficiency that extends throughout the year, except for rainy and very rainy years, which present replacement in the initial months of the year. Keywords: hydrological cycle, climatology, agricultural planning

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